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The Montagnard lands in the Central Highlands were subjected to state sponsored colonization by ethnic Vietnamese settlers under the South Vietnamese regime of Ngo Dinh Diem which resulted in estranging the Montagnards and leading them to reject Vietnamese rule.<ref name="FitzGerald2009">{{cite book|author=Frances FitzGerald|title=Fire in the Lake|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ld9W1NKBjzQC&pg=PA190&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=30 May 2009|publisher=Little, Brown|isbn=978-0-316-07464-3|pages=190–}}</ref>
The Montagnard lands in the Central Highlands were subjected to state sponsored colonization by ethnic Vietnamese settlers under the South Vietnamese regime of Ngo Dinh Diem which resulted in estranging the Montagnards and leading them to reject Vietnamese rule.<ref name="FitzGerald2009">{{cite book|author=Frances FitzGerald|title=Fire in the Lake|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ld9W1NKBjzQC&pg=PA190&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=30 May 2009|publisher=Little, Brown|isbn=978-0-316-07464-3|pages=190–}}</ref>


The South Vietnamese and Communist Vietnamese colonization of the Central Highlands have been compared to the historic Nam tiến of previous Vietnamese rulers. During the Nam tiến (March to the South) Khmer and Cham territory was seized and militarily colonized (đồn điền) by the Vietnamese which was repeated by the state sponsored colonization of Northern Vietnamese Catholic refugees on Montagnard land by the South Vietnamese leader Diem and the introduction to the Central Highlands of "New Economic Zones" by the now Communist Vietnamese government.<ref name="Salemink2003">{{cite book|author=Oscar Salemink|title=The Ethnography of Vietnam's Central Highlanders: A Historical Contextualization, 1850-1990|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2_zKFyHlBk0C&pg=PA151#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2003|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2579-9|pages=151–}}</ref>
The South Vietnamese and Communist Vietnamese colonization of the Central Highlands have been compared to the historic Nam tiến of previous Vietnamese rulers. During the Nam tiến (March to the South) Khmer and Cham territory was seized and militarily colonized (đồn điền) by the Vietnamese which was repeated by the state sponsored colonization of Northern Vietnamese Catholic refugees on Montagnard land by the South Vietnamese leader Diem and the introduction to the Central Highlands of "New Economic Zones" by the now Communist Vietnamese government.


The thousand year violent war the Vietnamese in the lowlands had with the Montagnards in the mountains was a long established custom and the Vietnamese used the derogatory word "Moi" (savages) to address the Montagnards, the South Vietnamese government was strongly against the autonomous Montagnard CIDG (Civilian Irregular Defense Groups) who were fighting against the Vietcong because they feared that the Montagnards would gain independence so the South Vietnamese and Montagnards violently clashed against each other. The Vietnamese Communists implemented harsh punishment against the Montagnards after the defeat of South Vietnam.<ref name="Nutter2000">{{cite book|author=John Jacob Nutter|title=The CIA's Black Ops: Covert Action, Foreign Policy, and Democracy|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Zr58XN0uEEQC&pg=PA160&dq=moi+vietnamese&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dw1YU_2mOIKMyAT3-IDYDw&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=moi%20vietnamese&f=false|year=2000|publisher=Prometheus Books, Publishers|isbn=978-1-61592-397-7|pages=160–}}</ref>
The thousand year violent war the Vietnamese in the lowlands had with the Montagnards in the mountains was a long established custom and the Vietnamese used the derogatory word "Moi" (savages) to address the Montagnards, the South Vietnamese government was strongly against the autonomous Montagnard CIDG (Civilian Irregular Defense Groups) who were fighting against the Vietcong because they feared that the Montagnards would gain independence so the South Vietnamese and Montagnards violently clashed against each other. The Vietnamese Communists implemented harsh punishment against the Montagnards after the defeat of South Vietnam.<ref name="Nutter2000">{{cite book|author=John Jacob Nutter|title=The CIA's Black Ops: Covert Action, Foreign Policy, and Democracy|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Zr58XN0uEEQC&pg=PA160&dq=moi+vietnamese&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dw1YU_2mOIKMyAT3-IDYDw&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=moi%20vietnamese&f=false|year=2000|publisher=Prometheus Books, Publishers|isbn=978-1-61592-397-7|pages=160–}}</ref>


The Vietnamese viewed and dealt with the indigenous Montagnards in the CIDG from the Central Highlands as "savages" and this caused a Montagnard uprising against the Vietnamese.<ref name="Cosmas">{{cite book|author=Graham A. Cosmas|title=MACV: The Joint Command in the Years of Escalation, 1962-1967|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZcLQcquYkcIC&pg=PA145&dq=moi+savages+vietnamese&hl=en&sa=X&ei=MxRYU8TjBsmcyATZpIDQBg&ved=0CFoQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=moi%20savages%20vietnamese&f=false|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=978-0-16-072367-4|pages=145–}}</ref>
The Vietnamese viewed and dealt with the indigenous Montagnards in the CIDG from the Central Highlands as "savages" and this caused a Montagnard uprising against the Vietnamese.


The Montagnard Rhades mounted a revolt, seizing hundreds of Vietnamese civilians and soldiers, assassinating officers of the Vietnamese special forces and seizing American advisers on 19–20 September but the 23rd Division of the South Vietnamese army stopped them from sizing Ban Me Thout, the provincial capital of Darlac Province.<ref name="Cosmas">{{cite book|author=Graham A. Cosmas|title=MACV: The Joint Command in the Years of Escalation, 1962-1967|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZcLQcquYkcIC&pg=PA146#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=978-0-16-072367-4|pages=146–}}</ref>
The Montagnard Rhades mounted a revolt, seizing hundreds of Vietnamese civilians and soldiers, assassinating officers of the Vietnamese special forces and seizing American advisers on 19–20 September but the 23rd Division of the South Vietnamese army stopped them from sizing Ban Me Thout, the provincial capital of Darlac Province.<ref name="Cosmas">{{cite book|author=Graham A. Cosmas|title=MACV: The Joint Command in the Years of Escalation, 1962-1967|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZcLQcquYkcIC&pg=PA146#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=978-0-16-072367-4|pages=146–}}</ref>
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In the Central Highlands the Montagnard FULRO organization fought against both the Communists and South Vietnamese due to discrimination by the South Vietnamese army against the Montagnards. After the victory of the Communist North Vietnamese, the Vietnamese refused autonomy to the Montagnards, and on Montagnard land they settled around one million ethnic Vietnamese in addition to using "reducation camps" on the Montagnards, leading the Montagnard FULRO to continue the armed struggle against the Vietnamese.<ref name="Tucker2011">{{cite book|author=Spencer C. Tucker|title=Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War, The: A Political, Social, and Military History: A Political, Social, and Military History|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qh5lffww-KsC&pg=PA182&dq=moi+savages+vietnamese&hl=en&sa=X&ei=MxRYU8TjBsmcyATZpIDQBg&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=moi%20savages%20vietnamese&f=false|date=20 May 2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-961-0|pages=182–}}</ref>
In the Central Highlands the Montagnard FULRO organization fought against both the Communists and South Vietnamese due to discrimination by the South Vietnamese army against the Montagnards. After the victory of the Communist North Vietnamese, the Vietnamese refused autonomy to the Montagnards, and on Montagnard land they settled around one million ethnic Vietnamese in addition to using "reducation camps" on the Montagnards, leading the Montagnard FULRO to continue the armed struggle against the Vietnamese.<ref name="Tucker2011">{{cite book|author=Spencer C. Tucker|title=Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War, The: A Political, Social, and Military History: A Political, Social, and Military History|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qh5lffww-KsC&pg=PA182&dq=moi+savages+vietnamese&hl=en&sa=X&ei=MxRYU8TjBsmcyATZpIDQBg&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=moi%20savages%20vietnamese&f=false|date=20 May 2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-961-0|pages=182–}}</ref>


The Vietnamese were originally centered around the Red River Delta but engaged in conquest and seized new lands such as Champa, the Mekong Delta (from Cambodia) and the Central Highlands during Nam Tien, while the Vietnamese received strong Chinese influence in their culture and civilization and were Sinicized, and the Cambodians and Laotians were Indianized, the Montagnards in the Central Highlands maintained their own native culture without adopting external culture and were the true indigenous natives of the region, and to hinder encroachment on the Central Highlands by Vietnamese nationalists, the term ''Pays Montagnard du Sud-Indochinois'' PMSI emerged for the Central Highlands along with the natives being addressed by the name Montagnard.<ref name="Salemink2003">{{cite book|author=Oscar Salemink|title=The Ethnography of Vietnam's Central Highlanders: A Historical Contextualization, 1850-1990|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2_zKFyHlBk0C&pg=PA28&dq=moi+savages+vietnamese&hl=en&sa=X&ei=MxRYU8TjBsmcyATZpIDQBg&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=moi%20savages%20vietnamese&f=false|year=2003|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2579-9|pages=28–}}</ref> The tremendous scale of Vietnamese Kinh colonists flooding into the Central Highlands has significantly altered the demographics of the region.<ref name="Salemink2003">{{cite book|author=Oscar Salemink|title=The Ethnography of Vietnam's Central Highlanders: A Historical Contextualization, 1850-1990|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_zKFyHlBk0C&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2003|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2579-9|pages=29–}}</ref>
The Vietnamese were originally centered around the Red River Delta but engaged in conquest and seized new lands such as Champa, the Mekong Delta (from Cambodia) and the Central Highlands during Nam Tien, while the Vietnamese received strong Chinese influence in their culture and civilization and were Sinicized, and the Cambodians and Laotians were Indianized, the Montagnards in the Central Highlands maintained their own native culture without adopting external culture and were the true indigenous natives of the region, and to hinder encroachment on the Central Highlands by Vietnamese nationalists, the term ''Pays Montagnard du Sud-Indochinois'' PMSI emerged for the Central Highlands along with the natives being addressed by the name Montagnard.<ref name="Salemink2003">{{cite book|author=Oscar Salemink|title=The Ethnography of Vietnam's Central Highlanders: A Historical Contextualization, 1850-1990|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2_zKFyHlBk0C&pg=PA28&dq=moi+savages+vietnamese&hl=en&sa=X&ei=MxRYU8TjBsmcyATZpIDQBg&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=moi%20savages%20vietnamese&f=false|year=2003|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2579-9|pages=28–}}</ref> The tremendous scale of Vietnamese Kinh colonists flooding into the Central Highlands has significantly altered the demographics of the region.


Violent demonstrations with fatalities have broken out due to Montagnard anger at Vietnamese discrimination and seizure of their land since many Vietnamese Kinh were settled by the government in the Central Highlands.<ref name="SullivanSullivan2006">{{cite book|author1=Jim Sullivan|author2=James Sullivan|title=Vietnam|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9WLfsdeJgHsC&pg=PA102&dq=moi+savages+vietnamese&hl=en&sa=X&ei=MxRYU8TjBsmcyATZpIDQBg&ved=0CEIQ6wEwAw#v=onepage&q=moi%20savages%20vietnamese&f=false|year=2006|publisher=National Geographic Society|isbn=978-0-7922-6203-9|pages=102–}}</ref><ref name="Sullivan2010">{{cite book|author=James Sullivan|title=National Geographic Traveler Vietnam|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=h8cRgWpCXUoC&pg=PA102&dq=moi+savages+vietnamese&hl=en&sa=X&ei=MxRYU8TjBsmcyATZpIDQBg&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=moi%20savages%20vietnamese&f=false|year=2010|publisher=National Geographic|isbn=978-1-4262-0522-4|pages=102–}}</ref>
Violent demonstrations with fatalities have broken out due to Montagnard anger at Vietnamese discrimination and seizure of their land since many Vietnamese Kinh were settled by the government in the Central Highlands.<ref name="SullivanSullivan2006">{{cite book|author1=Jim Sullivan|author2=James Sullivan|title=Vietnam|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9WLfsdeJgHsC&pg=PA102&dq=moi+savages+vietnamese&hl=en&sa=X&ei=MxRYU8TjBsmcyATZpIDQBg&ved=0CEIQ6wEwAw#v=onepage&q=moi%20savages%20vietnamese&f=false|year=2006|publisher=National Geographic Society|isbn=978-0-7922-6203-9|pages=102–}}</ref><ref name="Sullivan2010">{{cite book|author=James Sullivan|title=National Geographic Traveler Vietnam|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=h8cRgWpCXUoC&pg=PA102&dq=moi+savages+vietnamese&hl=en&sa=X&ei=MxRYU8TjBsmcyATZpIDQBg&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=moi%20savages%20vietnamese&f=false|year=2010|publisher=National Geographic|isbn=978-1-4262-0522-4|pages=102–}}</ref>

Revision as of 15:08, 7 July 2017

Racism in Vietnam has been mainly directed by the majority and dominant ethnic Vietnamese Kinh against ethnic minorities such as Degars (Montagnards), Chams, and the Khmer Krom.

Against Chams

Main articles: Champa, Chams, Nam tiến, and History of the Cham–Vietnamese wars

The Cham in Vietnam are only recognized as a minority, and not as an indigenous people by the Vietnamese government despite being indigenous to the region. Both Hindu and Muslim Chams have experienced religious and ethnic persecution and restrictions on their faith under the current Vietnamese government, with the Vietnamese state confisticating Cham property and forbidding Cham from observing their religious beliefs. Hindu temples were turned into tourist sites against the wishes of the Cham Hindus. In 2010 and 2013 several incidents occurred in Thành Tín and Phươc Nhơn villages where Cham were murdered by Vietnamese. In 2012, Vietnamese police in Chau Giang village stormed into a Cham Mosque, stole the electric generator, and also raped Cham girls.[1] Cham Muslims in the Mekong Delta have also been economically marginalized and pushed into poverty by Vietnamese policies, with ethnic Vietnamese Kinh settling on majority Cham land with state support, and religious practices of minorities have been targeted for elimination by the Vietnamese government.[2]

The Vietnamese government fears that evidence of Champa's influence over the disputed area in the South China Sea would bring attention to human rights violations and killings of ethnic minorities in Vietnam such as in the 2001 and 2004 uprisings, and lead to the issue of Cham autonomy being brought into the dispute, since the Vietnamese conquered the Hindu and Muslim Cham people in a war in 1832, and the Vietnamese continue to destroy evidence of Cham culture and artifacts left behind, plundering or building on top of Cham temples, building farms over them, banning Cham religious practices, and omitting references to the destroyed Cham capital of Song Luy in the 1832 invasion in history books and tourist guides. The situation of Cham compared to ethnic Vietnamese is substandard, lacking water and electricity and living in houses made out of mud.[3]

Against Degars (Montagnards)

Main articles: Central Highlands (Vietnam), Degar, and United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races

The native inhabitants of the Central Highlands are the Degar (Montagnard) peoples. Vietnam conquered and invaded the area during its "march to the south" (Nam tiến). Ethnic Vietnamese (Kinh) people now outnumber the indigenous Degars after state sponsored colonization directed by both the government of South Vietnam and the current Communist government of unified Vietnam. The Montagnards have fought against and resisted all Vietnamese invaders, from the anti-Communist South Vietnamese government, the Vietcong, to the Communist government of unified Vietnam.

The French, the Communist North Vietnamese, and the anti-Communist South Vietnamese all exploited and persecuted the Montagnards. North Vietnamese Communists forcibly recruited "comfort girls" from the indigenous Montagnard peoples of the Central Highlands and murdered those who didn't comply, inspired by Japan's use of comfort women.[4]

One of the flags of FULRO combines the Degar Montagnard and Cham flags together, with a white crescent on a green background on the left third of the flag, blue and white horizontal stripes in the middle third of the flag, and an all red right third of the flag.[5][6]

The Montagnard lands in the Central Highlands were subjected to state sponsored colonization by ethnic Vietnamese settlers under the South Vietnamese regime of Ngo Dinh Diem which resulted in estranging the Montagnards and leading them to reject Vietnamese rule.[7]

The South Vietnamese and Communist Vietnamese colonization of the Central Highlands have been compared to the historic Nam tiến of previous Vietnamese rulers. During the Nam tiến (March to the South) Khmer and Cham territory was seized and militarily colonized (đồn điền) by the Vietnamese which was repeated by the state sponsored colonization of Northern Vietnamese Catholic refugees on Montagnard land by the South Vietnamese leader Diem and the introduction to the Central Highlands of "New Economic Zones" by the now Communist Vietnamese government.

The thousand year violent war the Vietnamese in the lowlands had with the Montagnards in the mountains was a long established custom and the Vietnamese used the derogatory word "Moi" (savages) to address the Montagnards, the South Vietnamese government was strongly against the autonomous Montagnard CIDG (Civilian Irregular Defense Groups) who were fighting against the Vietcong because they feared that the Montagnards would gain independence so the South Vietnamese and Montagnards violently clashed against each other. The Vietnamese Communists implemented harsh punishment against the Montagnards after the defeat of South Vietnam.[8]

The Vietnamese viewed and dealt with the indigenous Montagnards in the CIDG from the Central Highlands as "savages" and this caused a Montagnard uprising against the Vietnamese.

The Montagnard Rhades mounted a revolt, seizing hundreds of Vietnamese civilians and soldiers, assassinating officers of the Vietnamese special forces and seizing American advisers on 19–20 September but the 23rd Division of the South Vietnamese army stopped them from sizing Ban Me Thout, the provincial capital of Darlac Province.[9]

The South Vietnamese and Communists "victimized" the Montagnards.[10]

In the Central Highlands the Montagnard FULRO organization fought against both the Communists and South Vietnamese due to discrimination by the South Vietnamese army against the Montagnards. After the victory of the Communist North Vietnamese, the Vietnamese refused autonomy to the Montagnards, and on Montagnard land they settled around one million ethnic Vietnamese in addition to using "reducation camps" on the Montagnards, leading the Montagnard FULRO to continue the armed struggle against the Vietnamese.[11]

The Vietnamese were originally centered around the Red River Delta but engaged in conquest and seized new lands such as Champa, the Mekong Delta (from Cambodia) and the Central Highlands during Nam Tien, while the Vietnamese received strong Chinese influence in their culture and civilization and were Sinicized, and the Cambodians and Laotians were Indianized, the Montagnards in the Central Highlands maintained their own native culture without adopting external culture and were the true indigenous natives of the region, and to hinder encroachment on the Central Highlands by Vietnamese nationalists, the term Pays Montagnard du Sud-Indochinois PMSI emerged for the Central Highlands along with the natives being addressed by the name Montagnard.[12] The tremendous scale of Vietnamese Kinh colonists flooding into the Central Highlands has significantly altered the demographics of the region.

Violent demonstrations with fatalities have broken out due to Montagnard anger at Vietnamese discrimination and seizure of their land since many Vietnamese Kinh were settled by the government in the Central Highlands.[13][14]

Long tails and excessive body hair were attributed as physical characteristics of Montagnards in Vietnamese school textbooks in the past.[15]

Up until French rule, the Central Highlands was almost never entered by the Vietnamese since they viewed it as a savage (Moi-Montaganrd) populated area with fierce animals like tigers, "poisoned water" and "evil malevolent spirits", but the Vietnamese became greedy and voracious for the land after the French transformed it into a profitable plantation area to grow crops on,[16] in addition to the natural resources from the forests, minerals and rich earth and realization of its crucial geographical importance.[17]

Ethnic minorities in general have also been referred to as "moi",[18] including other "hill tribes" like the Muong.[19]

The anti-ethnic minority discriminatory policies by the Vietnamese, environmental degradation, deprivation of lands from the natives, and settlement of native lands by a massive amount of Vietnamese settlers led to massive protests and demonstrations by the Central Highland's indigenous native ethnic minorities against the Vietnamese in January–February 2001 and this event gave a tremendous blow to the claim often published by the Vietnamese government that in Vietnam There has been no ethnic confrontation, no religious war, no ethnic conflict. And no elimination of one culture by another.[20]

The same state sponsored settlement of ethnic minority land by Vietnamese Kinh has happened in another highland region, the Annamite Cordillera (Trường Sơn), both the Central Highlands and Annamite Cordillera were populated by ethnic minorities who were not Vietnamese during the 20th century's start, but the demographics of the highlands was drastically transformed with the mass colonization of 6 million settlers from 1976 to the 1990's, which led to ethnic Vietnamese Kinh outnumbering the native ethnic groups in the highlands.[21]

he Montagnards in FULRO fought the Vietnamese for twenty years after the end of the Vietnam War and the scale of Vietnamese attacks on the Montagnards reached genocidal proportions with the slaughter of over 200,000 Montagnards after 1975.[22]

Leaving out any plans for autonomy for ethnic minorities, an assimilation plan was launched by the South Vietnamese government with the creation of the "Social and Economic Council for the Southern Highlander Country", the South Vietnamese based their approach to the highlanders by claiming that they would be "developed" since they were "poor" and "ignorant", making swidden agriculturalists sedentarize and settling ethnic Vietnamese colonists from the coastal regions into the highlands such as Northern Vietnamese Catholic refugees who fled to South Vietnam, 50,000 Vietnamese settlers were in the highlands in 1960 and in 1963 the total number of settlers was 200,000 and up to 1974 the South Vietnamese were still implemented the colonization plan even though the highland natives experienced massive turbulence and disorder because of the colonization, and by 1971 less than half of a scheme back by the Americans to leave Montagnards with just 20% of the Central Highlands was completed, and even in the parts of the highlands which did not experience colonization, the South Vietnamese threw the native tribes into "strategic hamelets" to keep them away from places where communists potentially operated and the South Vietnamese consistently spurned any attempts too make overtures to the native Highlanders.[23]

Former Green Beret and writer Don Bendell wrote a novel based on Vietnam's policies in the Central Highlands with details in his book such as accusing the Communist Vietnamese government implemented a genocidal and discriminatory policy against the native Montagnards in the Central Highlands, banning Montagnard languages and implementing Vietnamese language, having Vietnamese men marry Montagnard girls and women by force, colonizing the Central Highlands with massive amounts of Vietnamese settlers form the lowlands, inflicting terror and on the Montagnards with the Cong An, and making them perform slave labor, erecting plantations for rubber, tea, and coffee on the Central Highlands after destroying the vegetation in the area and due to these "apartheid-like conditions".[24]

After mass jailings and killings during the 2001 and 2004 protests by ethnic hill tribe minorities against the Vietnamese regime, foreigners were banned from the Central Highlands for a period of time by Vietnam.[25][26]

Since 1964 the Montagnards of FULRO struggled for their own country and continued to fight against the Vietnamese Communist regime which persecuted them for their religious beliefs.[27]

Against other Highlanders

Most of the highlands like the Annamite Range and the Central Highlands were populated by ethnic minorities who were not Vietnamese during the 20th century's start, but the demographics of the highlands was drastically transformed with the mass colonization of 6 million settlers from 1976 to the 1990's, which led to ethnic Vietnamese Kinh outnumbering the native ethnic groups in the highlands. The Vietnamese Kinh dominated government media propagate negative stereotypes of the highlander ethnic minorities, labeling them as "ignorant", "illiterate", "backward" and claim that they are impoverished and underdeveloped because of their own lack of economic and agricultural skills.[28] Ethnic Vietnamese Kinh settlers have negative stereotypes and views of the native ethnic minorities with barely any intermarriage and little interaction since they deliberately choose to live in different villages which are a stark difference from the government's portrayal of harmonic relations between minorities and Vietnamese, with the government claiming that "backward areas" are experiencing "development" from the Vietnamese Kinh settlers they are encouraging yet these places are not underdeveloped and no advantages have come about the the minorities form the Vietnamese Kinh settlers, instead only negative consequences of the Vietnamese colonization have been brought upon the minorities like the wiping out of their culture and replacement by Vietnamese Kinh culture and exacerbated poverty due to control of the economy by the Vietnamese Kinh.[29]

Against Khmer Krom

Main article: Khmer Krom

See also

References

  1. ^ "Mission to Vietnam Advocacy Day (Vietnamese-American Meet up 2013) in the U.S. Capitol. A UPR report By IOC-Campa". Chamtoday.com. 2013-09-14. Retrieved 2014-06-17.
  2. ^ Taylor, Philip (December 2006). "Economy in Motion: Cham Muslim Traders in the Mekong Delta" (PDF). The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology. 7 (3). The Australian National University: 238. doi:10.1080/14442210600965174. ISSN 1444-2213. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
  3. ^ Bray, Adam (June 16, 2014). "The Cham: Descendants of Ancient Rulers of South China Sea Watch Maritime Dispute From Sidelines". National Geographic News. National Geographic. Archived from the original on 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2014. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)
  4. ^ "Conclusions". Montagnard Human Rights Organization (MHRO). 2010.
  5. ^ "HLAGRU – FULRO". HLAPŎK ÐÊGAR.
  6. ^ [1]
  7. ^ Frances FitzGerald (30 May 2009). Fire in the Lake. Little, Brown. pp. 190–. ISBN 978-0-316-07464-3.
  8. ^ John Jacob Nutter (2000). The CIA's Black Ops: Covert Action, Foreign Policy, and Democracy. Prometheus Books, Publishers. pp. 160–. ISBN 978-1-61592-397-7.
  9. ^ Graham A. Cosmas. MACV: The Joint Command in the Years of Escalation, 1962-1967. Government Printing Office. pp. 146–. ISBN 978-0-16-072367-4.
  10. ^ John Hellmann (13 August 2013). American Myth and the Legacy of Vietnam. Columbia University Press. pp. 62–. ISBN 978-0-231-51538-2.
  11. ^ Spencer C. Tucker (20 May 2011). Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War, The: A Political, Social, and Military History: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. pp. 182–. ISBN 978-1-85109-961-0.
  12. ^ Oscar Salemink (2003). The Ethnography of Vietnam's Central Highlanders: A Historical Contextualization, 1850-1990. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 28–. ISBN 978-0-8248-2579-9.
  13. ^ Jim Sullivan; James Sullivan (2006). Vietnam. National Geographic Society. pp. 102–. ISBN 978-0-7922-6203-9.
  14. ^ James Sullivan (2010). National Geographic Traveler Vietnam. National Geographic. pp. 102–. ISBN 978-1-4262-0522-4.
  15. ^ Haha Lung (2006). Lost Fighting Arts of Vietnam. Citadel. pp. 7–. ISBN 978-0-8065-2760-4.
  16. ^ Lawrence H. Climo, M.D. (20 December 2013). The Patient Was Vietcong: An American Doctor in the Vietnamese Health Service, 1966-1967. McFarland. pp. 227–. ISBN 978-0-7864-7899-6.
  17. ^ Lawrence H. Climo, M.D. (20 December 2013). The Patient Was Vietcong: An American Doctor in the Vietnamese Health Service, 1966-1967. McFarland. pp. 228–. ISBN 978-0-7864-7899-6.
  18. ^ David W. P. Elliott (31 December 2002). The Vietnamese War: Revolution and Social Change in the Mekong Delta, 1930-1975. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 1504–. ISBN 978-0-7656-0602-0.
  19. ^ James B. Minahan (30 August 2012). Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 269–. ISBN 978-1-59884-660-7.
  20. ^ McElwee, Pamela (2008). "7 Becoming Socialist or Becoming Kinh? Government Policies for Ethnic Minorities in the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam". In Duncan, Christopher R. (ed.). Civilizing the Margins: Southeast Asian Government Policies for the Development of Minorities. Singapore: NUS Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-9971-69-418-0.
  21. ^ McElwee, Pamela (2008). ""Blood Relatives" or Uneasy Neighbors? Kinh Migrant and Ethnic Minority Interactions in the Trường Sơn Mountains". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 3 (3). Regents of the University of California: 81–82. doi:10.1525/vs.2008.3.3.81. ISSN 1559-372X. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
  22. ^ George Dooley (18 December 2007). Battle for the Central Highlands: A Special Forces Story. Random House Publishing Group. pp. 255–. ISBN 978-0-307-41463-2.
  23. ^ Christopher R. Duncan (2008). Civilizing the Margins: Southeast Asian Government Policies for the Development of Minorities. NUS Press. pp. 193–. ISBN 978-9971-69-418-0.
  24. ^ Don Bendell (2 October 2007). Criminal Investigation Detachment #3: Bamboo Battleground. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 23–. ISBN 978-0-425-21631-6.
  25. ^ Bray, Adam (June 16, 2014). "The Cham: Descendants of Ancient Rulers of South China Sea Watch Maritime Dispute From Sidelines". National Geographic News. National Geographic. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
  26. ^ Bray, Adam. "The Cham: Descendants of Ancient Rulers of South China Sea Watch Maritime Dispute From Sidelines". IOC-Champa. Archived from the original on 26 Jun 15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)
  27. ^ Thayer, Nate (25 September 1992). "Lighting the darkness: FULRO's jungle Christians". The Phnom Penh Post.
  28. ^ McElwee, Pamela (2008). ""Blood Relatives" or Uneasy Neighbors? Kinh Migrant and Ethnic Minority Interactions in the Trường Sơn Mountains". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 3 (3). Regents of the University of California: 81–116. doi:10.1525/vs.2008.3.3.81. ISSN 1559-372X. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
  29. ^ McElwee, Pamela (2008). ""Blood Relatives" or Uneasy Neighbors? Kinh Migrant and Ethnic Minority Interactions in the Trường Sơn Mountains". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 3 (3). Regents of the University of California: 83–84. doi:10.1525/vs.2008.3.3.81. ISSN 1559-372X. Retrieved 17 August 2015.

Template:Ethnic issues

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