Traikutaka dynasty: Difference between revisions

Traikutaka dynasty
Traikutaka dynasty
c. 388 CE–c. 456 CE
	Silver coin of king Dahrasena.; Obv: Bust of king.; Rev: Chaitya and star.Brahmi inscription:; ; "The glorious king Dahrasena, foremost follower of Vishnu, and son of king Indradatta".
	Map of the territory of the Traikutakas (in yellow), along with their contemporaries, especially the Kadambas, the Vakatakas and the Gupta Empire.
Common languages	Sanskrit; Prakrit
Religion	Hinduism
History
• Established	c. 388 CE
• Disestablished	c. 456 CE
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Western Satraps
Maitraka dynasty
Kalachuri dynasty

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The Traikutakas were a dynasty of Indian kings who ruled between 388 and 456. The name "Traikutakas" seems to be derived from the words for a three-peaked mountain ("Tri-kuta"). The Traikutakas are mentioned in Kalidasa's Raghuvamsa, in which they are located in the area of northern Konkan. The dominions of the Traikutakas further included Aparanta and northern Maharashtra.^[2]

The coins of the Traikutaras are found extensively in southern Gujarat, and southern Maharashtra beyond the Ghats. Their design is very close to that of the Western Satraps, from which they probably inherited some territories, and traces of the obverse legend with Greek letters can still be seen.^[3]

Traikuta rule of Aparanta or Konkan begins in A.D. 248 (Traikuta era) exactly the time of Abhira Ishwarsena rule, hence Traikutas are identified with the dynasty of Abhiras.^[4]

The Traikutakas reckoned in a specific era, known as the Traikutaka era, or usually the Kalachuri or Chedi era, starting in 249.

History

It is generally supposed that Traikutakas were a different dynasty of Abhira,^[5]^[6]^[7] and hence are sometimes called Abhira-Traikutakas .^[8] Indradutta, Dahrasena & Vyaghrasena were well known kings from this dynasty.^[9] King Dahrasena expanded his realm, which soon bordered the Vakataka realm. This led to conflict and the Vakataka king Narendrasena, who with the help of his son & crown prince Prithivishena, probably defeated the Traikutikas, as later king Prithivishena's inscriptions refer to him twice rescuing the "sunken fortunes of his family".^[10]

Traikutikas were known for their Vaishnava faith, who claimed to be Yadav of Haiheya branch.^[11]^[12] and Dharasena performed Ashvamedha Yajna too.^[5]^[13] During the reign of Maharaja Madhyamasena, the kingdom was invaded by the Vakataka king Harishena.^[5]^[14] The dynasty ended around AD 550, when Vikramasena, the last known king died.^[14] The Traikutakas were probably reduced to a vassal status under the Vishnukundins and had to accept Madhavavarman I's authority.^[14]

Traikutaka rulers

The following Traikuta rulers are known from the coins and inscriptions of Gupta period-

Maharaja Indradatta (AD 415-440,^[14] only mentioned on the coins of his son) ^[4]
Maharaja Dahrasena, son of Indradatta (A.D. 455),^[5] he performed Ashwamedha^[4]
Maharaja Vyaghrasena, son of Dahrasena (A.D. 480)^[5]^[4]
Maharaja Madhyamasena
Vikramasena

References

^ Rapson, E. J. (Edward James) (1908). Catalogue of the coins of the Andhra dynasty, the Western Ksatrapas, the Traikutaka dynasty, and the "Bodhi" dynasty. London : Printed by order of the Trustees. p. 198.
^ Rapson p.clxxxv.
^ Rapson, p.cixxiv.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Mookerji, Radhakumud (2007). The gupta empire (5th ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 9788120804401. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Radhakumud Mookerji (1997). The Gupta Empire (Paperback). Motilal Banarsidass. p. 38. ISBN 9788120804401.
^ Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay By Asiatic Society of Bombay, p. 66
^ Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1968). The Age of imperial unity. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 223. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
^ Asiatic Society of Bombay (1935). Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay. The Society. pp. 66–67. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
^ Lionel D. Barnett (October 1994). Antiquities of India: An Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan. Asian Educational Services. pp. 49–50. ISBN 978-81-206-0530-5. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
^ Singh, Upinder (2016). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson India Education Services. p. 483. ISBN 9788131716779.
^ Vaidya, Chintaman Vinayak (1921). History of Mediæval Hindu India: Circa 600-800 A.D. Oriental Book Supplying Agency. It is clear that the rule previous to that of the Gurjaras was that of the Traikutakas who claimed to be Haihayas by descent and whose capital Trikuta not yet well identified is mentioned even in the Rāmāyaṇa and in Kalidasa's Raghuvansha.
^ Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency ..., Volume 1, Part 1 By Bombay (India : State), p. 58
^ Sailendra Nath Sen (1 January 1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International. pp. 426–. ISBN 978-81-224-1198-0. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Vanina, Eugenia, ed. (1988). Indian History (Audiobook). Allied Publishers. p. 409. ISBN 9788184245684.
^ Rapson, E. J. (Edward James) (1908). Catalogue of the coins of the Andhra dynasty, the Western Ksatrapas, the Traikutaka dynasty, and the "Bodhi" dynasty. London : Printed by order of the Trustees. p. 202.

References

"A catalogue of the Indian coins in the British Museum. Andhras etc.." Rapson

[1] Rapson, E. J. (Edward James) (1908). Catalogue of the coins of the Andhra dynasty, the Western Ksatrapas, the Traikutaka dynasty, and the "Bodhi" dynasty. London : Printed by order of the Trustees. p. 198.

[2] Rapson p.clxxxv.

[3] Rapson, p.cixxiv.

[abhiras-4] Mookerji, Radhakumud (2007). The gupta empire (5th ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 9788120804401. Retrieved 19 July 2016.

[gupta-5] Radhakumud Mookerji (1997). The Gupta Empire (Paperback). Motilal Banarsidass. p. 38. ISBN 9788120804401.

[6] Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay By Asiatic Society of Bombay, p. 66

[7] Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1968). The Age of imperial unity. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 223. Retrieved 3 January 2011.

[8] Asiatic Society of Bombay (1935). Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay. The Society. pp. 66–67. Retrieved 3 January 2011.

[9] Lionel D. Barnett (October 1994). Antiquities of India: An Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan. Asian Educational Services. pp. 49–50. ISBN 978-81-206-0530-5. Retrieved 3 January 2011.

[10] Singh, Upinder (2016). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson India Education Services. p. 483. ISBN 9788131716779.

[11] Vaidya, Chintaman Vinayak (1921). History of Mediæval Hindu India: Circa 600-800 A.D. Oriental Book Supplying Agency. It is clear that the rule previous to that of the Gurjaras was that of the Traikutakas who claimed to be Haihayas by descent and whose capital Trikuta not yet well identified is mentioned even in the Rāmāyaṇa and in Kalidasa's Raghuvansha.

[12] Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency ..., Volume 1, Part 1 By Bombay (India : State), p. 58

[13] Sailendra Nath Sen (1 January 1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International. pp. 426–. ISBN 978-81-224-1198-0. Retrieved 3 January 2011.

[hist-14] Vanina, Eugenia, ed. (1988). Indian History (Audiobook). Allied Publishers. p. 409. ISBN 9788184245684.

[15] Rapson, E. J. (Edward James) (1908). Catalogue of the coins of the Andhra dynasty, the Western Ksatrapas, the Traikutaka dynasty, and the "Bodhi" dynasty. London : Printed by order of the Trustees. p. 202.

[16] Samuel

[17] Samuel

[18] Michaels (2004) p.39

[19] Hiltebeitel (2002)

[20] Michaels (2004) p.39

[21] Hiltebeitel (2002)

[22] Michaels (2004) p.40

[23] Michaels (2004) p.41

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 The coins of the Traikutaras are found extensively in southern [[Gujarat]], and southern [[Maharashtra]] beyond the [[Ghats]]. Their design is very close to that of the [[Western Satraps]], from which they probably inherited some territories, and traces of the obverse legend with [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] letters can still be seen.<ref>Rapson, p.cixxiv.</ref>
+Traikuta  rule of Aparanta or Konkan  begins in A.D. 248 (Traikuta era) exactly the time of [[Abhira tribe|Abhira]] [[Ishwarsena]] rule, hence Traikutas are identified with the dynasty of Abhiras.<ref name="abhiras">{{cite book|last1=Mookerji|first1=Radhakumud|title=The gupta empire|date=2007|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|location=Delhi|isbn=9788120804401|edition=5th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&pg=PA26 |accessdate=19 July 2016|language=en}}</ref>
 The Traikutakas reckoned in a specific era, known as the Traikutaka era, or usually the [[Kalachuri Era|Kalachuri]] or Chedi era, starting in 249.
 ==History==
-Indradutta, Dahrasena & Vyaghrasena were well known kings from this dynasty.<ref>{{cite book|author=Lionel D. Barnett|title=Antiquities of India: An Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x40mwFwgK44C&pg=PA49|accessdate=3 January 2011|date=October 1994|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0530-5|pages=49–50}}</ref> [[Dharasena (ruler)|King Dahrasena]] expanded his realm, which soon bordered the [[Vakataka dynasty|Vakataka]] realm. This led to conflict and the Vakataka king [[Narendrasena]], who with the help of his son & crown prince [[Prithivishena II|Prithivishena]], probably defeated the Traikutikas, as later king [[Prithivishena II|Prithivishena's]] inscriptions refer to him twice rescuing the "sunken fortunes of his family".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2016 |publisher=Pearson India Education Services |isbn=9788131716779 |page=483}}</ref>
+It is generally supposed that [[Traikutakas]] were a different dynasty of [[Abhira dynasty|Abhira]],<ref name="gupta">{{cite book |author1=Radhakumud Mookerji |title=The Gupta Empire |date=1997 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120804401 |pages=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&dq=abhira&pg=PA38 |language=English |format=Paperback}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=aSe2AAAAIAAJ&q=traikutaka Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay By Asiatic Society of Bombay, p. 66]</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar|title=The Age of imperial unity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B1WgAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=3 January 2011|year=1968|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|page=223}}</ref> and hence are sometimes called [[Abhira tribe|Abhira-Traikutakas]] .<ref>{{cite book|author=Asiatic Society of Bombay|title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aSe2AAAAIAAJ|accessdate=3 January 2011|year=1935|publisher=The Society|pages=66–67}}</ref> Indradutta, Dahrasena & Vyaghrasena were well known kings from this dynasty.<ref>{{cite book|author=Lionel D. Barnett|title=Antiquities of India: An Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x40mwFwgK44C&pg=PA49|accessdate=3 January 2011|date=October 1994|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0530-5|pages=49–50}}</ref> [[Dharasena (ruler)|King Dahrasena]] expanded his realm, which soon bordered the [[Vakataka dynasty|Vakataka]] realm. This led to conflict and the Vakataka king [[Narendrasena]], who with the help of his son & crown prince [[Prithivishena II|Prithivishena]], probably defeated the Traikutikas, as later king [[Prithivishena II|Prithivishena's]] inscriptions refer to him twice rescuing the "sunken fortunes of his family".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2016 |publisher=Pearson India Education Services |isbn=9788131716779 |page=483}}</ref>
-Traikutikas were known for their [[Vaishnav]]a faith, who claimed to be [[Yadav caste|Yadav]] of [[Heheya Kingdom|Haiheya]] branch.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vaidya |first=Chintaman Vinayak |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7UkzAQAAMAAJ |title=History of Mediæval Hindu India: Circa 600-800 A.D |date=1921 |publisher=Oriental Book Supplying Agency |language=en |quote=It is clear that the rule previous to that of the Gurjaras was that of the Traikutakas who claimed to be [[Haihayas]] by descent and whose capital Trikuta not yet well identified is mentioned even in the Rāmāyaṇa and in Kalidasa's Raghuvansha.}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0bkMAAAAIAAJ&q=abhira+trikuta Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency ..., Volume 1, Part 1 By Bombay (India : State), p. 58]</ref> and [[Dharasena (ruler)|Dharasena]] performed [[Ashvamedha Yajna]] too.<ref name="gupta">{{cite book |author1=Radhakumud Mookerji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&dq=abhira&pg=PA38 |title=The Gupta Empire |date=1997 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120804401 |pages=38 |language=English |format=Paperback}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA426|accessdate=3 January 2011|date=1 January 1999|publisher=New Age International|isbn=978-81-224-1198-0|pages=426–}}</ref> During the reign of Maharaja Madhyamasena, the kingdom was invaded by the [[Vakataka]] king [[Harishena]].<ref name="gupta"/><ref name="hist"/> The dynasty ended around AD 550, when Vikramasena, the last known king died.<ref name="hist"/> The Traikutakas were probably reduced to a vassal status under the [[Vishnukundina dynasty|Vishnukundins]] and had to accept [[Vishnukundina dynasty#Madhava Varma I|Madhavavarman I]]'s authority.<ref name="hist"/>
+Traikutikas were known for their [[Vaishnav]]a faith, who claimed to be [[Yadav caste|Yadav]] of [[Heheya Kingdom|Haiheya]] branch.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vaidya |first=Chintaman Vinayak |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7UkzAQAAMAAJ |title=History of Mediæval Hindu India: Circa 600-800 A.D |date=1921 |publisher=Oriental Book Supplying Agency |language=en |quote=It is clear that the rule previous to that of the Gurjaras was that of the Traikutakas who claimed to be [[Haihayas]] by descent and whose capital Trikuta not yet well identified is mentioned even in the Rāmāyaṇa and in Kalidasa's Raghuvansha.}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0bkMAAAAIAAJ&q=abhira+trikuta Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency ..., Volume 1, Part 1 By Bombay (India : State), p. 58]</ref> and [[Dharasena (ruler)|Dharasena]] performed [[Ashvamedha Yajna]] too.<ref name="gupta"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA426|accessdate=3 January 2011|date=1 January 1999|publisher=New Age International|isbn=978-81-224-1198-0|pages=426–}}</ref> During the reign of Maharaja Madhyamasena, the kingdom was invaded by the [[Vakataka]] king [[Harishena]].<ref name="gupta"/><ref name="hist"/> The dynasty ended around AD 550, when Vikramasena, the last known king died.<ref name="hist"/> The Traikutakas were probably reduced to a vassal status under the [[Vishnukundina dynasty|Vishnukundins]] and had to accept [[Vishnukundina dynasty#Madhava Varma I|Madhavavarman I]]'s authority.<ref name="hist"/>
 ==Traikutaka rulers==
 The following Traikuta rulers are known from the coins and inscriptions of Gupta period-
-* Maharaja Indradatta (AD 415-440,<ref name="hist">{{cite book |editor1-last=Vanina |editor1-first=Eugenia |title=Indian History |date=1988 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=9788184245684 |pages=409 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&dq=abhira&pg=PA409 |language=English |format=Audiobook}}</ref> only mentioned on the coins of his son) <ref name="abhiras">{{cite book |last1=Mookerji |first1=Radhakumud |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&pg=PA26 |title=The gupta empire |date=2007 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120804401 |edition=5th |location=Delhi |language=en |accessdate=19 July 2016}}</ref>
+* Maharaja Indradatta (AD 415-440,<ref name="hist">{{cite book |editor1-last=Vanina |editor1-first=Eugenia |title=Indian History |date=1988 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=9788184245684 |pages=409 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&dq=abhira&pg=PA409 |language=English |format=Audiobook}}</ref> only mentioned on the coins of his son) <ref name="abhiras"/>
 * [[Dharasena (ruler)|Maharaja Dahrasena]], son of Indradatta (A.D. 455),<ref name="gupta"/> he performed [[Ashwamedha]]<ref name="abhiras"/>
 * Maharaja Vyaghrasena, son of Dahrasena (A.D. 480)<ref name="gupta"/><ref name="abhiras"/>
-* Maharaja Madhyamasena, son of Vyaghrasena (A.D. 504)
+* Maharaja Madhyamasena
-* Vikramasena, son of Madhyamasena (A.D. 533)
+* Vikramasena
 [[File:Vyaghrasena coinage, Traikutaka dynasty.jpg|thumb|center|Coinage of Vyaghrasena, circa 480 AD, Traikutaka dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rapson |first1=E. J. (Edward James) |title=Catalogue of the coins of the Andhra dynasty, the Western Ksatrapas, the Traikutaka dynasty, and the "Bodhi" dynasty |date=1908 |publisher=London : Printed by order of the Trustees |page=202 |url=https://archive.org/details/catalogueofcoins00brit/page/202/mode/2up?view=theater}}</ref>]]

Revision as of 18:56, 22 April 2024

History

Traikutaka rulers

Further reading

References

References