Carprofen: Difference between revisions

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{{Drugbox

| verifiedrevid = 443507486

| IUPAC_name = (''RS'')-2-(6-chloro-9''H''-carbazol-2-yl)propanoic acid

{{Infobox drug

| image = (±)-Carprofen Enantiomers Structural Formulae.png

| Watchedfields = changed

| imagename = 1 : 1 mixture (racemate)

| verifiedrevid = 460020416

| drug_name = Carprofen

| image = Carprofen.svg

| width = 280

| alt = Two-dimensional monochrome diagram showing the structure of the molecule of Carprofen, uing the hexagonal style to depict a chemical compound.

| caption = Carprofen molecule

| chirality = [[Racemic mixture]]

| ~~tradename~~ =

| pronounce =

| tradename = Rimadyl

| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|pro|carprofen}}

| Drugs.com = {{Drugs.com|pro|carprofen}}

| MedlinePlus =

| DailyMedID = Carprofen

| pregnancy_AU =

| pregnancy_AU_comment =

| pregnancy_US =

| pregnancy_category =

| routes_of_administration = [[By mouth]], injection

| legal_AU =

| class =

| legal_UK =

| ATCvet = yes

| legal_US =

| ~~legal_status~~ =

| ATC_prefix = M01

| ATC_suffix = AE91

| routes_of_administration =

| ATC_supplemental =

| legal_AU =

| bioavailability =

| legal_AU_comment =

| legal_BR =

| legal_BR_comment =

| legal_CA =

| legal_CA_comment =

| legal_DE =

| legal_DE_comment =

| legal_NZ =

| legal_NZ_comment =

| legal_UK =

| legal_UK_comment =

| legal_US = Rx-only

| legal_US_comment = Veterinary use only<ref name=label/>

| legal_EU = Rx-only

| legal_EU_comment = <ref name="Carprofen Orion EPAR" />

| legal_UN =

| legal_UN_comment =

| legal_status =

| bioavailability =

| protein_bound = High (99%)

| metabolism =

| metabolites =

| elimination_half-life = Approximately 8 h (range 4.5–9.8 h) in dogs.

| ~~excretion~~ =

| onset =

| elimination_half-life = Approximately 8 h (range 4.5–9.8 h) in dogs

| duration_of_action =

| excretion =

| ~~CASNo_Ref~~ = {{~~cascite~~|correct|~~CAS~~}}

| CAS_number_Ref = {{Cascite|correct|??}}

| CAS_number = 53716-49-7

| ATCvet = yes

| ATC_prefix = M01

| ATC_suffix = AE91

| ATC_supplemental =

| PubChem = 2581

| IUPHAR_ligand = 7141

| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}

| DrugBank_Ref = {{Drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}

| DrugBank = DB00821

| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{~~chemspidercite~~|correct|chemspider}}

| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{Chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}

| ChemSpiderID = 2483

| UNII_Ref = {{~~fdacite~~|correct|FDA}}

| UNII_Ref = {{Fdacite|correct|FDA}}

| UNII = FFL0D546HO

| KEGG_Ref = {{~~keggcite~~|correct|kegg}}

| KEGG_Ref = {{Keggcite|correct|kegg}}

| KEGG = D03410

| ChEBI_Ref = {{~~ebicite~~|correct|EBI}}

| ChEBI_Ref = {{Ebicite|correct|EBI}}

| ChEBI = 364453

| ChEMBL_Ref = {{~~ebicite~~|correct|EBI}}

| ChEMBL_Ref = {{Ebicite|correct|EBI}}

| ChEMBL = 1316

| NIAID_ChemDB =

| PDB_ligand =

| synonyms =

| IUPAC_name = (''RS'')-2-(6-Chloro-9''H''-carbazol-2-yl)propanoic acid

| C=15 | H=12 | Cl=1 | N=1 | O=2

| C=15|H=12|Cl=1|N=1|O=2

| molecular_weight = 273.714 g/mol

| ~~smiles~~ = O=C(O)C(~~c3ccc2c1cc(~~Cl)~~ccc1nc2c3~~)C

| SMILES = CC(C1=CC=C2C(NC3=CC=C(C=C32)Cl)=C1)C(O)=O

| StdInChI_Ref = {{Stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}

| InChI = 1/C15H12ClNO2/c1-8(15(18)19)9-2-4-11-12-7-10(16)3-5-13(12)17-14(11)6-9/h2-8,17H,1H3,(H,18,19)

| InChIKey = PUXBGTOOZJQSKH-UHFFFAOYAS

| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}

| StdInChI = 1S/C15H12ClNO2/c1-8(15(18)19)9-2-4-11-12-7-10(16)3-5-13(12)17-14(11)6-9/h2-8,17H,1H3,(H,18,19)

| StdInChI_comment =

| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}

| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{Stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}

| StdInChIKey = PUXBGTOOZJQSKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N

| density =

| density_notes =

| melting_point =

| melting_high =

| melting_notes =

| boiling_point =

| boiling_notes =

| solubility =

| sol_units =

| specific_rotation =

}}

[[~~Image~~:Rimadyl pill 100 mg.jpg|thumb~~|right~~|100px|A 100 mg Rimadyl ~~pill~~ approximately 19 mm ~~(0.75~~ in) wide ~~and~~ 8.6 mm ~~(0.34~~ in) thick, sold in the ~~United States~~]]

[[File:Rimadyl pill 100 mg.jpg|thumb|100px|A 100 [[Kilogram#SI multiples|mg]] Rimadyl tablet approximately {{Convert|19|mm|in|abbr=on|lk=on}} wide by {{Convert|8.6|mm|in|abbr=on}} thick, as sold in the USA.]]

'''Carprofen''' (marketed as '''Rimadyl''', '''Imadyl''', and '''Imafen''', manufactured by [[Pfizer|Pfizer Animal Health]] <ref>[http://www.rimadyl.com/display.asp?country=US&lang=EN&drug=RC&species=CN&sec=000 Pfizer Animal Health-Rimadyl]</ref>) is a [[non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug]] that is used by [[veterinarian]]s as a supportive treatment for the relief of [[arthritis|arthritic]] symptoms in [[geriatric]] [[dog]]s. It is also used for pain relief and to reduce swelling after spay or neuter. It can be used both short term, for [[joint]] pain or post-operative [[inflammation]], or for day-to-day relief from the pain and inflammation associated with [[osteoarthritis]], [[Hip dysplasia (canine)|hip dysplasia]], and other forms of joint deterioration .

'''Carprofen''' is a [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]] (NSAID) of the [[carbazole]] and [[propionic acid]] class that was previously for use in humans and animals but is now only available to [[veterinarian]]s for prescribing as a [[supportive treatment]] for various conditions in animals.<ref name=label>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ZoetisUS.com/content/_assets/docs/Petcare/rimadyl-prescribing-information.pdf|title=Rimadyl (carprofen) prescribing information leaflet|website=www2.ZoetisUS.com|publisher=[[Zoetis Inc.]]|date=|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref> Carprofen reduces [[inflammation]] by inhibition of [[PTGS1|COX-1]] and [[Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2|COX-2]]; its specificity for COX-2 varies from species to species.<ref name=label/> Marketed under many [[brand name]]s worldwide,<ref name=brands>{{Cite web|url=https://www.Drugs.com/international/carprofen.html|title=International brand names for Carprofen|website=www.Drugs.com|publisher=[[Drugs.com]]|access-date=4 October 2017}}</ref> carprofen is used as a treatment for inflammation and [[pain]], including [[joint pain]] and [[postoperative pain]].<ref name=label/>

Carprofen reduces inflammation by inhibiting the production of [[Cyclooxygenase|COX-2]] and other sources of inflammatory [[prostaglandin]]s. This is targeted protection, in that it does not interfere with the activity of COX-1.

==~~Administration~~==

==Human use==

Carprofen was used in humans for almost ten years, starting in 1988, for the same conditions as in dogs; namely, joint pain and inflammation. Side effects tended to be mild, usually consisting of [[nausea]] or [[Gastrointestinal disease|gastrointestinal pain]] and [[diarrhoea]]. It was available by [[Prescription drug|prescription]] in 150 [[Kilogram#SI multiples|mg]] to 600 mg doses.<ref name=EMA>{{Cite web|url=http://www.EMA.Europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Maximum_Residue_Limits_-_Report/2009/11/WC500011412.pdf|title=Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products: Carprofen|website=www.EMA.Europa.eu|publisher=[[European Medicines Agency|European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products]]|date=2009}}</ref> Dosages over 250 mg were reserved for pain caused by severe [[Injury|trauma]], such as postoperative inflammation; 150 mg doses were commonly used to relieve [[arthritis]] pain, while 200 mg doses were commonly prescribed for severe arthritis or inflammatory pain. The drug was taken orally.

Carprofen is available in the USA in 25, 75 and 100 mg tablets (given either with food or straight into the animal's mouth), and in [[Injection (medicine)|injectable]] form.<ref>http://www.srdogs.com/Pages/rimadyl.html</ref> In the UK, it is available in 20, 50 and 100 mg tablets. The usual dosage is 4.4 mg per kilogram (2.0 mg/lb) daily.<ref>[https://www.rimadyl.com/content/RIM016007.pdf Rimadyl Dosage Chart] Retrieved 2011-10-11.</ref>

In [[Australia]], Carprofen is marketed as '''Norocarp''' or '''Tergive Injection'''. Norocarp is available in 20 mg and 50 mg tablets or Norophen in injectable liquid at 5.0% w/v, for [[cattle]] and [[Dog|canines]].<ref>[http://www.norbrook.com.au Norbrook Pharmaceuticals Worldwide - Australia]</ref> Carprofen is also marketed in many Latin-American (and some Asian and African countries) as '''Carprodyl''' in 25 mg and 100 mg tablets for [[Dog|canines]] and '''Carprobay''' in 20mg and 50mg tablets for dogs.<ref>[http://www.agrovetmarket.com Agrovet Market Animal Health - Peru]</ref>

[[Pfizer]] voluntarily removed the medication from the market for human use on commercial grounds.<ref name=EMA/>

Carprofen is sometimes divided between morning and evening doses. It is administered two hours before surgery when being used to relieve post-operative pain.

== Society and culture ==

==Health issues==

=== Legal status ===

In November 2024, the [[Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products]] of the [[European Medicines Agency]] adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the veterinary medicinal product Carprofen Orion, Chewable tablet; Solution for injection, intended for Cat and Dog.<ref name="Carprofen Orion EPAR" /> The applicant for this veterinary medicinal product is Orion Corporation.<ref name="Carprofen Orion EPAR" /> Carprofen Orion is a generic of Rimadyl vet, which has been authorized in the EU since January 2003.<ref name="Carprofen Orion EPAR">{{cite web | title=Carprofen Orion EPAR | website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) | date=7 November 2024 | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/veterinary/EPAR/carprofen-orion | access-date=10 November 2024}}</ref>

Most dogs respond well to carprofen use, but like all non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) medications used in humans and animals, it is capable of causing gastrointestinal, liver and kidney problems in some patients.

==Veterinary medicine==

After introduction there were significant anecdotal reports of sudden animal deaths arising from its use. To date, the FDA has received more than 6,000 adverse reaction reports about the drug (manufactured by Pfizer). As a result, the FDA requested that Pfizer advise consumers in their advertising that death was a possible side effect.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/CVMUpdates/ucm129408.htm|title=Update On Rimadyl, FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine, December 1, 1999}}</ref> Pfizer refused and pulled their advertising, however they have included "death" as a possible side effect on the drug label. Plans call for a "Dear Doctor" letter to be issued to veterinarians and a safety sheet will be attached to pill packages.

===Canine use===

Carprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug approved for use in dogs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Animal Drugs @ FDA - NSAID labels|url=https://AnimalDrugsAtFDA.FDA.gov/adafda/views/#/nsaidLabels|website=AnimalDrugsAtFDA.FDA.gov|publisher=[[US FDA]]|access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> It aids in the relief of inflammation, pain, and [[antipyretic|fever]]. Carprofen can be administered in [[Pill (pharmacy)|pill]], [[chewable tablet]], or [[Injection (medicine)|injection]] form.<ref name=BurkeAKC>{{Cite web| vauthors = Burke A |date=10 November 2016|title=Rimadyl for Dogs – uses, side effects & alternatives|url=https://www.AKC.org/expert-advice/health/rimadyl-for-dogs/|website=[[American Kennel Club]]|access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>

Carprofen can be used for long-term [[pain management]] of such conditions as [[osteoarthritis]], which is common in canine patients, or after [[surgical procedure]]s for relief of [[acute pain]] and inflammation.<ref name=BurkeAKC/><ref name=ZoetisPetCare>{{Cite web|title=Rimadyl|url=https://www.ZoetisPetCare.com/products/rimadyl|website=www.ZoetisPetCare.com|access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>

Pfizer acknowledges a problem with some dog owners, especially the consumer group which mounted a campaign dubbed BARKS, for Be Aware of Rimadyl's Known Side-effects (including loss of appetite, wobbling, vomiting, seizures and severe liver malfunction). The drug company is reported to be contacting pet owners who have told their stories on the Internet, and is offering to pay medical and diagnostic expenses for some dogs who may have been harmed by carprofen.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

In animals suffering from pain, carprofen has been shown to improve energy, [[physical activity|activity level]], comfort, and general [[well-being]].<ref name=ZoetisPetCare/>

General symptoms to watch for include:

* Loss of appetite

* Vomiting

* Diarrhea

* Increase in thirst

* Increase in urination

* Fatigue and/or Lethargy

* Loss of coordination

* Seizures

====Adverse effects====

Other symptoms which can indicate a problem, and which are worth raising with a vet include excessive drinking or urination, blood or dark tar-like material in [[urine]] or [[faeces|stools]], [[jaundice]] (yellowing of eyes), unusual [[lethargy]] and so on.

Most dogs respond well to carprofen use, but like all NSAIDs, it can cause gastrointestinal, liver, and kidney problems.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Reimer ME, Johnston SA, Leib MS, Duncan RB, Reimer DC, Marini M, Gimbert K | title = The gastroduodenal effects of buffered aspirin, carprofen, and etodolac in healthy dogs | journal = Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine | volume = 13 | issue = 5 | pages = 472–477 | date = September 1999 | pmid = 10499732 | doi = 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1999.tb01465.x | doi-access = free }}</ref>

In 1999, the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) received more than six thousand anecdotal reports of sudden animal death after usage of [[Pfizer]]'s Rimadyl brand of carprofen. In response, the FDA requested that Pfizer advise consumers in their advertising that death is a possible [[side effect]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.FDA.gov/AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/CVMUpdates/ucm129408.htm|title=Update on Rimadyl|website=www.FDA.gov|publisher=FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine|date=1 December 1999|access-date=16 December 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908220655/http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/CVMUpdates/ucm129408.htm|archive-date=8 September 2014}}</ref> Pfizer refused and pulled their advertising, later including death as a possible side effect on the [[drug label]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Luna SP, Basílio AC, Steagall PV, Machado LP, Moutinho FQ, Takahira RK, Brandão CV | title = Evaluation of adverse effects of long-term oral administration of carprofen, etodolac, flunixin meglumine, ketoprofen, and meloxicam in dogs | journal = American Journal of Veterinary Research | volume = 68 | issue = 3 | pages = 258–264 | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17331014 | doi = 10.2460/ajvr.68.3.258 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Other side effects of Rimadyl include:

* Black, tarry stools or flecks of blood in the [[vomit]]

* [[Drowsiness]]

* Staggering, stumbling, weakness or partial [[paralysis]], full paralysis, [[dizziness]], loss of balance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srdogs.com/Pages/rimadyl.ade.steps.html| title=A Review of Signs of a Potentially Life-threatening Reaction to Rimadyl|date=|accessdate=2010-05-20}}</ref>

* Change in [[urination]] habits (frequency, color, or smell)

* Change in [[skin]] (redness, scabs, or scratching)

* Change in behavior (such as decreased or increased activity level, [[seizure]] or aggression).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rimadyl.com/display.aspx?drug=RC&species=CN&sec=610| title=Dog Owner Information About Rimadyl (carprofen)|date=|accessdate=2010-05-20}}</ref>

Adverse effects can include:

Excess use of Rimadyl can lead to [[gastritis]] and ulcer formation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rimadylonline.com/| title=Generic Dog Rimadyl Online|date=|accessdate=2010-05-20}}</ref> It is also believed that in some breeds of dogs it may induce [[kidney]] and [[liver]] damage.

*[[Loss of appetite]]

*[[Vomiting]]

*[[Diarrhea]]

*Increase in [[thirst]]

*[[polyuria|Increase in urination]]

*Fatigue and/or lethargy ([[drowsiness]])

*[[Loss of coordination]]

*[[Seizure]]s

*Liver dysfunction: [[jaundice]] (yellowing of eyes)

*Blood or dark tarry material in [[urine]] or [[Faeces|stools]]

*[[Lethargy]]

*Staggering, stumbling, weakness or partial [[paralysis]], full paralysis<ref>{{Cite web|title=A review of signs of a potentially life-threatening reaction to Rimadyl|url=http://www.srdogs.com/Pages/rimadyl.ade.steps.html|website=www.srdogs.com|access-date=20 May 2010}}</ref>

*Change in [[skin]] (redness, scabs, or scratching)

*Change in behavior (such as decreased or increased activity level, [[seizure]] or aggression)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dog owner information about Rimadyl (carprofen)|url=https://www.rimadyl.com/display.aspx?drug=RC&species=CN&sec=610|website=www.Rimadyl.com|publisher=[[Pfizer]]|access-date=20 May 2010|archive-date=15 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715184915/https://www.rimadyl.com/display.aspx?drug=RC&species=CN&sec=610|url-status=dead}}</ref>

*In rare situations, death has been associated with some of the adverse reactions listed above.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Carprofen For Dogs: Dosage, Side Effects, And Alternatives |language=en |work=Relievet |url=https://www.relievet.com/blogs/tips/side-effects-of-carprofen-for-dogs-dosage |access-date=2022-07-21}}</ref>

Effects of overdose include [[gastritis]] and ulcer formation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Generic dog Rimadyl online|url=http://RimadylOnline.com/|website=RimadylOnline.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715184803/http://rimadylonline.com/|archive-date=15 July 2011|access-date=15 July 2011}}</ref>

Carprofen should not be administered to animals that are also being given steroids (one of the primary risks of this combination being that it can cause ulcers in the stomach). In dogs, it is recommended that the dog be taken off carprofen for three full days before ingesting a steroid (such as [[prednisolone]]).

In healthy dogs given carprofen, no perioperative adverse effects on the cardiovascular system have been reported at recommended dosages.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Boström IM, Nyman GC, Lord PE, Häggström J, Jones BE, Bohlin HP | title = Effects of carprofen on renal function and results of serum biochemical and hematologic analyses in anesthetized dogs that had low blood pressure during anesthesia | journal = American Journal of Veterinary Research | volume = 63 | issue = 5 | pages = 712–721 | date = May 2002 | pmid = 12013473 | doi = 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.712 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Frendin JH, Boström IM, Kampa N, Eksell P, Häggström JU, Nyman GC | title = Effects of carprofen on renal function during medetomidine-propofol-isoflurane anesthesia in dogs | journal = American Journal of Veterinary Research | volume = 67 | issue = 12 | pages = 1967–1973 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 17144795 | doi = 10.2460/ajvr.67.12.1967 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Perioperative administration of carprofen to cats did not affect postoperative respiratory rate nor heart rate.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Höglund OV, Dyall B, Gräsman V, Edner A, Olsson U, Höglund K | title = Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on postoperative respiratory and heart rate in cats subjected to ovariohysterectomy | journal = Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery | volume = 20 | issue = 10 | pages = 980–984 | date = October 2018 | pmid = 29165006 | doi = 10.1177/1098612X17742290 | s2cid = 30649716 | pmc = 11129237 }}</ref>

According to the official Rimadyl website, the drug should not be given at the same time with other types of medications such as other [[NSAID]]s ([[aspirin]], [[etodolac]], [[deracoxib]], [[meloxicam]], [[tepoxalin]]) or [[steroids]] such as [[dexamethasone]], [[triamcinolone]], [[cortisone]] or [[prednisone]]. However, dog owners whose pets have been administered Rimadyl and have experienced side effects are highly recommended to contact a veterinarian as soon as they appear and to stop the therapy.

Carprofen should not be administered concurrently with [[steroid]]s, as this can cause ulcers in the stomach. Dogs should be taken off carprofen for three full days before ingesting a steroid (such as [[prednisolone]]). Carprofen should not be given at the same time with other types of medications, such as other NSAIDs ([[aspirin]], [[etodolac]], [[deracoxib]], [[meloxicam]], [[tepoxalin]]), or steroids such as [[dexamethasone]], [[triamcinolone]], [[cortisone]], or [[prednisone]].{{Medical citation needed|date=February 2022}}

Also, Rimadyl must be used with caution and within the closely monitoring of a veterinarian in dogs with liver or kidney disease, [[dehydration]], bleeding deficits, or other health problems. Rimadyl is not recommended for use in dogs with bleeding disorders (such as [[Von Willebrand's disease]]), as safety has not been established in dogs with these disorders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vetdepot.com/Rimadyl-Carprofen-25mg-60-Caplets.html|title=Rimadyl (Carprofen)|date=|accessdate=2010-05-20}}</ref> Also, it has been not yet established if Rimadyl can be safely used in pregnant dogs, dogs used for breeding purposes or in lactating female dogs.

Carprofen must be used with caution within the supervision of a veterinarian in dogs with liver or kidney disease, [[dehydration]], bleeding deficits, or other health problems. It is not recommended for use in dogs with bleeding disorders (such as [[Von Willebrand's disease]]), as safety has not been established in dogs with these disorders.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rimadyl (Carprofen)|url=http://www.VetDepot.com/Rimadyl-Carprofen-25mg-60-Caplets.html|website=www.VetDepot.com|publisher=Vet Depot|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523014832/http://www.vetdepot.com/Rimadyl-Carprofen-25mg-60-Caplets.html|archive-date=23 May 2010|access-date=20 May 2010}}</ref> It has not been established whether carprofen can be safely used in pregnant dogs, dogs used for breeding purposes, or in lactating dogs.

Several laboratory studies and clinical trials have been conducted to establish the safety of using Rimadyl. Clinical studies were conducted in nearly 300 dogs, coming from different [[breeds]]. These dogs have been treated with Rimadyl at the recommended dose for 2 weeks. According to these studies, the drug was clinically well tolerated and dogs treated with Rimadyl did not have a greater incidence of adverse reactions when compared to the placebo-treated animals.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}

Several laboratory studies and [[clinical trials]] have been conducted to establish the safety of using carprofen. Clinical studies were conducted in nearly 300 dogs of different [[breeds]]. The dogs were treated with Rimadyl at the recommended dose for two weeks. According to these studies, the drug was clinically well tolerated, and the treated dogs did not have a greater incidence of adverse reactions when compared to the control group.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007|title=Rimadyl [package insert]|url=https://www.Rimadyl.com/account/DisplayPDF?docName=PI.pdf|website=www.Rimadyl.com|location=New York|publisher=Pfizer Animal Health|access-date=13 August 2014}}</ref>{{Medical citation needed|date=February 2022|reason=Independent professional citation needed}}

There are a number of factors that might however contribute to the high incidence of adverse drug experience reports received for Rimadyl by the Center for Veterinary Medicine in the late 1990s. These include:

* The type of drug;

* Wide use;

* Duration of use. While the side effects from Rimadyl are known to occur within a short period of time after administration, it is believed that long-term use may actually result in a higher risk for adverse reactions;

* Senior dog use. Older dogs are generally more prone to side effects caused by carprofen.

A number of factors may contribute to the high incidence of adverse reports received for carprofen by the Center for Veterinary Medicine in the late 1990s. These include:

==Human usage==

*The type of drug;

Carprofen is no longer marketed for human usage, after being withdrawn on commercial grounds.<ref>[http://www.emea.europa.eu/pdfs/vet/mrls/004295en.pdf]</ref>

*Wide use;

*Duration of use. Long-term use can result in a higher risk for adverse reactions. It is recommended that blood tests for liver and kidney function are performed both prior to starting and regularly while on NSAIDs to monitor the patient’s tolerance;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get the facts about pain relievers for pets|url=https://www.FDA.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-health-literacy/get-facts-about-pain-relievers-pets|website=www.FDA.gov|publisher=Center for Veterinary Medicine|date=3 November 2020}}</ref>

*Senior dog use. Older dogs are generally more prone to side effects caused by carprofen.{{Medical citation needed|date=February 2022|reason=Independent professional citation needed}}

===Equine use===

Rimadyl was removed from the market for use in humans once less expensive options were developed. This medicine was prescribed to treat the same conditions for which it is used with dogs, viz., joint pain and inflammation. The drug was accepted well by the human body and the side effects tended to be mild, usually consisting of nausea or gastro-intestinal pain and diarrhea.

Carprofen may be administered [[intravenous]]ly to horses.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=McIlwraith CW, Frisbie DD, Kawcak CE|date=2001|title=Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs|journal= Proc. AAEP|issue=47|pages=182–187}}</ref> A single dose has been shown to reduce [[prostaglandin E2]] production and inflammatory exudate for up to 15 hours,<ref name="Lees 1994">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lees P, McKellar Q, May SA, Ludwig B | title = Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of carprofen in the horse | journal = Equine Veterinary Journal | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | pages = 203–208 | date = May 1994 | pmid = 8542839 | doi = 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04370.x }}</ref> although there was less effect on [[eicosanoid]] production when compared to the effects produced by NSAIDs such as [[phenylbutazone]] or [[flunixin]].<ref name="Lees 1987">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lees P, Ewins CP, Taylor JB, Sedgwick AD | title = Serum thromboxane in the horse and its inhibition by aspirin, phenylbutazone and flunixin | journal = The British Veterinary Journal | volume = 143 | issue = 5 | pages = 462–476 | date = 1987 | pmid = 3119142 | doi = 10.1016/0007-1935(87)90024-8 }}</ref> Prostaglandin E2 and inflammatory exudate are also reduced and [[leukotriene B4]] is inhibited. Carprofen can also be given orally, but intramuscular use may produce muscle damage.<ref name="McKellar 1991">{{cite journal | vauthors = McKellar QA, Bogan JA, von Fellenberg RL, Ludwig B, Cawley GD | title = Pharmacokinetic, biochemical and tolerance studies on carprofen in the horse | journal = Equine Veterinary Journal | volume = 23 | issue = 4 | pages = 280–284 | date = July 1991 | pmid = 1915228 | doi = 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1991.tb03718.x }}</ref>

===Other animal use===

This drug was used in [[humans]] for almost 10 years, starting in 1988 until it was voluntarily pulled from the market by Pfizer when [[Advil]] began successfully competing.

Carprofen is used as an analgesic for mouse surgical procedures.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adamson |first=Trinka |date= 2010|title=Assessment of Carprofen and Buprenorphine on Recovery of Mice after Surgical Removal of the Mammary Fat Pad |journal=J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci|volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=610–616 |pmid=20858363 |pmc=2949431 }}</ref> Carprofen may also be used on adult fish.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Uney |first=Kamil |title=Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability of Carprofen in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Broodstock |journal=Pharmaceutics|date=2021 |volume=13 |issue=7 |page=990 |doi=10.3390/pharmaceutics13070990 |doi-access=free |pmid=34208822 |pmc=8309133 }}</ref>

===Brands and dosage forms for veterinary use===

For human use, Rimadyl was available only by [[Prescription drug|prescription]] in 150 to 600 mg doses. Dosage over 250 mg was intended only for relieving pain after severe trauma, such as post-surgery inflammation. 150 mg doses were commonly used to relieve the pain of arthritis, while 200 mg doses were commonly prescribed in cases of severe arthritis or severe inflammation pain. The drug was taken orally.

It is marketed under many brand names including: Acticarp, Artriofin, Austiofen, Bomazeal, Canidryl, Carporal, Carprieve, Carprocow, Carprodolor, Carprodyl, Carprofelican, Carprofen, Carprofène, Carprofeno, Carprofenum, Carprogesic, Carprosol, Carprotab, Carprox, Comforion, Dolagis, Dolocarp, Dolox, Eurofen, Kelaprofen, Librevia, Norocarp, Norodyl, Novocox, Ostifen, Prolet, Quellin, Reproval, Rimadyl, Rimifin, Rofeniflex, Rovera, Rycarfa, Scanodyl, Tergive, Vetprofen, and Xelcor.<ref name=brands/>

Veterinary dosage forms include 25 [[Kilogram#SI multiples|mg]], 75 mg, and 100 mg tablets, and 50 mg per [[Litre#SI prefixes applied to the litre|mL]] injectable form.<ref name=label/><ref name=USPvet>{{Cite web|url=http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.aavpt.org/resource/resmgr/imported/carprofen.pdf|title=Carprofen (Veterinary – Systemic)|publisher=[[The United States Pharmacopeial Convention]]|date=2007}}</ref> and more recent a 50 mg Caplet called Carprox for senior dogs aged 10 years+.

The current version of Rimadyl is prohibited for use by humans.

==References==

== References ==

http://www.bayersanidadanimal.com.mx/index.php?prod_id=344&file=view_product.tp&expand=

==External links==

== External links ==

* [http://www.pgaa.com/canine/health/rimadylwarning.html Rimadyl warning]

* [http://www.rimadyl.com/display.asp?country=US&lang=EN&drug=RC&species=CN&sec=660 Pfizer product website PDS]

* [http://www.srdogs.com/Pages/rimadylfr.html Senior dogs and Rimadyl]

[[Category:~~Non-steroidal~~ anti-inflammatory drugs]]

[[Category:Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]]

[[Category:~~Dog~~ ~~health~~]]

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[[Category:Chloroarenes]]

[[Category:Veterinary medicine]]

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