Arini (tribe)

Arini
	Blue-and-yellow macaw
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Psittaciformes
Family:	Psittacidae
Subfamily:	Arinae
Tribe:	Arini; G. R. Gray, 1840
Genera
	Cyanoliseus; Enicognathus; Rhynchopsitta; Pyrrhura; Anodorhynchus; Leptosittaca; Ognorhynchus; Diopsittaca; Guaruba; Cyanopsitta; Orthopsittaca; Ara; Primolius; Aratinga; Eupsittula; Psittacara; Thectocercus; †Conuropsis

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The Arini tribe of the neotropical parrots is a monophyletic clade of macaws and parakeets (commonly called conures in aviculture) characterized by colorful plumage and long, tapering tails. They occur throughout Mexico, Central America, and South America, the Caribbean and the southern United States. One genus and several species are extinct; another genus is extinct in the wild. Two species are known only through subfossil remains. About a dozen hypothetical extinct species (see Extinct Caribbean macaws) have been described, native to the Caribbean area.^[1]^[2] Among the Arini are some of the rarest birds in the world, such as Spix's macaw, which is extinct in the wild – fewer than 100 specimens survive in captivity. It also contains the largest flighted parrot in the world, the hyacinth macaw. Some species, such as the blue-and-yellow macaw and sun conure are popular pet parrots.

Molecular studies have dated the divergence of the Arini tribe from the ancestral neotropical parrots to late in the Paleogene period about 30–35 million years ago.

Taxonomy

The Arini are one of three recognized clades in subfamily Arinae of neotropical parrots in the family Psittacidae of Afrotropical and neotropical parrots, one of three families of true parrots.

Image	Genus	Living Species
	Anodorhynchus Spix, 1824	Hyacinth macaw, Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus Lear's macaw, Anodorhynchus leari Glaucous macaw, Anodorhynchus glaucus (possibly extinct)
	Cyanopsitta Bonaparte, 1854	Spix's macaw, Cyanopsitta spixii (extinct in the wild)
	Ara Lacépède, 1799	Blue-and-yellow macaw, Ara ararauna Blue-throated macaw, Ara glaucogularis Military macaw, Ara militaris Great green macaw, Ara ambiguus Scarlet macaw, Ara macao Red-and-green (green-winged) macaw, Ara chloropterus Cuban red macaw, Ara tricolor (extinct) Red-fronted macaw, Ara rubrogenys Chestnut-fronted macaw, Ara severus Saint Croix macaw, Ara autocthones (extinct)
	Orthopsittaca Ridgway, 1912	Red-bellied macaw, Orthopsittaca manilatus
	Primolius Bonaparte, 1857	Blue-headed macaw, Primolius couloni Blue-winged macaw, Primolius maracana Golden-collared macaw, Primolius auricollis
	Diopsittaca Ridgway, 1912	Red-shouldered macaw, Diopsittaca nobilis
	Rhynchopsitta Bonaparte, 1854	Thick-billed parrot, Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha Maroon-fronted parrot, Rhynchopsitta terrisi Rhynchopsitta phillipsi (extinct)
	Ognorhynchus Bonaparte, 1857	Yellow-eared parrot, Ognorhynchus icterotis
	Guaruba Lesson, 1830	Golden parakeet, Guaruba guarouba
	Leptosittaca Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1894	Golden-plumed parakeet, Leptosittaca branickii
	Conuropsis† Salvadori, 1891	Carolina parakeet, Conuropsis carolinensis (extinct) Conuropsis fratercula (extinct, proposed genus Conuropsis contested, known from subfossil remains)
	Psittacara Vigors, 1825	Green parakeet, Psittacara holochlorus Pacific parakeet, Psittacara strenuus Socorro parakeet, Psittacara brevipes Red-throated parakeet, Psittacara rubritorquis Scarlet-fronted parakeet, Psittacara wagleri Cordilleran parakeet, Psittacara frontatus Mitred parakeet, Psittacara mitratus Red-masked parakeet, Psittacara erythrogenys Finsch's parakeet, Psittacara finschi White-eyed parakeet, Psittacara leucophthalmus Cuban parakeet, Psittacara euops Hispaniolan parakeet, Psittacara chloropterus Puerto Rican parakeet, Psittacara maugei (extinct)
	Aratinga Spix, 1824	Sun parakeet, Aratinga solstitialis Sulphur-breasted parakeet, Aratinga maculata Jandaya parakeet, Aratinga jandaya Golden-capped parakeet, Aratinga auricapillus Nanday parakeet, Aratinga nenday Dusky-headed parakeet, Aratinga weddellii
	Eupsittula Bonaparte, 1853	Brown-throated parakeet, Eupsittula pertinax Olive-throated parakeet, Eupsittula nana Orange-fronted parakeet, Eupsittula canicularis Peach-fronted parakeet, Eupsittula aurea Cactus (Caatinga) parakeet, Eupsittula cactorum
	Thectocercus Vieillot, 1818	Blue-crowned parakeet, Thectocercus acuticaudatus
	Cyanoliseus Bonaparte, 1854	Burrowing parakeet, Cyanoliseus patagonus
	Pyrrhura Bonaparte, 1856	Ochre-marked parakeet, Pyrrhura cruentata Maroon-bellied parakeet, Pyrrhura frontalis Blaze-winged parakeet, Pyrrhura devillei Crimson-bellied parakeet, Pyrrhura perlata Pearly parakeet, Pyrrhura lepida Green-cheeked parakeet, Pyrrhura molinae Painted parakeet, Pyrrhura picta Sinú parakeet, Pyrrhura (picta) subandina (possibly extinct) Todd's (Perijá) parakeet, Pyrrhura (picta) caeruleiceps Azuero parakeet, Pyrrhura (picta) eisenmanni Venezuelan parakeet, Pyrrhura emma Santarém parakeet, Pyrrhura amazonum Madeira parakeet, Pyrrhura (amazonum) snethlageae Bonaparte's parakeet, Pyrrhura lucianii Rose-fronted parakeet or red-crowned parakeet, Pyrrhura roseifrons Wavy-breasted parakeet, Pyrrhura (roseifrons) peruviana White-eared (maroon-faced) parakeet, Pyrrhura leucotis Grey-breasted parakeet, Pyrrhura griseipectus Pfrimer's parakeet, Pyrrhura pfrimeri Fiery-shouldered parakeet, Pyrrhura egregia Santa Marta parakeet, Pyrrhura viridicata Maroon-tailed parakeet, Pyrrhura melanura El Oro parakeet, Pyrrhura orcesi Black-capped (rock) parakeet, Pyrrhura rupicola White-necked parakeet, Pyrrhura albipectus Flame-winged (brown-breasted) parakeet, Pyrrhura calliptera Blood-eared parakeet, Pyrrhura hoematotis Rose-headed (rose-crowned) parakeet, Pyrrhura rhodocephala Sulphur-winged parakeet, Pyrrhura hoffmanni
	Enicognathus G.R. Gray, 1840	Austral parakeet, Enicognathus ferrugineus Slender-billed parakeet, Enicognathus leptorhynchus

References

^ "Mystery Macaws of the West Indies".
^ Turvey, S. T. (2010). "A new historical record of macaws on Jamaica". Archives of Natural History. 37 (2): 348–351. doi:10.3366/anh.2010.0016.

[1] "Mystery Macaws of the West Indies".

[2] Turvey, S. T. (2010). "A new historical record of macaws on Jamaica". Archives of Natural History. 37 (2): 348–351. doi:10.3366/anh.2010.0016.

[1]

[2]

v t e Macaws
Genus	Species (extinctions: † indicates a species confirmed to be extinct, ₴ indicates evidence only from sub-fossils)
Anodorhynchus	Glaucous macaw Hyacinth macaw Lear's macaw
Cyanopsitta	Spix's macaw
Ara	Blue-and-yellow macaw (or blue-and-gold macaw) Blue-throated macaw Military macaw Great green macaw (or Buffon's macaw) Scarlet macaw Red-and-green macaw (or green-winged macaw) Red-fronted macaw Chestnut-fronted macaw (or severe macaw) Cuban macaw † St. Croix macaw † ₴
Orthopsittaca	Red-bellied macaw
Primolius	Blue-headed macaw Blue-winged macaw (or Illiger's macaw) Golden-collared macaw (or yellow-collared macaw)
Diopsittaca	Red-shouldered macaw (Hahn's macaw or noble macaw)
Hypothetical extinct macaws	Lesser Antillean macaw Martinique macaw Red-headed macaw Jamaican red macaw Dominican green-and-yellow macaw
Hybrid macaws	Catalina macaw
Neotropical parrots (tribe: Arini) Hybrid macaw List of macaws Mini-macaws

Taxonomy

See also

References