Jump to content

Naturopathy

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by LeadSongDog (talk | contribs) at 16:04, 17 November 2020 (→Methods: add 2020 survey). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Naturopathy
Alternative medicine
Old homeopathic remedy, Hepar sulph.
A homeopathic preparation of Hepar sulph – homeopathy can be offered as part of naturopathic treatment.[1]
Claims"Nature Cure"
Related fieldsAlternative medicine
Year proposedearly 20th century
Original proponentsBenedict Lust; Sebastian Kneipp
MeSHD009324
See alsoHumorism, heroic medicine, Vitalism
Part of a series on
Alternative medicine
General information
Fringe medicine and science
Controversies
Classifications
Traditional medicine
Alternative diagnoses

Naturopathy or naturopathic medicine is a form of alternative medicine that employs an array of pseudoscientific practices branded as "natural", "non-invasive", or promoting "self-healing". The ideology and methods of naturopathy are based on vitalism and folk medicine, rather than evidence-based medicine (EBM).[2] Naturopathic practitioners generally recommend against following modern medical practices, including but not limited to medical testing, drugs, vaccinations, and surgery.[3][4][5][6] Instead, naturopathic practice relies on unscientific notions, often leading naturopaths to diagnoses and treatments that have no factual merit.[7][8]

Naturopathy is considered by the medical profession to be ineffective and harmful, raising ethical issues about its practice.[7][9][10] In addition to condemnations and criticism from the medical community, such as the American Cancer Society,[11] naturopaths have repeatedly been denounced as and accused of being charlatans and practicing quackery.[7][12][13][14][15][16]

Naturopaths are known for their frequent campaigning for legal recognition in the United States.[17]

History

The term "naturopathy" originates from "natura" (Latin root for birth) and "pathos" (the Greek root for suffering) to suggest "natural healing".[18] Naturopaths claim the ancient Greek "Father of Medicine", Hippocrates, as the first advocate of naturopathic medicine, before the term existed.[18][19] Naturopathy has its roots in the 19th-century Natural Cure movement of Europe.[20][21] In Scotland, Thomas Allinson started advocating his "Hygienic Medicine" in the 1880s, promoting a natural diet and exercise with avoidance of tobacco and overwork.[22][23]

The term naturopathy was coined in 1895 by John Scheel,[24] and purchased by Benedict Lust, whom naturopaths consider to be the "Father of U.S. Naturopathy".[25] Lust had been schooled in hydrotherapy and other natural health practices in Germany by Father Sebastian Kneipp; Kneipp sent Lust to the United States to spread his drugless methods.[13] Lust defined naturopathy as a broad discipline rather than a particular method, and included such techniques as hydrotherapy, herbal medicine, and homeopathy, as well as eliminating overeating, tea, coffee, and alcohol.[1] He described the body in spiritual and vitalistic terms with "absolute reliance upon the cosmic forces of man's nature".[26] According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the first known use of "naturopathy" in print is from 1901.[27]

From 1901, Lust founded the American School of Naturopathy in New York. In 1902, the original North American Kneipp Societies were discontinued and renamed "Naturopathic Societies". In September 1919, the Naturopathic Society of America was dissolved and Benedict Lust founded the American Naturopathic Association to supplant it.[25][28] Naturopaths became licensed under naturopathic or drugless practitioner laws in 25 states in the first three decades of the twentieth century.[25] Naturopathy was adopted by many chiropractors, and several schools offered both Doctor of Naturopathy (ND) and Doctor of Chiropractic (DC) degrees.[25] Estimates of the number of naturopathic schools active in the United States during this period vary from about one to two dozen.[11][24][25]

After a period of rapid growth, naturopathy went into decline for several decades after the 1930s. In 1910, the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching published the Flexner Report, which criticized many aspects of medical education, especially quality and lack of scientific rigour. The advent of penicillin and other "miracle drugs" and the consequent popularity of modern medicine also contributed to naturopathy's decline. In the 1940s and 1950s, a broadening in scope of practice laws led many chiropractic schools to drop their ND degrees, though many chiropractors continued to practice naturopathy. From 1940 to 1963, the American Medical Association campaigned against heterodox medical systems. By 1958, practice of naturopathy was licensed in only five states.[25] In 1968, the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare issued a report on naturopathy concluding that naturopathy was not grounded in medical science and that naturopathic education was inadequate to prepare graduates to make appropriate diagnosis and provide treatment; the report recommends against expanding Medicare coverage to include naturopathic treatments.[11][29] In 1977 an Australian committee of inquiry reached similar conclusions; it did not recommend licensure for naturopaths.[30]

Beginning in the 1970s, there was a revival of interest in the United States and Canada, in conjunction with the "holistic health" movement.[25][1] As of 2009, fifteen U.S. states, Puerto Rico, the US Virgin Islands and the District of Columbia licensed naturopathic doctors,[31] and the State of Washington requires insurance companies to offer reimbursement for services provided by naturopathic physicians.[32][33] On the other hand, some states such as South Carolina and Tennessee prohibit the practice of naturopathy.[34][35][36]

In 2015, a former naturopathic doctor, Britt Marie Hermes, began writing critically about her experience being trained in and practicing naturopathic medicine.[37][38]

The United States IHS (Indian Health Service) began accepting naturopathic doctors in their clinics and practice in 2013, also making loan repayment available to ND's.[39]

Practice

A patient undergoing a hydrotherapy session.
A nutritional supplement of Chromium(III) picolinate, Chromax II.
Homeopathic preparations are commonly used by naturopaths.[40][41] The practice is considered a pseudoscience.[42]

The practice of naturopathy is based on a belief in the body's ability to heal itself through a special vital energy or force guiding bodily processes internally.[7] Diagnosis and treatment concern primarily alternative therapies and "natural" methods that naturopaths claim promote the body's natural ability to heal.[1][43] Naturopaths focus on a holistic approach, completely avoiding the use of surgery and conventional medicines.[11][44] Naturopaths aim to prevent illness through stress reduction and changes to diet and lifestyle, often rejecting the methods of evidence-based medicine.[2][45]

A consultation typically begins with a lengthy patient interview focusing on lifestyle, medical history, emotional tone, and physical features, as well as physical examination.[1] Many naturopaths present themselves as primary care providers, and some naturopathic physicians may prescribe drugs, perform minor surgery, and integrate other conventional medical approaches such as diet and lifestyle counselling with their naturopathic practice.[1][46] Traditional naturopaths deal exclusively with lifestyle changes, not diagnosing or treating disease. Naturopaths do not generally recommend vaccines and antibiotics, based in part on the early views that shaped the profession, and they may provide alternative remedies even in cases where evidence-based medicine has been shown effective.[10]

Methods

Naturopaths are often opposed to mainstream medicine and take an antivaccinationist stance.[10]

The particular modalities used by a naturopath vary with training and scope of practice. These may include herbalism, homeopathy,[40] acupuncture, nature cures, physical medicine, applied kinesiology,[47] colonic enemas,[13][41] chelation therapy,[12] color therapy,[47] cranial osteopathy, hair analysis, iridology,[47] live blood analysis, ozone therapy,[11] psychotherapy, public health measures and hygiene,[45] reflexology,[47] rolfing,[28] massage therapy, and traditional Chinese medicine. Nature cures include a range of therapies based on exposure to natural elements such as sunshine, fresh air, or heat or cold, as well as nutrition advice such as following a vegetarian and whole food diet, fasting, or abstention from alcohol and sugar.[48] Physical medicine includes naturopathic, osseous, or soft tissue manipulative therapy, sports medicine, exercise, and hydrotherapy. Psychological counseling includes meditation, relaxation, and other methods of stress management.[48]

A 2004 survey determined the most commonly prescribed naturopathic therapeutics in Washington state and Connecticut were botanical medicines, vitamins, minerals, homeopathy, and allergy treatments.[40] An examination published in 2011 of naturopathic clinic websites in Alberta and British Columbia found that the most commonly advertised therapies were homeopathy, botanical medicine, nutrition, acupuncture, lifestyle counseling, and detoxification.[41]

In 2020, a survey of methods used by naturopaths in fourteen countries reported that 27% of clients received accupuncture, 22% homeopathy, 16% "other energetic medicines", and 13.5% were given hydrotherapy. A mean of 4.0 "treatments" were provided to each customer. One-third (33%) of patients consulted with only the naturopath to manage their primary health concern.[49]

Evidence basis

See also: Evidence-based medicine
Equipment for administering large enemas, a bag and a bucket, each holding a gallon. Enemas and colonic irrigation are commonly used by naturopaths for a wide range of medical conditions,[41] for which there are no known health benefits.[50]
A rectal bulb syringe for injecting a small enema.
Patient undergoing Ozone IV Therapy
Person undergoing ozone IV therapy with ultraviolet irradiation. According to the FDA, "Ozone is a toxic gas with no known useful medical application in specific, adjunctive, or preventive therapy."[51]

Naturopathy lacks an adequate scientific basis,[2] and it is rejected by the medical community.[2] Some methods rely on immaterial "vital energy fields", the existence of which has not been proven, and there is concern that naturopathy as a field tends towards isolation from general scientific discourse.[18][52][53] Naturopathy is criticized for its reliance on and its association with unproven, disproven, and other controversial alternative medical treatments, and for its vitalistic underpinnings.[10][11] Natural substances known as nutraceuticals show little promise in treating diseases, especially cancer, as laboratory experiments have shown limited therapeutic effect on biochemical pathways, while clinical trials demonstrate poor bioavailability.[54] According to the American Cancer Society, "scientific evidence does not support claims that naturopathic medicine can cure cancer or any other disease".[11] According to Britt Hermes, naturopath student programs are problematic because “As a naturopath [student], you are making justifications to make the rules and to fudge the standards of how to interpret research all along the way. Because if you don’t, you’re not left with anything, basically”.[55]

In 2015, the Australian Government's Department of Health published the results of a review of alternative therapies that sought to determine if any were suitable for being covered by health insurance; Naturopathy was one of 17 therapies evaluated for which no clear evidence of effectiveness was found.[56]

Kimball C. Atwood IV writes, in the journal Medscape General Medicine,

Naturopathic physicians now claim to be primary care physicians proficient in the practice of both "conventional" and "natural" medicine. Their training, however, amounts to a small fraction of that of medical doctors who practice primary care. An examination of their literature, moreover, reveals that it is replete with pseudoscientific, ineffective, unethical, and potentially dangerous practices.[7]

In another article, Atwood writes that "Physicians who consider naturopaths to be their colleagues thus find themselves in opposition to one of the fundamental ethical precepts of modern medicine. If naturopaths are not to be judged "nonscientific practitioners", the term has no useful meaning".[12]

A former licensed naturopathic doctor, Britt Marie Hermes, states that "any product that is sold by a naturopath almost guarantees that there is no reliable scientific data to support whatever health claims are made,[57] and that while some naturopaths claim to only practice evidence based medicine, “the problem is, all naturopaths in an accredited naturopathic program are required to extensively study homeopathy, herbal medicine, energy healing, chiropractic techniques, water therapy” and other pseudoscientific practices.[55] Hermes further notes that, while some naturopaths claim that their method can be effective treatments for psychological disorders, "no naturopathic treatment has been clinically proven to be safe and effective for bipolar disorder or any other condition."[58]

According to Arnold S. Relman, the Textbook of Natural Medicine is inadequate as a teaching tool, as it omits to mention or treat in detail many common ailments, improperly emphasizes treatments "not likely to be effective" over those that are, and promotes unproven herbal remedies at the expense of pharmaceuticals. He concludes that "the risks to many sick patients seeking care from the average naturopathic practitioner would far outweigh any possible benefits".[59]

The Massachusetts Medical Society states, "Naturopathic practices are unchanged by research and remain a large assortment of erroneous and potentially dangerous claims mixed with a sprinkling of non-controversial dietary and lifestyle advice."[60]

Safety of natural treatments

Naturopaths often recommend exposure to naturally occurring substances, such as sunshine, herbs and certain foods, as well as activities they describe as natural, such as exercise, meditation and relaxation. Naturopaths claim that these natural treatments help restore the body's innate ability to heal itself without the adverse effects of conventional medicine. However, "natural" methods and chemicals are not necessarily safer or more effective than "artificial" or "synthetic" ones, and any treatment capable of eliciting an effect may also have deleterious side effects.[11][13][61][62]

Certain naturopathic treatments offered by naturopaths, such as homeopathy, rolfing, and iridology, are widely considered pseudoscience or quackery.[63][64][65] Stephen Barrett of QuackWatch and the National Council Against Health Fraud has stated that naturopathy is "simplistic and that its practices are riddled with quackery".[13][66] "Non-scientific health care practitioners, including naturopaths, use unscientific methods and deception on a public who, lacking in-depth health care knowledge, must rely upon the assurance of providers. Quackery not only harms people, it undermines the ability to conduct scientific research and should be opposed by scientists", says William T. Jarvis.[67] In the 2018 Australian case against Marlyin Bodnar, who advised a mother to treat her infant son's eczema with a raw food diet which nearly led to the child's starvation death, Judge Peter Berman said, “Well intentioned but seriously misguided advice is, as the facts of this case demonstrate, capable of causing great harm and even death to vulnerable children.”[68] Furthermore, Britt Hermes criticizes the “pervasive culture of patient blaming” among naturopathic practitioners, where “when something doesn’t work for the patient and the patient is not experiencing all of the positive effects and zero side-effects that are promised with the therapy, it’s never because the therapy doesn’t work, it’s because the patient didn’t do something right.”[55]

Vaccination

See also: Vaccine hesitancy
Cases of measles from 1938 to 1963 followed a highly variable epidemic pattern, with 150,000–850,000 cases reported per year. A sharp decline followed after the introduction of the first measles vaccine in 1963, with fewer than 25,000 cases reported in 1968. Outbreaks around 1971 and 1977 gave 75,000 and 57,000 cases, respectively. Cases were stable at a few thousand per year until an outbreak of 28,000 in 1990. Cases declined from a few hundred per year in the early 1990s to a few dozen in the 2000s.
Measles cases reported in the United States fell dramatically after the introduction of the measles vaccine.

Naturopathy practitioners voice their opposition to vaccination. The reasons for this opposition are based, in part, on the early views which shaped the foundation of this profession.[69] A naturopathy textbook, co-authored by Joseph Pizzorno, recalls anti-vaccine beliefs associated with the founding of naturopathy in the United States: "a return to nature in regulating the diet, breathing, exercising, bathing and the employment of various forces" in lieu of the smallpox vaccine.[70]

In general, evidence about associations between naturopathy and pediatric vaccination is sparse, but "published reports suggest that only a minority of naturopathic physicians actively support full vaccination".[71][72] In Washington state from 2000 to 2003, children were significantly less likely to receive immunizations if they had seen a naturopath.[71] A survey of naturopathic students published in 2004 found that students at the Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine became less likely to recommend vaccinations to their patients and became more distrustful of public health and conventional medicine as they advanced in the program.[5]

The British Columbia Naturopathic Association lists several major concerns regarding the pediatric vaccine schedule and vaccines in general,[73] and the group's policy is to not advocate for or against vaccines.[74] The Oregon Association of Naturopathic Physicians reports that many naturopaths "customize" the pediatric vaccine schedule.[75]

As of 2016, the American Association of Naturopathic Physicians, which is the largest professional organization for licensed naturopaths in the U.S., is "still discussing its stance on vaccinations."[17]

Practitioners

Naturopath practitioners can generally be categorized into three groups: 1) those with a government issued license; 2) those who practice outside of an official status ("traditional naturopaths"); 3) those who are primarily another kind of health professional who also practices naturopathy.[11][76][77][78][79]

In Switzerland, these divisions fall between those with a federal diploma, those recognized by health insurances, and those with neither federal diploma nor recognition by health insurances. Naturopaths with federal diploma can be divided into four categories: European traditional medicine, Chinese traditional medicine, ayurvedic medicine and homeopathy.[80][81] The number of listed naturopaths (including traditional healers) in Switzerland rose from 223 in 1970 to 1835 in 2000.[82]

Licensed naturopaths

Licensed naturopaths may be referred to as "naturopathic doctors" or "naturopathic physicians" in 17 US states and 5 Canadian provinces.[83] Licensed naturopaths present themselves as primary care providers.[1][46] Licensed naturopaths do not receive comparable training to medical doctors in terms of the quality of education or quantity of hours.[7][8]

In British Columbia, legislation permits licensed naturopaths to use the title "doctor" or "physician".[84] However, section 102 of the bylaw of the College of Naturopathic Physicians of British Columbia (CNPBC), the terms “naturopathic” or “naturopathic medicine” must be included anytime the term doctor or physician is used by a member of the CNPBC.[85][86][87][88]

Education

National University of Natural Medicine trains students in naturopathic medicine who are eligible to become licensed in some jurisdictions in North America.
The herb garden at Bastyr University, another naturopathic program whose graduates can become licensed naturopaths in some North American jurisdictions.

Licensed naturopaths must pass the Naturopathic Physicians Licensing Examinations (NPLEX) administered by the North American Board of Naturopathic Examiners (NABNE)[89] after graduating from a program accredited by the Council on Naturopathic Medical Education (CNME).[46][90] Training in CNME-accredited programs includes basic medical diagnostics and procedures such as rudimentary physical exams and common blood tests, in addition to pseudoscientific modalities, such as homeopathy, acupuncture, and energy modalities.[7][12][13][1] These accredited programs have been criticized for misrepresenting their medical rigor and teaching subjects that are antithetical to the best understandings of science and medicine.[13][91][92] The CNME as an accrediting authority has been characterized as unreliable and suffering from conflicts of interest.[93][94][95] The naturopathic licensing exam has been called a mystery by those outside the naturopathic profession[12][60] and criticized for testing on homeopathic remedies,[91] including for the use to treat pediatric emergencies.[37]

Naturopathic doctors are not eligible for medical residencies, which are available exclusively for medical doctors and doctors of osteopathic medicine. There are limited post-graduate "residency" positions available to naturopathic doctors offered through naturopathic schools and naturopathic clinics approved by the CNME.[96] Most naturopathic doctors do not complete such a residency,[40] and naturopathic doctors are not mandated to complete one for licensure,[11] except in the states of Utah and Connecticut.[97] Continuing education in naturopathic modalities for health care professionals varies greatly.[47]

Political activity in the United States

Naturopaths affiliated with the CNME-accredited schools lobby state, provincial, and federal governments for medical licensure and participation in social health programs.[17][98] The American Association of Naturopathic Physicians represents licensed naturopaths in the United States;[17] the Canadian Association of Naturopathic Doctors represents licensed naturopaths in Canada.[98] Naturopathic lobbying efforts are funded by vitamin and supplement makers[17] and focus on portraying naturopathic education as comparable to medical education received by physicians and on having high professional standards.[98][99] Medical societies and advocacy groups dispute these claims by citing evidence of licensed naturopaths using pseudoscientific methods without a sound evidence basis and lacking adequate clinical training to diagnose and treat disease competently according to the standard of care.[17][99][100][101] Jann Bellamy has characterized the process by which naturopaths and other practitioners of pseudoscience convince lawmakers to provide them with medical licenses as "legislative alchemy."[102]

Since 2005, the Massachusetts Medical Society has opposed licensure based on concerns that NDs are not required to participate in residency and concerns that the "practices" of naturopaths included many "erroneous and potentially dangerous claims."[103] The Massachusetts Special Commission on Complementary and Alternative Medical Practitioners rejected their concerns and recommended licensure.[104] The Massachusetts Medical Society states:

Naturopathic medical school is not a medical school in anything but the appropriation of the word medical. Naturopathy is not a branch of medicine. It is a hodge podge of nutritional advice, home remedies and discredited treatments...Naturopathic colleges claim accreditation but follow a true “alternative” accreditation method that is virtually meaningless. They are not accredited by the same bodies that accredit real medical schools and while some courses have similar titles to the curricula of legitimate medical schools the content is completely different.[60]

In 2015, a former naturopathic doctor, Britt Marie Hermes, who graduated from Bastyr University and practiced as a licensed ND in Washington and Arizona, began advocating against naturopathic medicine.[105][37][106] In addition to opposing further licensure, she believes that NDs should not be allowed to use the titles "doctor" or "physician,"[37] and be barred from treating children.[107][108] She states:

Naturopaths aggressively lobby for laws to issue them medical licenses. I would characterize this political effort as a perverted redefinition of the words “physician,” “doctor,” “medical school,” and “residency” in order to mask the inadequacy of the training provided in naturopathic programs. ND students do not realize that they are taking educational shortcuts and therefore do not possess any demonstrable competencies found in modern medicine.[109]

Traditional naturopaths

Hugh Mercer Apothecary in Fredericksburg, Virginia. Like all naturopaths, traditional naturopaths have a strong adversion to modern medicine and rely heavily on practices using herbs to treat diseases.

Traditional naturopaths are represented in the United States by the American Naturopathic Association (ANA), representing about 1,800 practitioners[110] and the American Naturopathic Medical Association (ANMA).[25]

The level of naturopathic training varies among traditional naturopaths in the United States. Traditional naturopaths may complete non-degree certificate programs or undergraduate degree programs and generally refer to themselves as Naturopathic Consultants. These programs often offer online unaccredited degrees, but do not offer comprehensive biomedical education or clinical training.

Traditional naturopathic practitioners surveyed in Australia perceive evidence-based medicine to be an ideological assault on their beliefs in vitalistic and holistic principles.[2] They advocate the integrity of natural medicine practice.[2]

Naturopaths graduating from accredited programs argued in 2002 that their training used evidence-based scientific principles unlike traditional naturopathic programs,[111] but this claim remains inaccurate.[7][13]

Regulation

Naturopathy is practiced in many countries and is subject to different standards of regulation and levels of acceptance. The scope of practice varies widely between jurisdictions. The practice of naturopathy is illegal in two U.S. states.[34][35][36]

Australia

In 1977, a committee reviewed all colleges of naturopathy in Australia and found that despite having syllabuses appearing to cover the basic biomedical sciences, actual lectures had little connection to those syllabuses and no significant practical work was available. In addition, there did not appear to be significant or systematic coverage of techniques favoured by naturopaths, such as homeopathy, Bach's floral remedies, or mineral salts.[30]

The position of the Australian Medical Association is that "evidence-based aspects of complementary medicine can be part of patient care by a medical practitioner", but it has concerns that there is "limited efficacy evidence regarding most complementary medicine. Unproven complementary medicines and therapies can pose a risk to patient health either directly through misuse or indirectly if a patient defers seeking medical advice." The AMA's position on regulation is that "there should be appropriate regulation of complementary medicine practitioners and their activities."[112]

In 2015, the Australian government found no clear evidence of effectiveness for naturopathy.[56] Accordingly, In 2017 the Australian government named Naturopathy as a practice that would not qualify for insurance subsidy, saying this step would "ensure taxpayer funds are expended appropriately and not directed to therapies lacking evidence".[113]

India

In India, naturopathy is overseen by the Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH); there is a 5½-year degree in "Bachelor of Naturopathy and Yogic Sciences" (BNYS) degree that was offered by twelve colleges in India as of August 2010.[114] The National Institute of Naturopathy in Pune that operates under AYUSH, which was established on December 22, 1986 and encourages facilities for standardization and propagation of the existing knowledge and its application through research in naturopathy throughout India.[115][116]

North America

In five Canadian provinces, seventeen U.S. states, and the District of Columbia, naturopathic doctors who are trained at an accredited school of naturopathic medicine in North America are entitled to use the designation ND or NMD. Elsewhere, the designations "naturopath", "naturopathic doctor", and "doctor of natural medicine" are generally unprotected or prohibited.[36][77]

In North America, each jurisdiction that regulates naturopathy defines a local scope of practice for naturopathic doctors that can vary considerably. Some regions permit minor surgery, access to prescription drugs, spinal manipulations, midwifery (natural childbirth), and gynecology; other regions exclude these from the naturopathic scope of practice or prohibit the practice of naturopathy entirely.[36][117]

Canada

Five Canadian provinces license naturopathic doctors: Ontario, British Columbia, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta.[118][119] British Columbia has the largest scope of practice in Canada, allowing certified NDs to prescribe pharmaceuticals and perform minor surgeries.[120]

United States

Switzerland

The Swiss Federal Constitution defines the Swiss Confederation and the Cantons of Switzerland within the scope of their powers to oversee complementary medicine.[122] In particular, the Federal authorities must set up diplomas for the practice of non-scientific medicine. The first of such diplomas has been validated in April 2015 for the practice of naturopathy.[80] There is a long tradition for naturopathy and traditional medicine in Switzerland.[citation needed] The Cantons of Switzerland make their own public health regulations. Although the law in certain cantons is typically monopolistic, the authorities are relatively tolerant with regard to alternative practitioners.[81]

United Kingdom

Naturopathy is not regulated in the United Kingdom. In 2012, publicly-funded universities in the United Kingdom dropped their alternative medicine programs, including naturopathy.[123]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Boughton, Barbara; Frey, Rebecca J. (2005). "Naturopathic Medicine". Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine (2nd ed.). Gale.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Jagtenberg, Tom; Evans, Sue; Grant, Airdre; Howden, Ian; et al. (April 2006). "Evidence-based medicine and naturopathy". Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 12 (3): 323–328. doi:10.1089/acm.2006.12.323. PMID 16646733.
  3. ^ Wilson, K. (March 1, 2005). "Characteristics of Pediatric and Adolescent Patients Attending a Naturopathic College Clinic in Canada". Pediatrics. 115 (3): e338–e343. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-1901. PMID 15741360.
  4. ^ Busse, Jason W.; Wilson, Kumanan; Campbell, James B. (November 2008). "Attitudes towards vaccination among chiropractic and naturopathic students". Vaccine. 26 (49): 6237–6243. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.020. PMID 18674581.
  5. ^ a b Wilson, Kumanan; Mills, Ed; Boon, Heather; Tomlinson, George; Ritvo, Paul (January 2004). "A survey of attitudes towards paediatric vaccinations amongst Canadian naturopathic students". Vaccine. 22 (3–4): 329–334. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.08.014. PMID 14670313.
  6. ^ Mielczarek, Eugenie V.; Engler, Brian D. (2014). "Selling Pseudoscience: A Rent in the Fabric of American Medicine". Skeptical Inquirer. 38 (3). Retrieved September 2, 2015.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Atwood, Kimball C., IV (2003). "Naturopathy: A critical appraisal". Medscape General Medicine. 5 (4): 39. PMID 14745386.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)(registration required)
  8. ^ a b "Family Physicians versus Naturopaths" (PDF). aafp.org. American Academy of Family Physicians. Retrieved July 20, 2015.
  9. ^ Gorski, David H. (September 18, 2014). "Integrative oncology: really the best of both worlds?". Nature Reviews Cancer. 14 (10): 692–700. doi:10.1038/nrc3822. PMID 25230880. S2CID 33539406.
  10. ^ a b c d Singh S, Ernst E (2009). Naturopathy. Transworld. pp. 197–. ISBN 978-1-4090-8180-7. many naturopaths are against mainstream medicine and advise their patients accordingly – for instance many are not in favour of vaccination. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Russell, Jill; Rovere, Amy, eds. (2009). American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies (Second ed.). Atlanta: American Cancer Society. pp. 116–119.
  12. ^ a b c d e Atwood IV, Kimball. C. (March 26, 2004). "Naturopathy, pseudoscience, and medicine: Myths and fallacies vs truth". Medscape General Medicine. 6 (1): 33. PMC 1140750. PMID 15208545.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i Barrett, Stephen (November 26, 2013). "A close look at naturopathy". QuackWatch. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
  14. ^ Harvey, Claire (July 11, 2015). "Don't duck the law by sending kids to quacks". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
  15. ^ Chivers, Tom (November 10, 2014). "How does naturopathy work? A bit like a flying vacuum-cleaner to Mars". Spectator. Archived from the original on September 5, 2017. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
  16. ^ Caulfield, Timothy (January 22, 2013). "Don't legitimize the witch doctors". National Post. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
  17. ^ a b c d e f Robins, Rebecca (May 17, 2016). "Funded by vitamin makers, naturopaths push to expand in US". STAT. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
  18. ^ a b c Jarvis, William T. (January 30, 2001) [copyright 1997]. "NCAHF Fact Sheet on Naturopathy". National Council Against Health Fraud. Retrieved April 17, 2009.
  19. ^ "What is Naturopathy?". College of Naturopathic Medicine website. East Grinstead, England. Retrieved September 16, 2015.
  20. ^ Brown, P.S. (April 1, 1988). "Nineteenth-century American health reformers and the early nature cure movement in Britain". Medical History. 32 (2): 174–194. doi:10.1017/S0025727300047980. PMC 1139856. PMID 3287059.
  21. ^ Langley, Stephen. "History of Naturopathy". College of Naturopathic Medicine website. UK. Archived from the original on August 29, 2012.
  22. ^ "How it all began". Allinson Flour website. Silver Spoon, British Sugar, Associated British Foods.
  23. ^ Beard, John A.S. (May 3, 2008). "A system of hygienic medicine (1886) and The advantages of wholemeal bread (1889)". BMJ. Views & Reviews: Medical Classics. 336 (7651): 1023. doi:10.1136/bmj.39562.446528.59. PMC 2364871.
  24. ^ a b "Report 12 of the Council on Scientific Affairs (A-97)" (PDF). American Medical Association. 1997. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |laydate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |laysource= ignored (help)
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i Baer, Hans A. (September 2001). "The sociopolitical status of U.S. naturopathy at the dawn of the 21st-century". Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 15 (3): 329–46. doi:10.1525/maq.2001.15.3.329. PMID 11693035.
  26. ^ Lust, Benedict cited in: Whorton, James C. (2002). Nature Cures : The History of Alternative Medicine in America: The History of Alternative Medicine in America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 224. ISBN 9780195349788. Retrieved September 3, 2013.
  27. ^ "Naturopathy - Definition of Naturopathy by Merriam-Webster".
  28. ^ a b Beyerstein, Barry L.; Downie, Susan (May 12, 2004). "Naturopathy: A Critical Analysis". NaturoWatch. QuackWatch. Retrieved March 21, 2009.
  29. ^ "HEW Report on Naturopathy (1968)". QuackWatch. August 30, 1999. Retrieved September 3, 2013. Citing: Cohen, Wilbur J. (1969). Independent Practitioners Under Medicare: A Report to the Congress. United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. OCLC 3000280.
  30. ^ a b "Naturopathy: Report of the Australian Committee of Inquiry (1977)". NaturoWatch. QuackWatch. December 25, 2003. Retrieved September 3, 2013. Citing: Webb, Edwin C.; et al. (1977). Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Chiropractic, Osteopathy, Homoeopathy and Naturopathy. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 978-0642922878.
  31. ^ a b "Licensed States & Licensing Authorities". American Association of Naturopathic Physicians website. 2009. Archived from the original on November 30, 2009.
  32. ^ "Washington Administrative Code: Title 284, Chapter 43, Section 205: Every category of health providers". Washington State Legislature. August 28, 1999. (effective)
  33. ^ Minott, Rod (July 3, 1996). "Insuring Alternatives". NewsHour with Jim Lehrer. PBS. Online NewsHour transcript. {{cite episode}}: External link in |transcripturl= (help); Unknown parameter |serieslink= ignored (|series-link= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |transcripturl= ignored (|transcript-url= suggested) (help)
  34. ^ a b c "Title 40, Chapter 31, Sections 10 & 20". South Carolina Code of Laws (Unannotated), Current through the end of the 2007 Regular Session. South Carolina Legislative Council. Archived from the original on January 12, 2009.
  35. ^ a b c State of Tennessee (2013). "Title 63 Professions of the Healing Arts, Chapter 6 Medicine and Surgery, Part 2 General Provisions". Tennessee Code Annotated. Justia. 63.6.205 Practice of naturopathy. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g American Medical Association (2009). AMA Scope of Practice Data Series: Naturopaths (Report). American Medical Association. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
  37. ^ a b c d Senapathy, Kavin (May 31, 2016). "Why Is Big Naturopathy Afraid Of This Lone Whistleblower?". Forbes. US: Forbes Media LLC. Archived from the original on March 22, 2020. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  38. ^ a b Thielking, Megan (October 20, 2016). "'Essentially witchcraft:' A former naturopath takes on the field". STAT. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
  39. ^ "https://newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/archive/introducing-naturopathic-doctors-to-indian-health-service-clinics-Rn_RipOYh0Kgd9KR-5Ou_A/"
  40. ^ a b c d Boon, Heather S.; Cherkin, Daniel C.; Erro, Janet; Sherman, Karen J.; et al. (2004). "Practice patterns of naturopathic physicians: Results from a random survey of licensed practitioners in two U.S. States". BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 4: 14. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-4-14. PMC 529271. PMID 15496231.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  41. ^ a b c d Caulfield, Timothy; Rachul, Christen (January 1, 2011). "Supported by science?: What Canadian naturopaths advertise to the public". Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology. 7: 14. doi:10.1186/1710-1492-7-14. ISSN 1710-1492. PMC 3182944. PMID 21920039.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  42. ^ Smith K (2012). "Homeopathy is Unscientific and Unethical". Bioethics. 26 (9): 508–512. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2011.01956.x.
  43. ^ Carroll, Robert T. (March 7, 2015). "Naturopathy". The Skeptic's Dictionary. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
  44. ^ Sarris, Jerome; Wardle, Jon (2010). Clinical Naturopathy: An evidence-based guide to practice. Sydney: Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 32–36. ISBN 9780729579261. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
  45. ^ a b Pizzorno, Joseph E. (1999). "Naturopathy: Practice Issues". In Clark, Carolyn C.; Gordon, Rena J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Complementary Health Practice. Springer Publishing. pp. 57–59. ISBN 9780826117229. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  46. ^ a b c "Handbook of Accreditation for Naturopathic Medicine Programs" (PDF). Council on Naturopathic Medical Education. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 9, 2017. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
  47. ^ a b c d e Hough, Holly J.; Dower, Catherine; O’Neil, Edward H. (September 2001). Profile of a Profession: Naturopathic Practice (PDF). Center for the Health Professions, University of California, San Francisco. p. 54. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 2, 2008.
  48. ^ a b Young, Jacqueline (2007). "Chapters 8 & 13". Complementary Medicine for Dummies. Chichester, England: Wiley. ISBN 9780470026250. OCLC 174043853.
  49. ^ "Overview of international naturopathic practice and patient characteristics: results from a cross-sectional study in 14 countries". BMC Complement Med Ther. 2020 (20): 59. doi:10.1186/s12906-020-2851-7. PMC 7076821. PMID 32070338. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  50. ^ Ernst E (June 1997). "Colonic Irrigation and the Theory of Autointoxication". Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 24 (4): 196–198. doi:10.1097/00004836-199706000-00002. PMID 9252839.
  51. ^ "Code of Federal Regulations Title 21, Sec. 801.415 Maximum acceptable level of ozone". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. April 1, 2015. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
  52. ^ Herbert, Victor; Barrett, Stephen (1994). The Vitamin Pushers: How the "Health Food" Industry is Selling America a Bill of Goods. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. ISBN 9780879759094.
  53. ^ Barrett, Stephen; Raso, Jack (1993). Mystical Diets: Paranormal, Spiritual, and Occult Nutrition Practices. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-0879757618.
  54. ^ Ahmad A, Ginnebaugh KR, Li Y, Padhye SB, Sarkar FH (2015). "Molecular Targets of Naturopathy in Cancer Research: Bridge to Modern Medicine". Nutrients (Review). 7 (1): 321–334. doi:10.3390/nu7010321. PMC 4303842. PMID 25569626.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  55. ^ a b c "Episode #050, feat. Britt Hermes". The European Skeptics Podcast. Retrieved September 15, 2018.
  56. ^ a b Baggoley C (2015). "Review of the Australian Government Rebate on Natural Therapies for Private Health Insurance" (PDF). Australian Government – Department of Health. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 26, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |lay-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lay-source= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)
  57. ^ Haglage, Abby; Mak, Tim (May 25, 2016). "Trump Vitamins Were Fortified With B.S." The Daily Beast. Retrieved June 24, 2016.
  58. ^ Hermes, Britt (April 2020). "Dubious claims in psychotherapy for youth". Skeptical Inquirer. 44 (2): 50.
  59. ^ Relman, Arnold S. (April 10, 2002) [January 9, 2001]. "Textbook of Natural Medicine". QuackWatch. Retrieved April 17, 2009.
  60. ^ a b c "MMS Testimony in Opposition to H. 1992 and S. 1205, An Act to Create a Board of Registration in Naturopathy". Massachusetts Medical Society. Massachusetts Medical Society. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
  61. ^ Carroll, Robert (November 26, 2012). "Natural". The Skeptic's Dictionary. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
  62. ^ "NCAHF Position Paper on Over the Counter Herbal Remedies (1995)". National Council Against Health Fraud. 1995. Retrieved April 17, 2009.
  63. ^ National Science Board (January 15, 2002). "Chapter 7 Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Public Understanding, Section: Belief in Alternative Medicine". Science and Engineering Indicators - 2002. Arlington, VA: Division of Science Resources Statistics, National Science Foundation. Archived from the original on June 16, 2016. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
  64. ^ Wahlberg, Ayo (December 2007). "A quackery with a difference—new medical pluralism and the problem of 'dangerous practitioners' in the United Kingdom" (PDF). Social Science & Medicine. 65 (11): 2307–16. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.07.024. PMID 17719708.
  65. ^ Barrett, Stephen (March 28, 2008). "Iridology is Nonsense". QuackWatch. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
  66. ^ "Homeopathy". nhs.uk. October 18, 2017. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
  67. ^ Jarvis, William T. (August 1992). "Quackery: A national scandal". Clinical chemistry. 38 (8B Pt 2): 1574–86. PMID 1643742.
  68. ^ Sutton, Candace (April 5, 2018). "Naturopath jailed in starving baby case". news.com.au. Archived from the original on April 24, 2018. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  69. ^ Ernst, Edzard (2001). "Rise in popularity of complementary and alternative medicine: reasons and consequences for vaccination". Vaccine. 20 (Suppl. 1, 5th European Conference on Vaccinology: A Safe Future with Vaccination): S90–3. doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00290-0. PMID 11587822.
  70. ^ Joseph E. Pizzorno; Michael T. Murray (2011). Textbook of Natural Medicine e-edition: Text with Continually Updated Online Reference, 2-Volume Set (third ed.). Elsevier. p. 43. ISBN 9781455705276. To understand how revolting these products are, let us just refer to the vaccine matter which is supposed to be an efficient preventive of smallpox. [...] The natural system for curing disease is based on a return to nature in regulating the diet, breathing, exercising, bathing and the employment of various forces to eliminate the poisonous products in the system, and so raise the vitality of the patient to a proper standard of health.
  71. ^ a b Downey L, et al. (November 2010). "Pediatric vaccination and vaccine-preventable disease acquisition: associations with care by complementary and alternative medicine providers". Matern Child Health J. 14 (6): 922–30. doi:10.1007/s10995-009-0519-5. PMC 2924961. PMID 19760163. Quote is taken from introduction to paper, not from results of research presented in this paper.
  72. ^ Raúl Herzog; José Álvarez-Pasquin; Camino Díaz; José Luis Del Barrio; José Manuel Estrada; Ángel Gil (February 2013). "Are healthcare workers' intentions to vaccinate related to their knowledge, beliefs and attitudes? a systematic review". BMC Public Health. 13: 154. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-154. PMC 3602084. PMID 23421987.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  73. ^ "BCNA Vaccination Position Paper". British Columbia Naturopathic Association. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  74. ^ Brown, Hal (December 21, 2007). "Influenza Virus, Vaccination and Naturopathic Practice". Naturopathic Doctor News and Review. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
  75. ^ "Naturopathic Primary Care" (PDF). Oregon Association of Naturopathic Physicians. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  76. ^ "Naturopathy: An Introduction". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services. March 2012 [Created April 2007]. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
  77. ^ a b Iowa Board of Medicine (February 7, 2002). "A Policy Statement on Naturopathy". Iowa Department of Public Health, State of Iowa. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
  78. ^ The Platform of the American Naturopathic Association as drawn up by the Golden Jubilee Congress. July 27th – August 2nd, 1947
  79. ^ Naturopathy Work Group. "Traditional Naturopathy Working Session Summary September 23 and October 1, 2008" (PDF). Minnesota Department of Health. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
  80. ^ a b "Naturopathe avec diplôme fédéral". CH: State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015.
  81. ^ a b "Legal Status of Traditional Medicine and Complementary/Alternative Medicine: A Worldwide Review". World Health Organization.
  82. ^ "Swiss Federal Statistical Office". Switzerland. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved July 11, 2015.
  83. ^ "Naturopathic Doctor Licensure". Association of Accredited Naturopathic Medical Colleges. Retrieved December 25, 2014.
  84. ^ "Health Professions Act: Naturopathic Physicians Regulation". Victoria, British Columbia: Queen's Printer. October 2008. B.C. Reg. 282/2008 M242/2008. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
  85. ^ Bylaws of the College of Naturopathic Physicians of British Columbia
  86. ^ Surrey city councillor and naturopath Allison Patton fined and suspended for calling herself a "physician"
  87. ^ Surrey councillor fined, suspended from naturopathy for misusing ‘physician’ title
  88. ^ Complaint filed against Surrey naturopath-turned-councillor who campaigned as 'physician'
  89. ^ "About Us". North American Board of Naturopathic Examiners. Retrieved September 3, 2013.
  90. ^ "Naturopathy". NCCIH. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  91. ^ a b Gorski, David (February 21, 2011). "Naturopathy and Science". ScienceBasedMedicine.org. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
  92. ^ Hermes, Britt (March 13, 2015). "ND Confession, Part 1: Clinical training inside and out". Science-Based Medicine. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
  93. ^ Mangan, Katherine S. (December 2, 1999). "Report Recommends Stripping Naturopathy Council of Its Accrediting Authority". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
  94. ^ Hermes, Britt (August 29, 2015). "ND Confession, Part II: The Accreditation of Naturopathic "Medical" Education". Science-Based Medicine. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
  95. ^ Society for Science-Based Medicine (2014). Report to the Maryland Board of Physicians Naturopathic Advisory Committee: Recommendations for Naturopathic Regulation (Report). Retrieved July 23, 2016.
  96. ^ "Handbook on CNME Postdoctoral Naturopathic Medical Education Sponsor Recognition Process and Standards (2005)" (PDF). Council on Naturopathic Medical Education. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 15, 2006.
  97. ^ Division of Occupational and Professional Licensing, Utah Department of Commerce, State of Utah (February 17, 2012). "Application for Licensure: Naturopathic Physician" (PDF). p. 1. Retrieved September 8, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  98. ^ a b c Carly, Weeks (April 29, 2016). "Are we being served by the regulation of naturopaths? Not if patients are still being misled". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
  99. ^ a b "ND vs MD -- Battle Lines Drawn in California". June 3, 2015. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
  100. ^ Frosch, Dan (February 21, 2011). "Licensing Naturopaths Incites Debate in Colorado". The New York Times. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
  101. ^ Lambeck, Linda (May 24, 2016). "New law could let Connecticut naturopathic physicians write prescriptions". Connecticut Post. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
  102. ^ Bellamy, Jann (May 15, 2014). "Legislative Alchemy 2014 (so far)". Science-Based Medicine. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
  103. ^ "Massachusetts Medical Society Testifies in Opposition to Licensing Naturopaths". Massachusetts Medical Society. May 11, 2005. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved April 17, 2009.
  104. ^ The Special Commission on Complementary and Alternative Medical Practitioners (January 2002). "Majority Report of the Special Commission on Complementary and Alternative Medical Practitioners: A Report to the Legislature" (PDF). Massachusetts: The Special Commission on Complementary and Alternative Medical Practitioners. Retrieved November 10, 2010.
  105. ^ Hermes, Britt (April 2020). "Beware the naturopathic cancer". Skeptical Inquirer. 44 (2): 38–44.
  106. ^ Belluz, Julia (September 2, 2015). "Why one naturopath quit after watching her peers treat cancer patients". Vox.
  107. ^ Jim Brown (April 10, 2016). "Former naturopathic doctor calls for an end to naturopathic pediatrics". The 180. CBC.
  108. ^ Kirkey, Sharon (April 4, 2016). "Should naturopaths be restricted from treating children after tragic death of Alberta toddler?". National Post. Retrieved June 8, 2016.
  109. ^ Britt, Hermes (June 21, 2016). "How A Former Naturopath Can Help Unravel The Trickery Of Alternative Medicine". Science 2.0. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
  110. ^ Swartout, Kristy A.; Thomson Gale (Firm), eds. (2006). Encyclopedia of Associations (44 ed.). Thomson Gale. pp. 1777–1778. ISBN 9780787682866. Retrieved September 4, 2013.
  111. ^ Smith Michael J.; Logan, Alan C. (January 2002). "Naturopathy". Medical Clinics of North America. 86 (1): 173–84. doi:10.1016/S0025-7125(03)00079-8. PMID 11795088.
  112. ^ "AMA Position Statement: Complementary Medicine - 2012". Australian Medical Association. August 28, 2012. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
  113. ^ Paola S (October 17, 2017). "Homeopathy, naturopathy struck off private insurance list". Australian Journal of Pharmacy.
  114. ^ Ministry of AYUSH. Page updated August 21, 2010 AYUSH: Naturopathy Archived 2015-03-06 at the Wayback Machine. Page accessed March 21, 2015
  115. ^ Ministry of AYUSH. Page updated September 23, 2010 AYUSH: National Institute of Naturopathy, Pune Archived 2015-02-20 at the Wayback Machine. Page accessed March 21, 2015
  116. ^ "About: National Institute of Naturopathy".
  117. ^ Office of Policy, Research and Regulatory Reform, Department of Regulatory Agencies, State of Colorado (January 4, 2008). "2008 Sunrise Review: Naturopathic Physicians" (PDF). pp. 18–19. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 2, 2008. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  118. ^ "Questions: Education and Regulation". Canadian Association of Naturopathic Doctors website. Retrieved September 6, 2013.
  119. ^ "History of Naturopathic Medicine". www.cand.ca. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  120. ^ "B.C. gives naturopaths right to prescribe drugs". CBC News. April 10, 2009.
  121. ^ "Ley para Reglamentar el Ejercicio de la Medicina Naturopática en Puerto Rico [Law to Regulate the Practice of Naturopathic Medicine in Puerto Rico]" (PDF) (in Spanish). December 30, 1997. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 2, 2008.
  122. ^ "Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation". CH. Art. 118a Complementary medicine. (English translation)
  123. ^ Bevanger, Lars (January 18, 2012). "UK universities drop alternative medicine degree programs". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved February 5, 2012.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Naturopathy.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naturopathy&oldid=989193437"