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Crotalus helleri

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Southern Pacific rattlesnake
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Viperidae
Genus: Crotalus
Species:
C. helleri
Binomial name
Crotalus helleri
Meek, 1905
Synonyms[2]
  • Crotalus helleri
    Meek, 1905
  • Crotalus viridis helleri
    — Klauber, 1949[1]
  • Crotalus oreganus helleri
    — Ashton et al., 2001

Crotalus helleri or Crotalus oreganus helleri, also known commonly as the Southern Pacific rattlesnake,[3] the black diamond rattlesnake,[4] and by several other common names, is a pit viper species[5] or subspecies[3] found in southwestern California and south into Baja California, Mexico, that is known for its regional variety of dangerous venom types. It is sometimes considered a subspecies of Crotalus oreganus.[3]

Etymology

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The specific or subspecific name, helleri, is in honor of American zoologist Edmund Heller.[6][7]

Description

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C. helleri

Adults of C. helleri are 24–55 inches (61–139 cm) in total length (including tail).[4]

The color pattern consists of a pale brown, gray-brown, or yellowish brown ground color overlaid with a series of large, dark brown dorsal blotches that may or may not have pale centers.[8] The blotches are more diamond shaped, as opposed to those of C. o. oreganus that are more hexagonal,[4] and are bordered by light scales. The tail rings are not clearly defined.[9] In juveniles, the end of the tail is bright orange, but this turns to brown as the snakes mature. In adults, the base of the tail and the first segment of the rattle are brown. The postocular stripe is moderately to very clearly defined. In juveniles, this stripe is bordered above by a pale stripe, but as the snakes mature this turns to drab yellow or brown. A conspicuous pale crossbar is sometimes present across the supraoculars, after which the head is a uniform dark color. In some older snakes the head is mostly dark with almost no trace of the supraorbital crossbar, or none at all.[8]

Common names

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Common names for C. helleri include Southern Pacific rattlesnake,[3][4] black diamond rattlesnake, black (diamond) rattler, gray diamond-back, mountain rattler, Pacific rattler, and San Diegan rattler.[4]

Venom varieties

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Some populations of C. helleri have a neurotoxic venom that is very similar to the extremely dangerous Mojave rattlesnake (the "Mojave Green") toxin in the way it attacks the nervous system.[10] Other populations can have hemotoxic and myotoxic venom that is more typical among rattlesnakes and though less dangerous, can also can give a fatal bite.[11][12] Thus, depending on where the bite was sustained, envenomation from this snake can require a much higher dose of Crotalidae polyvalent immune fab ("Crofab"), an antivenom used to treat the bite of North American pit vipers,[13] than the venoms of other rattlesnakes, including the venom of C. helleri specimens of different provenance.[12] In a survey of various populations of Crotalus in California, every sampled specimen with disabling neurotoxic venom had originated near Idyllwild, California, in the San Jacinto Mountains.[10] Scientists considered the intraspecific variety of venom types "medically significant", while hypothesizing that evolutionary pressures, driven by regional habitat differences and the associated challenges of hunting prey in each, could have been behind the variation of venom types in C. helleri, and that cross-breeding with the Mojave rattlesnake, which is geographically separated from neurotoxic Crotalus populations, was unlikely.[10][14]

Behavioral variations

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Scientists studying the dwarf species of C. Helleri inhabiting California's Santa Catalina Island found that these snakes "attempted to bite 4.7-fold more often than mainland snakes" of the same species, and that "the island snakes delivered 2.1-fold more venom when biting" than their mainland counterparts. [15]

Geographic range

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C. helleri, juvenile

C. helleri is found in the United States in southern California, and in Mexico in northern Baja California, west of the desert. In the north it is found from the counties of San Luis Obispo and Kern, and south through the counties of Santa Barbara, Ventura, Los Angeles (including Santa Catalina Island and the foothills), southwestern San Bernardino, Orange, western Riverside, San Diego and extreme western Imperial. From there its range extends south through Baja California to lat. 28° 30' North.[16] According to Klauber (1956), the type locality is "San Jose, Lower California" [San José, lat. 31° N, Baja California (state), Mexico].[1]

References

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  1. ^ a b McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré TA (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. ^ "Crotalus oreganus ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
  3. ^ a b c d "Crotalus oreganus helleri ". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 28 November 2006.
  4. ^ a b c d e Wright AH, Wright AA (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates, a division of Cornell University Press. (7th printing, 1985). 1,105 pp. (in two volumes). ISBN 0-8014-0463-0. (Crotalus viridis helleri, pp. 1014–1018, Figure 290 + Map 67 on p. 951).
  5. ^ Crotalus helleri at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed May 7, 2023.
  6. ^ Beltz, Ellin (2006). Scientific and Common Names of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America – Explained. ebeltz.net/herps/biogappx/html.
  7. ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Crotalus viridis helleri, p. 120).
  8. ^ a b Campbell JA, Lamar WW (2004). The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. 2 volumes. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. 870 pp., 1500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.
  9. ^ Behler JL, King FW (1979). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp. LCCCN 79-2217. ISBN 0-394-50824-6. (Crotalus viridis helleri, pp. 694–695 + Plate 627).
  10. ^ a b c Sunagar, Kartik; Undheim, Eivind A.B.; Scheib, Holger; Gren, Eric C.K.; Cochran, Chip; Person, Carl E.; Koludarov, Ivan; Kelln, Wayne; Hayes, William K.; King, Glenn F.; Antunes, Agosthino; Fry, Bryan Grieg (2014). "Intraspecific venom variation in the medically significant Southern Pacific Rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus helleri): Biodiscovery, clinical and evolutionary implications". Journal of Proteomics. 99: 68–83. doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2014.01.013. PMID 24463169. Archived from the original on 2021-05-07. Retrieved 2022-06-26.
  11. ^ "Rattlesnakes". Archived from the original on 2012-04-08. Retrieved 2012-05-18.
  12. ^ a b "Rattlesnakes Two Hours Apart Pack Totally Different Venoms". National Geographic Society. 27 January 2014. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  13. ^ "CroFab". savagelabs.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.
  14. ^ French, Wendy J.; Hayes, William K.; Bush, Sean P.; Cardwell, Michael D.; Bader, Julia O.; Rael, Eppie D. (2004). "Mojave toxin in venom of Crotalus helleri (Southern Pacific Rattlesnake): Molecular and geographic characterization". Toxicon. 44 (7): 781–791. Bibcode:2004Txcn...44..781F. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.08.008. PMID 15500854. Archived from the original on 2022-06-27. Retrieved 2022-06-27.
  15. ^ Hayes, William K.; Person, Carl E. (18 March 2024). "Paradoxical Exception to Island Tameness: Increased Defensiveness in an Insular Population of Rattlesnakes". Toxins. 16 (3): 157–177. doi:10.3390/toxins16030157. PMC 10975737. PMID 38535823.
  16. ^ Klauber LM (1997). Rattlesnakes: Their Habitats, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind. Second Edition. First published in 1956, 1972. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. 1,476 pp. (in two volumes). ISBN 0-520-21056-5.

Further reading

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  • Ashton, Kyle G.; de Queiroz, Alan (2001). "Molecular systematics of the western rattlesnake, Crotalus viridis (Viperidae), with comments on the utility of the d-loop in phylogenetic studies of snakes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 21 (2): 176–189. PDF at CNAH. Accessed 12 December 2007.
  • Hubbs B, O'Connor B (2012). A Guide to the Rattlesnakes and other Venomous Serpents of the United States. Tempe, Arizona: Tricolor Books 129 pp. ISBN 978-0-9754641-3-7. (Crotalus oreganus helleri, pp. 25–27).
  • Meek SE (1905). "An Annotated list of a Collection of Reptiles from Southern California and Northern Lower California". Field Columbian Museum Publication 104. Fieldiana Zoology 7 (1): 1–19. ("Crotalus helleri sp. nov.", pp. 17–18 & Plate II).
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