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USS Indianapolis (CA-35)

Coordinates: 12°2′N 134°48′E / 12.033°N 134.800°E / 12.033; 134.800 (Approximate location of the wreck of the USS Indianapolis (CA-35))
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For other ships with the same name, see USS Indianapolis.

USS Indianapolis (CA-35), 27 September 1939
History
United States
NameIndianapolis
NamesakeCity of Indianapolis, Indiana
Ordered13 February 1929
Awarded15 August 1929
BuilderNew York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, New Jersey
Cost$10,903,200 (contract price)
Laid down31 March 1930
Launched7 November 1931
Sponsored byLucy M. Taggart
Commissioned15 November 1932
Identification
Nickname(s)"Indy"[1]
Honors and
awards		 10 × battle stars
FateTorpedoed and sunk by Japanese submarine I-58 on 30 July 1945
General characteristics (as built)[2]
Class and typePortland-class cruiser
Displacement9,950 long tons (10,110 t) (standard)
Length
  • 610 ft 3 in (186.00 m) loa
  • 584 ft (178 m) lwl
Beam66 ft 1 in (20.14 m)
Draft
  • 17 ft 4 in (5.28 m) (mean)
  • 24 ft (7.3 m) (max)
Installed power
Propulsion
Speed32.7 kn (60.6 km/h; 37.6 mph)
Range13,000 nmi (15,000 mi; 24,000 km) at 15 kn (17 mph; 28 km/h)
Complement
  • 95 officers 857 enlisted (as designed)
  • 1,269 officers and men (wartime)
  • 1,195 crewmen at time of sinking
Armament
Armor
  • Belt: 3+1⁄4–5 in (83–127 mm)
  • Deck: 2+1⁄2 in (64 mm)
  • Barbettes: 1+1⁄2 in (38 mm)
  • Turrets: 1+1⁄2–2+1⁄2 in (38–64 mm)
  • Conning tower: 1+1⁄4 in (32 mm)
Aircraft carried4 × floatplanes
Aviation facilities2 × Amidship catapults
General characteristics (1945)[3]
Armament
Aircraft carried3 × floatplanes
Aviation facilities1 × Amidship catapults (starboard catapult removed in 1945)

USS Indianapolis (CA-35) was a Portland-class heavy cruiser of the United States Navy, named for the city of Indianapolis, Indiana. Launched in 1931, it was the flagship of the commander of Scouting Force 1 for eight years, then flagship for Admiral Raymond Spruance from 1943 to 1945 while he commanded the Fifth Fleet in battles across the Central Pacific during World War II.

In July 1945, Indianapolis completed a top-secret high-speed trip to deliver uranium and other components for "Little Boy", the first nuclear weapon used in combat, to the Tinian Naval Base, and subsequently departed for the Philippines on training duty. At 0015 on 30 July, the ship was torpedoed by the Imperial Japanese Navy submarine I-58, and sank in 12 minutes.

Of 1,195 crewmen aboard, about 300 went down with the ship. The remaining 890 faced exposure, dehydration, saltwater poisoning, and shark attacks while stranded in the open ocean with few lifeboats and almost no food or water.[4]

The Navy learned of the sinking four days later, when survivors were spotted by the crew of a PV-1 Ventura on routine patrol. A U.S. Navy PBY flying boat crew landed to save those in the water. Only 316 survived.[4] No U.S. warship sunk at sea has lost more sailors.[a]

On 19 August 2017, a search team financed by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen located the wreckage in the Philippine Sea lying at a depth of approximately 18,000 ft (5,500 m).[5] On 20 December 2018, the crew of Indianapolis was collectively awarded a Congressional Gold Medal.[6]

Construction

Main article: Portland-class cruiser

Indianapolis was the second of two ships in the Portland class, the third class of "treaty cruisers" constructed by the United States Navy following the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, after the two vessels of the Pensacola class, ordered in 1926, and the six of the Northampton class, ordered in 1927.[7] Ordered for the U.S. Navy in fiscal year 1930, Indianapolis was originally designated as a light cruiser because of her thin armor and given the hull classification symbol CL-35. She was reclassified a heavy cruiser, because of her 8-inch (203 mm) guns, with the symbol CA-35 on 1 July 1931, in accordance with the London Naval Treaty.[8]

As built, the Portland-class cruisers were designed for a standard displacement of 10,258 long tons (10,423 t), and a full-load displacement of 12,755 long tons (12,960 t).[9] However, when completed, Indianapolis did not reach this weight, displacing 9,950 long tons (10,110 t).[10] The ship had two distinctive raked funnels, a tripod foremast, and a small tower and pole mast aft. In 1943, light tripods were added forward of the second funnel on each ship, and a prominent naval director was installed aft.[10]

The ship had four propeller shafts and four Parsons GT geared turbines and eight White-Forster boilers. The 107,000 shp (80,000 kW) gave a design speed of 32.7 kn (60.6 km/h; 37.6 mph). She was designed for a range of 10,000 nmi (19,000 km; 12,000 mi) at 15 kn (28 km/h; 17 mph).[10] She rolled badly until fitted with a bilge keel.[8]

The cruiser had nine 8-inch/55-caliber Mark 9 guns in three triple mounts, a superfiring pair fore and one aft. For anti-aircraft defense, she had eight 5-inch/25-caliber guns and two QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss guns. In 1945, she received twenty-four 40 mm (1.57 in) Bofors guns, arrayed in six quad mounts. Both ships were upgraded with nineteen 20 mm (0.79 in) Oerlikon cannons.[3] The ship did not have torpedo tubes.[11]

The Portland-class cruisers originally had 1-inch (25 mm) armor for deck and side protection, but in construction[8] they were given belt armor between 5 in (127 mm) (around the magazines) and 3.25 in (83 mm) in thickness.[11] Armor on the bulkheads was between 2 in (51 mm) and 5.75 in (146 mm); that on the deck was 2.5 in (64 mm), the barbettes 1.5 in (38 mm), the gunhouses 2.5 in, and the conning tower 1.25 in (32 mm).[10]

Portland-class cruisers were outfitted as fleet flagships, with space for a flag officer and his staff. The class also had two aircraft catapults amidships.[10] They could carry four aircraft. The total crew varied, with a regular designed complement of 807[9] and a wartime complement of 952, which could increase to 1,229 when the cruiser was a fleet flagship.[10]

Indianapolis was laid down by New York Shipbuilding Corporation on 31 March 1930.[10] The hull and machinery were provided by the builder.[8] Indianapolis was launched on 7 November 1931, and commissioned on 15 November 1932.[10] She was the second ship named for the city of Indianapolis, following the cargo ship of the same name in 1918. She was sponsored by Lucy M. Taggart, daughter of former Mayor of Indianapolis Thomas Taggart.[12]

Interwar period

Indianapolis in 1939

Under Captain John M. Smeallie, Indianapolis undertook her shakedown cruise through the Atlantic and into Guantánamo Bay, until 23 February 1932. Indianapolis then transited the Panama Canal for training off the Chilean coast. After overhaul at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, she sailed to Maine to embark President Franklin D. Roosevelt at Campobello Island, New Brunswick, on 1 July 1933.[12] Getting underway the same day, Indianapolis arrived at Annapolis, Maryland, on 3 July. She hosted six members of the Cabinet, along with Roosevelt, during her stay there. After disembarking Roosevelt, she departed Annapolis on 4 July, and steamed for Philadelphia Navy Yard.[12]

On 6 September, she embarked United States Secretary of the Navy Claude A. Swanson, for an inspection of the Navy in the Pacific. Indianapolis toured the Canal Zone, Hawaii, and installations in San Pedro and San Diego. Swanson disembarked on 27 October. On 1 November 1933, she became flagship of Scouting Fleet 1, and maneuvered with the force off Long Beach, California. She departed on 9 April 1934, and arrived at New York City, embarking Roosevelt, a second time, for a naval review. She returned to Long Beach on 9 November 1934 for more training with the Scouting Force. She remained flagship of Scouting Force 1 until 1941. On 18 November 1936, she embarked Roosevelt a third time at Charleston, South Carolina, and conducted a goodwill cruise to South America with him. She visited Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Buenos Aires, Argentina, and Montevideo, Uruguay, for state visits before returning to Charleston and disembarking Roosevelt's party on 15 December.[12] President Roosevelt underwent his crossing the line ceremony on this cruise on 26 November: an "intensive initiation lasting two days, but we have all survived and are now full-fledged Shellbacks".[13]

World War II

On 7 December 1941, Indianapolis, leading Task Force 3, (Indianapolis and destroyer-minesweepers Dorsey, Elliot, and Lamberton from MineDiv 6, and Southard and Long from MineDiv 5[14]) was conducting a mock bombardment at Johnston Atoll during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Indianapolis was absorbed into Task Force 12 and searched for the Japanese aircraft carriers responsible for the attack, though the force did not locate them. She returned to Pearl Harbor on 13 December and joined Task Force 11.[12]

New Guinea campaign

Main article: New Guinea campaign

With the task force, she steamed to the South Pacific, to 350 mi (560 km) south of Rabaul, New Britain, escorting the aircraft carrier Lexington. Late in the afternoon of 20 February 1942, the American ships were attacked by 18 Japanese aircraft. Of these, 16 were shot down by aircraft from Lexington and the other two were destroyed by anti-aircraft fire from the ships.[12]

On 10 March, the task force, reinforced by another force centered on the carrier Yorktown, attacked Lae and Salamaua, New Guinea, where the Japanese were marshaling amphibious forces. Attacking from the south through the Owen Stanley mountain range, the US air forces surprised and inflicted heavy damage on Japanese warships and transports, losing few aircraft. Indianapolis returned to the Mare Island Naval Shipyard for a refit before escorting a convoy to Australia.[12]

Aleutian Islands campaign

Main article: Aleutian Islands campaign

Indianapolis then headed for the North Pacific to support American units in the Battle of the Aleutian Islands. On 7 August, Indianapolis and the task force attacked Kiska Island, a Japanese staging area. Although fog hindered observation, Indianapolis and other ships fired their main guns into the bay. Floatplanes from the cruisers reported Japanese ships sunk in the harbor and damage to shore installations. After 15 minutes, Japanese shore batteries returned fire before being destroyed by the ships' main guns. Japanese submarines approaching the force were depth-charged by American destroyers and Japanese seaplanes made an ineffective bombing attack. In spite of a lack of information on the Japanese forces, the operation was considered a success. US forces later occupied Adak Island, providing a naval base farther from Dutch Harbor on Unalaska Island.

1943 operations

Indianapolis underway at sea in 1943–1944

In January 1943, Indianapolis supported a landing and occupation on Amchitka, part of an Allied island hopping strategy in the Aleutian Islands.[12]

On the evening of 19 February, Indianapolis led two destroyers on a patrol southwest of Attu Island, searching for Japanese ships trying to reinforce Kiska and Attu. She intercepted the Japanese 3,100-long-ton (3,150 t) cargo ship, Akagane Maru laden with troops, munitions, and supplies. The cargo ship tried to reply to the radio challenge but was shelled by Indianapolis. Akagane Maru exploded and sank with all hands. Through mid-1943, Indianapolis remained near the Aleutian Islands, escorting American convoys and providing shore bombardments supporting amphibious assaults. In May, the Allies captured Attu, then turned on Kiska, thought to be the final Japanese holdout in the Aleutians. Allied landings there began on 15 August, but the Japanese had already abandoned the Aleutian Islands, unbeknownst to the Allies.[12]

After refitting at Mare Island, Indianapolis moved to Hawaii as flagship of Vice Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, commanding the 5th Fleet. She sortied from Pearl Harbor on 10 November, with the main body of the Southern Attack Force for Operation Galvanic, the invasion of the Gilbert Islands. On 19 November, Indianapolis bombarded Tarawa Atoll, and next day pounded Makin (see Battle of Makin). The ship then returned to Tarawa as fire-support for the landings. Her guns shot down an enemy plane and shelled enemy strongpoints as landing parties fought Japanese defenders in the Battle of Tarawa. She continued this role until the island was secure three days later. The conquest of the Marshall Islands followed victory in the Gilberts. Indianapolis was again 5th Fleet flagship.

1944

Indianapolis in 1944 dazzle camouflage pattern

The cruiser met other ships of her task force at Tarawa, and on D-Day minus 1, 31 January 1944, she was one of the cruisers that bombarded the islands of Kwajalein Atoll. The shelling continued on D-Day, with Indianapolis suppressing two enemy shore batteries. Next day, she destroyed a blockhouse and other shore installations and supported advancing troops with a creeping barrage. The ship entered Kwajalein Lagoon, on 4 February, and remained until resistance disappeared (see Battle of Kwajalein).

In March and April, Indianapolis, still flagship of the 5th Fleet, attacked the Western Carolines. Carrier planes at the Palau Islands on 30–31 March, sank three destroyers, 17 freighters, five oilers and damaged 17 other ships. Airfields were bombed and surrounding water mined. Yap and Ulithi were struck on 31 March, and Woleai on 1 April. Japanese planes attacked but were driven off without damaging the American ships. Indianapolis shot down her second plane, a torpedo bomber, and the Japanese lost 160 planes, including 46 on the ground. These attacks prevented Japanese forces stationed in the Carolines from interfering with the US landings on New Guinea.

In June, the 5th Fleet was busy with the assault on the Mariana Islands. Raids on Saipan began with carrier-based planes on 11 June, followed by surface bombardment, in which Indianapolis had a major role, from 13 June (see Battle of Saipan). On D-Day, 15 June, Admiral Spruance heard that battleships, carriers, cruisers, and destroyers were headed south to relieve threatened garrisons in the Marianas. Since amphibious operations at Saipan had to be protected, Spruance could not withdraw too far. Consequently, a fast carrier force was sent to meet this threat while another force attacked Japanese air bases on Iwo Jima and Chichi Jima, in the Bonin and Volcano Islands, bases for potential enemy air attacks.

A combined US fleet fought the Japanese on 19 June in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Japanese carrier planes, which planned to use the airfields of Guam and Tinian to refuel and rearm, were met by carrier planes and the guns of the Allied escorting ships. That day, the U.S. Navy destroyed a reported 426 Japanese planes while losing 29.[15] Indianapolis shot down one torpedo plane. This day of aerial combat became known as the "Great Marianas Turkey Shoot". With Japanese air opposition wiped out, the US carrier planes sank Hiyō, two destroyers, and one tanker and damaged others. Two other carriers, Taihō and Shōkaku, were sunk by submarines.

Indianapolis returned to Saipan on 23 June to resume fire support and six days later moved to Tinian to attack shore installations (see Battle of Tinian). Meanwhile, Guam had been taken, and Indianapolis became the first ship to enter Apra Harbor since early in the war. The ship operated in the Marianas for the next few weeks, then moved to the Western Carolines, where further landings were planned. From 12 to 29 September, she bombarded Peleliu, in the Palau Group, before and after the landings (see Battle of Peleliu). She then sailed to Manus Island, in the Admiralty Islands, where she operated for 10 days before returning to the Mare Island Naval Shipyard in California for refitting.

1945

Overhauled, Indianapolis joined Vice Admiral Marc A. Mitscher's fast carrier task force on 14 February 1945. Two days later, the task force launched an attack on Tokyo to cover the landings on Iwo Jima, scheduled for 19 February. This was the first carrier attack on mainland Japan since the Doolittle Raid. The mission was to destroy Japanese air facilities and other installations in the Home Islands. The fleet achieved complete tactical surprise by approaching the Japanese coast under cover of bad weather. The attacks were pressed home for two days. The U.S. Navy lost 49 carrier planes while claiming 499 enemy planes, a 10-to-1 kill/loss ratio. The task force also sank a carrier, nine coastal ships, a destroyer, two destroyer escorts, and a cargo ship. They destroyed hangars, shops, aircraft installations, factories, and other industrial targets.

Indianapolis off Mare Island on 10 July 1945

Immediately after the strikes, the task force raced to the Bonin Islands to support the landings on Iwo Jima. The ship remained there until 1 March, protecting the invasion ships and bombarding targets in support of the landings. Indianapolis returned to VADM Mitscher's task force in time to strike Tokyo, again on 25 February, and Hachijō, off the southern coast of Honshū, the following day. Although weather was extremely bad, the American force destroyed 158 planes and sank five small ships while pounding ground installations and destroying trains.

The next target for the US forces was Okinawa, in the Ryukyu Islands, which were in range of aircraft from the Japanese mainland. The fast carrier force was tasked with attacking airfields in southern Japan until they were incapable of launching effective airborne opposition to the impending invasion. The fast carrier force departed for Japan from Ulithi on 14 March. On 18 March, she launched an attack from a position 100 mi (160 km) southeast of the island of Kyūshū. The attack targeted airfields on Kyūshū, as well as ships of the Japanese fleet in the harbors of Kobe and Kure, on southern Honshū. The Japanese located the American task force on 21 March, sending 48 planes to attack the ships. Twenty-four fighters from the task force intercepted and shot down all the Japanese aircraft.

Indianapolis was assigned to Task Force 54 (TF 54) for the invasion of Okinawa. When TF 54 began pre-invasion bombardment of Okinawa on 24 March, Indianapolis spent seven days pouring 8-inch shells into the beach defenses. During this time, enemy aircraft repeatedly attacked the American ships. Indianapolis shot down six planes and damaged two others. On 31 March, the day before the Tenth Army (combined U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps) started its assault landings, the Indianapolis lookouts spotted a Japanese Nakajima Ki-43 "Oscar" fighter as it emerged from the morning twilight and dived vertically towards the bridge. The ship's 20 mm guns opened fire, but within 15 seconds the plane was over the ship. Tracers converged on it, causing it to swerve, but the pilot managed to release his bomb from a height of 25 ft (7.6 m), then crashing his plane into the sea near the port stern. The bomb plummeted through the deck, into the crew's mess hall, down through the berthing compartment, and through the fuel tanks before crashing through the keel and exploding in the water underneath. The concussion blew two gaping holes in the keel which flooded nearby compartments, killing nine crewmen. The ship's bulkheads prevented any progressive flooding. Indianapolis, settling slightly by the stern and listing to port, steamed to a salvage ship for emergency repairs. Here, inspection revealed that her propeller shafts were damaged, her fuel tanks ruptured, and her water-distilling equipment ruined. Indianapolis then steamed under her own power to the Mare Island Naval Shipyard for repairs.

Transporting nuclear weapons

After major repairs and an overhaul, Indianapolis received orders to undertake a top-secret mission of the utmost significance to national security: to proceed to Tinian Island carrying the enriched uranium[16] (about half of the world's supply of uranium-235 at the time) and other parts required for the assembly of the atomic bomb codenamed "Little Boy", which would be dropped on Hiroshima a few weeks later.[b]

Indianapolis departed San Francisco's Hunters Point Naval Shipyard on 16 July 1945, within hours of the Trinity test. She set a speed record of 74+1⁄2 hours[18] from San Francisco to Pearl Harbor, an average speed of 29 kn (54 km/h; 33 mph). Arriving at Pearl Harbor on 19 July,[19] she raced on unaccompanied,[20] delivering the atomic bomb components to Tinian on 26 July.[21]

Indianapolis was then sent to Guam, where a number of the crew who had completed their tours of duty were relieved by other sailors. Leaving Guam on 28 July, she began sailing toward Leyte, where her crew was to receive training before continuing on to Okinawa to join Vice Admiral Jesse B. Oldendorf's Task Force 95.[citation needed][22]

Sinking

Indianapolis's intended route from Guam to the Philippines

At 00:15 on 30 July 1945, Indianapolis was struck on her starboard side by two Type 95 torpedoes, one in the bow and one amidships, from the Japanese submarine I-58,[20] captained by Commander Mochitsura Hashimoto, who initially thought he had spotted the New Mexico-class battleship Idaho.[23] The explosions caused massive damage. Indianapolis took on a heavy list (the ship had had a great deal of armament and gun-firing directors added as the war went on, and was therefore top-heavy)[24] and settled by the bow. Twelve minutes later, she rolled completely over, then her stern rose into the air and she sank. Some 300 of the 1,195 crewmen aboard went down with the ship.[4] With few lifeboats and many without life jackets, the remainder of the crew was set adrift.[25]

Rescue

Navy command did not know of the ship's sinking until survivors were spotted in the open ocean three and a half days later. At 10:25 on 2 August, a PV-1 Ventura flown by Lieutenant Wilbur "Chuck" Gwinn and his copilot, Lieutenant Warren Colwell, and a PBY-2 Catalina piloted by Bill Kitchen spotted the men adrift while on a routine patrol flight.[26] Gwinn immediately dropped a life raft and radio transmitter. All air and surface units capable of rescue operations were dispatched to the scene at once.

First to arrive was an amphibious PBY-5A Catalina patrol plane flown by Lieutenant Commander (USN) Robert Adrian Marks. Marks and his flight crew spotted the survivors and dropped life rafts; one raft was destroyed by the drop while others were too far away from the exhausted crew. Against standing orders not to land in open ocean, Marks took a vote of his crew and decided to land the aircraft in twelve-foot (3.7 m) swells. He was able to maneuver his craft to pick up 56 survivors. Space in the plane was limited, so Marks had men lashed to the wing with parachute cord. His actions rendered the aircraft unflyable. After nightfall, the destroyer escort USS Cecil J. Doyle, the first of seven rescue ships, used its searchlight as a beacon and instilled hope in those still in the water. Cecil J. Doyle and six other ships picked up the remaining survivors. After the rescue, Marks' plane was sunk by Cecil J. Doyle as it could not be recovered.[27]

Many of the survivors were injured, and all suffered from lack of food and water (leading to dehydration and hypernatremia; some found rations, such as Spam and crackers, among the debris of the Indianapolis), exposure to the elements (dehydration from the hot sun during the day and hypothermia at night, as well as severe desquamation due to continued exposure to saltwater and bunker oil), and shark attacks, while some killed themselves. Other survivors were found in various states of delirium or suffered from hallucinations.[28][29] Only 316 of the 890 men set adrift after the sinking survived.[4] Two of the rescued survivors, Robert Lee Shipman and Frederick Harrison, died in August 1945.

Hundreds of sharks were apparently drawn to the wreck. After picking off the dead and wounded, they began attacking survivors. The number of deaths attributed to sharks ranges from a few dozen to 150.[30]

"Ocean of Fear", a 2007 episode of the Discovery Channel TV documentary series Shark Week, states that the sinking of Indianapolis resulted in the most shark attacks on humans in history, and attributes the attacks to the oceanic whitetip shark species. Tiger sharks may also have killed some sailors. The same show attributed most of the deaths on Indianapolis to exposure, salt poisoning, and thirst/dehydration, with the dead being dragged off by sharks.[31]

The Headquarters of Commander Marianas on Guam and of the Commander Philippine Sea Frontier on Leyte kept Operations plotting boards on which were plotted the positions of all vessels with which the headquarters were concerned. However, it was assumed that ships as large as Indianapolis would reach their destinations on time, unless reported otherwise. Therefore, their positions were based on predictions and not on reports. On 31 July, when she should have arrived at Leyte, Indianapolis was removed from the board in the headquarters of Commander Marianas. She was also recorded as having arrived at Leyte by the headquarters of Commander Philippine Sea Frontier. Lieutenant Stuart B. Gibson, the operations officer under the Port Director, Tacloban, was the officer responsible for tracking the movements of Indianapolis. The vessel's failure to arrive on schedule was known at once to Gibson, who failed to investigate the matter and made no immediate report of the fact to his superiors. Gibson received a letter of reprimand in connection with the incident. The acting commander and operations officer of the Philippine Sea Frontier also received reprimands, while Gibson's immediate superior received a letter of admonition (a less severe military punishment than a reprimand).[32][33]

Survivors of Indianapolis on Guam in August 1945

In the first official statement, the Navy said that distress calls "were keyed by radio operators and possibly were actually transmitted" but that "no evidence has been developed that any distress message from the ship was received by any ship, aircraft or shore station".[33] Declassified records later showed that three stations received the signals but none acted upon the call. One commander was drunk, another had ordered his men not to disturb him, and a third thought it was a Japanese trap.[34]

Immediately prior to the attack, the seas had been moderate, the visibility fluctuating but poor in general, and Indianapolis had been steaming at 17 kn (20 mph; 31 km/h). When the ship failed to reach Leyte on 31 July, as scheduled, no report was made that she was overdue. The Navy then created the Movement Report System to prevent such disasters in the future.[35]

Court-martial of Captain McVay

Captain Charles B. McVay III, who had commanded Indianapolis since November 1944 through several battles, survived the sinking, though he was one of the last to abandon ship, and was among those rescued days later. In November 1945, he was court-martialed on two charges: failing to order his men to abandon ship and hazarding the ship. Cleared of the charge of failing to order abandon ship, McVay was convicted of "hazarding his ship by failing to zigzag". Several aspects of the court-martial were controversial. There was evidence that the Navy itself had placed the ship in harm's way. McVay's orders were to "zigzag at his discretion, weather permitting"; however, McVay was not informed that a Japanese submarine was operating in the vicinity of his route from Guam to Leyte. Further, Commander Mochitsura Hashimoto, commanding officer of I-58, testified that zigzagging would have made no difference.[36] Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz remitted McVay's sentence and restored him to active duty. McVay retired in 1949 as a rear admiral.[37]

While many of Indianapolis's survivors said McVay was not to blame for the sinking, the families of some of the men who died thought otherwise: "Merry Christmas! Our family's holiday would be a lot merrier if you hadn't killed my son", read one piece of mail.[38] The guilt that was placed on his shoulders mounted until he killed himself in 1968, aged 70.[39]

McVay's record cleared

In 1996, sixth-grade student Hunter Scott began his research on the sinking of Indianapolis for a class history project. Scott's effort led to an increase in national publicity,[40] which got the attention of retired Congressional lobbyist Michael Monroney, who had been scheduled to be assigned to Indianapolis before she shipped out on her final voyage. Around the same time, Captain William J. Toti, USN, final commanding officer of the fast attack nuclear submarine USS Indianapolis (SSN-697) received an appeal from several Indianapolis survivors to assist with the exoneration effort. Toti then demonstrated through analysis that the tactic of zigzagging would not have spared the Indianapolis from at least one torpedo hit by the I-58.[41] Monroney brought the matter to the attention of his son-in-law, who was on the staff of Senator Bob Smith (R, NH) and was able to get the issue in front of Smith. Smith convinced Senator John Warner (R, VA) to hold hearings on the Senate Armed Services Committee on 14 September 1999, in which several Indianapolis survivors testified. Also called to testify in the hearings were Vice Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Donald Pilling, Director of Naval History Center Dr. William Dudley, and the Judge Advocate General of the Navy Rear Admiral John Hutson. The hearings were reported to sway Senator Warner into allowing a "Sense of Congress" resolution clearing Captain McVay's name to be passed to full Congress for a vote. In October 2000, the United States Congress passed a resolution that Captain McVay's record should state that "he is exonerated for the loss of Indianapolis". President Bill Clinton also signed the resolution.[42] The resolution noted that, although several hundred ships of the U.S. Navy were lost in combat during World War II, McVay was the only captain to be court-martialed for the loss of his ship due to enemy action in combat.[43] In July 2001, United States Secretary of the Navy Gordon England directed Captain Toti to enter the Congressional language into McVay's official Navy service record, clearing him of all wrongdoing.[44][45]

Commanders

Commanders of USS Indianapolis:[46]

Rank Name Date
Captain John M. Smeallie 15 November 1932 – 10 December 1934
Captain William S. McClintic 10 December 1934 – 16 March 1936
Captain Henry Kent Hewitt 16 March 1936 – 5 June 1937
Captain Thomas C. Kinkaid 5 June 1937 – 1 July 1938
Captain John F. Shafroth Jr. 1 July 1938 – 1 October 1941
Captain Edward Hanson 1 October 1941 – 11 July 1942
Captain Morton L. Deyo 11 July 1942 – 12 January 1943
Captain Nicholas Vytlacil 12 January 1943 – 30 July 1943
Captain Einar R. Johnson 30 July 1943 – 18 November 1944
Captain Charles B. McVay III 18 November 1944 – 30 July 1945

Awards

Wreck discovery

Navy firing detail as part of a burial-at-sea in 2008, for one of the 316 survivors of Indianapolis sinking on 30 July 1945

The wreck of Indianapolis is in the Philippine Sea.[48] In July–August 2001, an expedition sought to find the wreckage through the use of side-scan sonar and underwater cameras mounted on a remotely operated vehicle. Four Indianapolis survivors accompanied the expedition, which was not successful. In June 2005, a second expedition was mounted to find the wreck. National Geographic covered the story and released it in July. Submersibles were launched to find any sign of wreckage, although they only located pieces of metal that were not proven conclusively to be from the ship.

In July 2016, new information emerged regarding the possible location of Indianapolis when naval records were discovered indicating that the tank landing ship LST-779 recorded passing by Indianapolis 11 hours before the torpedoes struck. This information allowed researchers to determine that Indianapolis had been moving faster and was therefore farther west than previously assumed, as well as slightly off the route taken. Using this information, National Geographic planned to mount an expedition to search for the wreck in the summer of 2017.[49] Reports estimated that Indianapolis was actually 25 miles (40 km) west of the reported sinking position, in water over three miles (4,800 m) deep, and likely on the side of an underwater mountain.[50]

A year after the discovery of the records, the wreck was located by Paul Allen's "USS Indianapolis Project" aboard the research vessel Petrel [51] on 19 August 2017, at a depth of 18,000 ft (5,500 m).[52] The wreck was revealed to the public on 13 September 2017, in a live TV show on PBS titled "USS Indianapolis, Live from the Deep", starring Miles O'Brien and also including now-retired Captain William Toti.[53] The wreck is well-preserved due to the great depth at which Indianapolis rests, among the rocky mountain ranges of the North Philippine Sea.[54]

In September 2017, a map detailing the wreckage was released. The main part of the wreck lies in an enormous impact crater; her bow, which broke off before the ship sank, lies 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east. The two forward 8-inch guns, which also broke off on the surface and mark the ship's last position on the surface, lie 0.5 miles (0.80 km) east of the main wreck. The bridge, which broke off the ship due to the torpedoes, lies in a debris field near the forward guns. The single 8-inch gun turret on the stern remains in place, though the stern's roof collapsed over itself. Airplane wreckage from the ship lies about 0.6 miles (0.97 km) north of the main part of the wreck.[55] The full exposition of the method by which the wreck was located and documented was released in another PBS documentary on 8 January 2019 titled USS Indianapolis: The Final Chapter.[56]

Reunions

Since 1960, surviving crew members met for reunions in Indianapolis. Fourteen of the thirty-two remaining survivors attended the 70th reunion, held 23–26 July 2015. Held only sporadically at first, then biannually, the reunions were later held annually. By 2015 most of the survivors were in their nineties, voted every year whether to continue.[57][58][59] Seven out of twenty remaining survivors attended the 2017 reunion.[60] With the death of Cleatus Lebow on 29 September 2022,[61] there is only one crew member still alive, Harold Bray.[62]

Memorials

See also: U.S. Navy Museum § Other museums
USS Indianapolis Memorial

The USS Indianapolis Museum had its grand opening on 7 July 2007, with its gallery in the Indiana War Memorial Museum at the Indiana World War Memorial Plaza.[63]

The USS Indianapolis Memorial was dedicated on 2 August 1995. It is located on the Canal Walk in Indianapolis.[64] The heavy cruiser is depicted in limestone and granite and sits adjacent to the downtown canal. The crewmembers' names are listed on the monument, with special notations for those who died.[65] It was designated a national memorial by Congress in 1993.[66]

In May 2011, the I-465 beltway around Indianapolis was named the USS Indianapolis Memorial Highway.[67]

Some material relating to Indianapolis is held by the Indiana State Museum. Her bell and a commissioning pennant were formerly located at Heslar Naval Armory but currently reside at the Indiana War Memorial Museum.[68][69]

In a scene in the 1975 movie Jaws, one of the main characters, Quint, who is a survivor of the Indianapolis, recounts the sinking and shark attacks. This scene brought Indianapolis, and its sinking, into a much wider public spotlight 30 years after the original events occurred.[70][71] The 2019 play The Shark Is Broken, which opened on Broadway in 2023, both explores Robert Shaw (Quint's actor) rewriting the dialogue to the scene, as well as doing a full rendition of the famous scene at the end.[72]

The 1991 made-for-TV film Mission of the Shark: The Saga of the U.S.S. Indianapolis stars Stacy Keach as Captain McVay.

The 2014 Shark (novel), written by English writer Will Self is based on the sinking of USS Indianapolis in 1945.

The 2016 film USS Indianapolis: Men of Courage, directed by Mario Van Peebles and starring Nicolas Cage, is based on the sinking of Indianapolis.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ While the loss of Indianapolis is the worst-ever loss of life from a single ship sinking at sea for the U.S. Navy, it is not the worst naval disaster for the U.S. Navy nor the United States military as a whole. Earlier in World War II, the battleship USS Arizona and the troopship HMT Rohna were lost with more American lives, but Arizona was in port at Pearl Harbor when sunk and Rohna was primarily carrying United States Army personnel, not U.S. Navy personnel, when it was sunk at sea. The complement of the aircraft carrier USS Franklin would also suffer upwards of 900 killed at sea throughout the war, although Franklin was not sunk. Additionally, the accidental loss of the steamboat Sultana, which exploded on the Mississippi River while carrying Union soldiers in the immediate aftermath the American Civil War, was the worst maritime disaster in U.S. history. The 1,700 U.S. military prisoners of war from the Philippines (out of a total of 1,773 Allied troops missing and killed) who died on the sunken Japanese hell ship Arisan Maru from a torpedo launched by the submarine USS Shark was the greatest loss of life from a single ship in U.S. military history.
  2. ^ "Little Boy", the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, was also inscribed with numerous autographs and graffiti by ground crews who loaded it into the plane. One of them read: "Greetings to the Emperor from the men of the Indianapolis".[17]

References

  1. ^ "Ship Nicknames". zuzuray.com. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
  2. ^ "Ships' Data, U. S. Naval Vessels". US Naval Department. 1 July 1935. pp. 16–23. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
  3. ^ a b Rickard, J (19 December 2014). "USS Indianapolis (CA-35)". Historyofwar.org. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d Neuman, Scott (23 March 2018). "Navy Admits To 70-Year Crew List Error In USS Indianapolis Disaster". NPR.org. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  5. ^ Grinberg, Emanuella (20 August 2017). "USS Indianapolis discovered 18,000 feet below Pacific surface". CNN. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  6. ^ Donnelly, Joe (20 December 2018). "Actions – S.2101 – 115th Congress (2017–2018): USS Indianapolis Congressional Gold Medal Act". www.congress.gov.
  7. ^ Bauer & Roberts 1991, p. 136.
  8. ^ a b c d Bauer & Roberts 1991, p. 138.
  9. ^ a b Miller 2001, p. 292.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h Silverstone 2007, p. 32.
  11. ^ a b Stille 2009, p. 30.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i DANFS Indianapolis.
  13. ^ Cook 1999, p. 398.
  14. ^ Nimitz, Chester (1941–1942). Steele, James S (ed.). Nimitz Graybook volume 1. p. 4.
  15. ^ "Marianas Turkey Shoot". cannon-lexington.com. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  16. ^ Ranulph Fiennes (2016). Fear: Our Ultimate Challenge. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 125–. ISBN 978-1473618015.
  17. ^ Rhodes 1986, p. 710.
  18. ^ Raymond B. Lech (2000). The Tragic Fate of the U.S.S. Indianapolis: The U.S. Navy's Worst Disaster at Sea. Cooper Square Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-1461661290.
  19. ^ "Remembering Indianapolis". All Hands. No. 809. U.S. Navy, Bureau of Naval Personnel. July 1984. pp. 34–39.
  20. ^ a b Jeff Shaara (2012). The Final Storm: A Novel of the War in the Pacific. Random House. pp. 434–. ISBN 978-0345497956.
  21. ^ Clayton Chun (2013). Japan 1945: From Operation Downfall to Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 106–. ISBN 978-1472800206.
  22. ^ Newcomb, Richard (2000). Abandon Ship! The Saga of the U.S.S. Indianapolis, the Navy's Greatest Sea Disaster. New York: HarperCollins. p. 35. ISBN 006018471X.
  23. ^ Bob Hackett and Sander Kingsepp (2008). "Submarine I-58: Tabular Record of Movement". combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
  24. ^ Budge, Kent G. "The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia: Portland Class, U.S. Heavy Cruisers". www.pwencycl.kgbudge.com. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  25. ^ Lewis L. Haynes (July–August 1995). "Recollections of the sinking of USS Indianapolis (CA-35) by CAPT Lewis L. Haynes, MC (Medical Corps) (Ret.), the senior medical officer on board the ship". Navy Medicine. Archived from the original on 8 April 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
  26. ^ Marks 1981, pp. 48–50.
  27. ^ Patrick, Bethanne Kelly (8 November 2017). "Navy Lt. Adrian Marks". Military.com. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
  28. ^ In Harm's Way: The Sinking of the USS Indianapolis and the Extraordinary Story of Its Survivors
  29. ^ "The Story (Delayed Rescue)". the USS Indianapolis National Memorial. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  30. ^ Wood, Richard (29 July 2020). "The deadliest shark attack in history: USS Indianapolis survivor recounts ordeal 75 years on". 9news.com. 9news. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  31. ^ "Discovery Channel's Shark Week: Ocean of Fear". Amazon. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
  32. ^ "N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. Tit. 9 § 520.2 - Types of punishment".
  33. ^ a b "The Sinking of USS Indianapolis: Navy Department Press Release, Narrative of the Circumstances of the Loss of USS Indianapolis". U.S. Navy. 23 February 1946. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
  34. ^ Timothy W. Maier (5 June 2000). "For The Good of the Navy". Insight on the News. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2013.
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  37. ^ "Captain McVay". ussindianapolis.org. Archived from the original on 4 February 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  38. ^ Steven Martinovich (16 April 2001). "Review of In Harm's Way". enterstageright.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  39. ^ Catarevas, Michael (4 November 2016). "Connecticut's Heroes Aboard the Doomed USS Indianapolis". Connecticut Magazine. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  40. ^ Lizette, Alvarez (1 May 1998). "A Boy's School Project Aims to Revise History". The New York Times. p. 18. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  41. ^ Toti, Cmdr. William (October 1999). "The Sinking of the Indy and the Responsibility of Command". Proceedings. U.S. Naval Institute.
  42. ^ "Seeking Justice: Victory in Congress". ussindianapolis.org. Archived from the original on 29 October 2007. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  43. ^ "Legislation exonerating Captain McVay". ussindianapolis.org. Archived from the original on 20 February 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  44. ^ Thomas, Joseph (2005). Leadership Embodied. Naval Institute Press. pp. 112–117. ISBN 978-1591148609.
  45. ^ Magin, Janis (13 July 2001). "Navy exonerates WWII captain". The Argus-Press. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
  46. ^ Yarnall, Paul R. (22 August 2015). "NavSource Online: Cruiser Photo Archive – USS Indianapolis (CA 35)". Navsource.org. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  47. ^ At USS Indianapolis Museum Archived 30 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine official website, in the left-hand column, click on "USS Indianapolis Battle Stars". Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  48. ^ The coordinates given in this article are for the general area
  49. ^ "New Lead Uncovered in Search for USS Indianapolis". 27 July 2016.
  50. ^ "New Details On Final Resting Place Of USS Indianapolis". Indiana Public Media. Archived from the original on 28 October 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  51. ^ "USS Indianapolis discovered 18,000 feet below Pacific surface". CNN. 19 August 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
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  53. ^ USS Indianapolis Live – from the Deep, retrieved 10 February 2021
  54. ^ Werner, Ben (23 August 2017). "Navy: USS Indianapolis Wreckage Well Preserved by Depth and Undersea Environment". USNI News. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
  55. ^ Emanuella Grinberg (19 August 2017). "USS Indianapolis wreckage found 72 years later". CNN.
    "Wreckage of USS Indianapolis found". CBS News. 25 August 2017.
    Jamie Seidel (23 August 2017). "USS Indianapolis, famous U.S. Navy ship at the centre of". NewsComAu.
  56. ^ USS Indianapolis: The Final Chapter, retrieved 10 February 2021
  57. ^ Hodges, Glenn (27 July 2015). "Warship's Last Survivors Recall Sinking in Shark-Infested Waters". National Geographic News. National Geographic. Archived from the original on 29 July 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
  58. ^ "USS Indianapolis Survivors Reunion". ussindyreunion.com. Archived from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  59. ^ "Hundreds mark 70th anniversary of USS Indianapolis attack". 26 July 2015.
  60. ^ "Beilue: For the dwindling few, the USS Indianapolis reunion is too meaningful to ignore". Amarillo Globe-News. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
  61. ^ "War Memorial: Services for Cleatus Lebow, USS Indy survivor, to be held Sunday". www.yahoo.com. 6 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  62. ^ "Benician Harold Bray is last living USS Indianapolis survivor". The Vacaville Reporter. 30 September 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  63. ^ "USS Indianapolis Museum - Mission & Vision Statement". www.ussindianapolis.us. Archived from the original on 30 December 2006. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
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  66. ^ "Public Law 103-160". U.S. House of Representatives – Office of the Law Revision Counsel – United States Code. 30 November 1993. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
  67. ^ Network Indiana. "I-465 Renamed In Honor Of USS Indianapolis". Indiana Public Media. Archived from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  68. ^ "A Concurrent Resolution honoring the Heslar Naval Armory and its staff for their many contributions to our nation and our state" (PDF). Indianapolis State Senate. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
  69. ^ PacificWrecks.com. "Pacific Wrecks".
  70. ^ Rowe, Peter (1 August 2016). "Focus: Saving WWII Indianapolis story from sharks". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  71. ^ Millar, Rupert (24 August 2017). "The USS Indianapolis and Quint's monologue". Union Press Ltd. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  72. ^ Green, Jesse (10 August 2023). "Review: A Bloodless Postscript to 'Jaws' in 'The Shark Is Broken'". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 October 2023.

Sources

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to USS Indianapolis (CA-35).

12°2′N 134°48′E / 12.033°N 134.800°E / 12.033; 134.800 (Approximate location of the wreck of the USS Indianapolis (CA-35))

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