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Maddalena Cerasuolo, also known as Lenuccia (Naples, 2 - February 2 1920 – Naples, October 23 1999), was an Italian patriot and antifascist.[1]

She is remembered especially for having actively participated with a significant role[2] to the revolt against the Nazi army, that occurred in Naples from the 27th to the 30th of September 1943, which is remembered as the Four days of Naples.

Biography

Rubble and downed vehicles in via Santa Teresa degli Scalzi, Naples, due to Allied air bombing, used as barricades and roadblock by the Italian resistance movement (28th of September 1943)

The life of Maddalena, as that of many of her peers, is divided in two parts by the World War II. Nevertheless, the war allowed her to stand out in the ranks of the Resistenza and as secret agent, working with the United Kingdom.

After the war, she continued to live in Naples, until the death in 1999, marrying with surname Morgese and having two children, Gaetana e Gennaro.

First years

Maddalena's parents belonged to the popular class, she was daughter of Annunziata Capuozzo and Carlo Cerasuolo, who lived in Stella neighborhood in Naples together with the other five sisters Titina, Maria, Anna, Dora, Rosaria and two brothers Giovanni and Vincenzo.[3]

The father, Carlo, working as a cook, in 1910s participated to the Italo-Turkish war and later to the Resistenza too, when he got filed and prisoned several times for acts of resistance against the Fascism[4]. During the World War II, he was initially empoyed by the company Ansaldo to manage the canteen, later he got unemployed, such that he put up an itinerant stall where he prepared and sold fried pizzas.[3]

The mother, Annunziata, was employed as help-cook at Ansaldo too, following her husband. Later she helped in his new activity.[3]

When the war was breaking out, Maddalena was about 20 years old, working as craftswoman at a small shoes factory.[3]

Entering the Resistenza

View of the Ponte della Sanità from outside the city center

During the war, she stood out when she participated to the gunfights happened in Materdei neighborhood, in order to avoid that the German troops plundered the shoes factory near to vico delle Trone, in exchange for the weapons delivery.[5] She volunteered for going on lonely prowl to calculate the size of German troops and later to speak with Nazi officials, with the risk to not having enshrined Geneva Convention rights as speaker.

Maddalena Cerasuolo participated to the battle against the German spoilsport by defending the Ponte della Sanità with the partisans of the neighborhoods Materdei and Stella, leaded by her father Carlo Cerasuolo, lieutenant Dino Del Prete and firefighter officer Vinicio Giacomelli, contributing to keep alive an important entrance way to the city, and also an important branch of the aqueduct supplying the center of Naples.[6]

For this episode she received a Medal of Military Valor and she was invited at the Royal Palace from general Montgomery, who hugged and kissed her.[7][5].

Collaboration with UK secret services

Maddalena Cerasuolo, with her alias "Maria Esposito", agent number "C22", from the 23rd of October 1943 to the 8th of February 1944, she operated with Special Operations Executive (SOE), which is the British secret service. After a small training at Castello Mezzatorre in Forio di Ischia, she participated to the missions named "Hillside II" and "Kelvin". [8] [9][10]

Hillside II mission was consisting in passing beyond enemy lines, but it ended with three failed attempts.[8]

Kelvin was a maritime mission. Cerasuolo used a motor torpedo boat directed to Corsica, such that she could get the coasts of Liguria from Bastia, in order to sabotage military sites by using weapons and explosives, as desired by the British strategy. Also this mission ended with a failure, five attempts without any landing. Actually, Maddalena lost all her clothes that she had with herself, later reimbursed by the SOE.[8]

Always with the SOE, she parachuted beyond enemy lines when in Italy they were marked from Rome to Montecassino, in order to collect information by pretending to be the maid of the artist Anna d'Andria, who was collaborating by giving high society parties in order to understand the strategy of the German army.[11]

In the personal file of the SOE she is recorded as housewife, not married, living in vico della Neve, 23, Materdei, Naples at Carlo Cerasuolo's house, active as special agent from October 21 1943 to February 8 1944, even though she was available to continue[8], with the following service notes:

Subject took a conspicuous part in Naples insurrection. She help build barricades and took part in the fighting with rifle and hand grenades. She was discharged on 8 Feb. 1944 and paid up to date 7,500 lire for clothing lost. She received no bonus or certificate of service.

— SOE Registers, [8]


Recognitions

Cerasuolo received several recognitions, received during her life, such as the Medal of Military Valor and other prestigious acknowledgements, and also after her death, among those a toponymy dedication in the city of Napoli.

The plate bears the new name of the bridge previously called Ponte della Sanità

Military recognitions

On the 24th of May 1946 she was honored of Bronze Medal of Military Valor with the following motivation:

 

After speaking as speaker with the Germans in Vico delle Trone, she stood out in the following battle. In the same day, she participated to the fight in defense of the bridge Ponte della Sanità, next to her father and the partisans of Materdei e Stella neighborhoods.[12]

— Italiana Republic statement

The collaboration with the SOE was recognized, besides with economical retribution, also with the following acknoledgement:[11]

For her proud behavior and for the contribution to the cause of liberty, in the name of this Command, I tribute her a praise and I thank her.

Civilian recognitions

Once the war ended, she received a certificate of merit signed by officer H.S. Carruthers, by the British kingdom.[8]

The year following her death, on the 3rd of March 2000, the mayor Rosa Russo Iervolino inaugurated a commemorative plaque for Maddalena Cerasuolo, placed by Comune di Napoli and Istituto Campano per la Storia della Resistenza.[3][13]

Maddalena Cerasuolo's memory is held in the culture of the city of Naples, since she is quoted in several texts about the Resistenza and the Four days of Naples. Sometimes her story is brought also in support of the thesis that Neapolitan resistance was not leaded by the spontaneous riots, as it is largely believed, but consequence of an activity organized locally, within an internationally agreed strategy.[14]

Books

In 2014, the daughter Gaetana Morgese published a book dedicated to her biography.[15]

She is quoted in several Italian books, such as the romance Il paradiso dei diavoli, by Franco di Mare, 2013[16], in Le donne erediteranno la terra and in Possa il mio sangue servire di Aldo Cazzullo, 2016[17][18] and finally in Il treno dei bambini by Viola Ardone[19].

Music

In 1995, Carlo Faiello wrote lyrics and music of a song dedicated to Maddalena Cerasuolo, entitled "Maddalena", which was interpreted by several artists such as:

References

  1. ^ "Donne e Uomini della Resistenza: Maddalena Cerasuolo". ANPI (in Italian). Retrieved 2020-03-20.
  2. ^ Lombardi, Vera (1987). --E come scelta la libertà: resistenza, scuola, società (in Italian). Athena.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Archivio delle memorie delle donne di napoli - Maddalena Cerasuolo". Archived from the original on 2020-03-20. Retrieved 2020-03-20.
  4. ^ "Gennaro Morgese: "Mia madre, Maddalena Cerasuolo, spia per i britannici"". la Repubblica (in Italian). 2018-05-12. Retrieved 2020-03-20.
  5. ^ a b "FOUR DAYS OF NAPLES – HistoriaPage" (in Italian). Retrieved 2020-03-20.
  6. ^ Bartoli, Domenico (1965). Italia drammatica: 8 Settembre 1943 (in Italian). Della Volpe / Unione editoriale. [...] l'operaia ventenne Maddalena Cerasuolo, attacca i guastatori tedeschi al ponte della Sanità, assicurandone il possesso e conservando così alla città l'unico acquedotto rimasto intatto nell'immane distruzione.
  7. ^ Passato e presente (in Italian). La Nuova Italia. 2007.
  8. ^ a b c d e f "Maddalena Cerasuolo, l'eroina delle 4 Giornate lavorò per i servizi inglesi". la Repubblica (in Italian). 2018-05-12. Retrieved 2020-03-20.
  9. ^ Maria CERASUOLO, HS 9/284 - Special Operations Executive personnel files. The National Archives. 1939–1946. CERASUOLO, Maria, aka Maria ESPOSITO - born 03.02.1920. Special Operations Executive: Personnel Files (PF Series). Maria CERASUOLO aka Maria ESPOSITO - born 03.02.1920. Collection: Records of Special Operations Executive. Date range: 01 January 1939 - 31 December 1946. Reference: HS 9/284/7. Sujects: Intelligence.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  10. ^ Eliah Meyer (2015-10-11). THE MOST SECRET LIST OF SOE AGENTS.
  11. ^ a b Prossomariti, Sara (2014-10-30). I Signori di Napoli (in Italian). Newton Compton Editori. ISBN 978-88-541-7346-0.
  12. ^ Motivazione
  13. ^ "Chi era Costui - Scheda di Maddalena Cerasuolo (Lenuccia)". www.chieracostui.com. Retrieved 2020-03-20.
  14. ^ Eleonora Puntillo (2018-04-01). "Quattro Giornate di Napoli, non fu «ammuina» ma azione preparata". Corriere del Mezzogiorno (in Italian). Retrieved 2020-03-24.
  15. ^ Morgese, Gaetana, 1951- (2010). La guerra di mamma. Massa. ISBN 978-88-95827-24-7. OCLC 773919764.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Mare, Franco Di (2013-10-02). Il paradiso dei diavoli (in Italian). RIZZOLI LIBRI. ISBN 978-88-586-5498-9. Sì, la chiamo Maddalena" E come mai, nessuno in famiglia si chiama così [...] "Maddalena, come Maddalena Cerasuolo, Lena, Lenuccia, l'eroina delle Quattro giornate di Napoli, medaglia di bronzo per la Resistenza
  17. ^ Cazzullo, Aldo (2016-09-20). Le donne erediteranno la terra (in Italian). Mondadori. ISBN 978-88-520-7630-5.
  18. ^ Cazzullo, Aldo (2017-01-19). Possa il mio sangue servire VINTAGE (in Italian). RIZZOLI LIBRI. ISBN 978-88-586-8685-0.
  19. ^ Viola Ardone (2019). Il treno dei bambini. Torino: Einaudi. ISBN 9788806242329.

Bibliography

  • Gaetana Morgese. La guerra di mamma. Maddalena «Lenuccia» Cerasuolo nelle quattro giornate di Napoli. Napoli: Massa. ISBN 978-88-95827-24-7.
  • Pietro Secchia. Enciclopedia dell'antifascismo e della Resistenza. Vol. 2. La Pietra. p. 130.
  • Giuseppe Aragno. Le Quattro Giornate di Napoli. Storie di Antifascisti. Napoli: Intra moenia.
  • Sara Prossomartiri. I Signori di Napoli. Newton Compton Editori. ISBN 978-88-541-7346-0.

See also

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