Dawoodi Bohra

File:Dawoodi Bohra social gathering.jpeg

Dawoodi Bohra family in their religious attire

The Dawoodi Bohras are a religious denomination within the Ismā'īlī branch of Shia Islam. Their largest numbers reside in India, Pakistan, Yemen, East Africa and the Gulf states. There are also significant numbers living in Europe, North America, South East Asia and Australia. Most estimates put the worldwide population to be one million.

The Dawoodi Bohras trace their heritage to the Fatimid Imamate in medieval Egypt. Like all Muslims, they pray five times a day, fast in the month of Ramadan, perform the Haj and Umrah and give Zakat.

Dawoodi Bohra communities are united by a set of centuries-old principles: an unwavering commitment to the faith; being law-abiding citizens and developing a genuine love for the country in which they live; a belief in the value of society, education, hard work and empowering women; engagement with other faiths; and a responsibility to care for the environment and all creatures that dwell within it. They seek to embrace modernity while remaining true to their traditions and core beliefs.

In 2018, the Dawoodi Bohra community launched Project Rise, a global initiative established to improve the lives of people that are marginalized, neglected or living in poverty. Its upliftment programs span a range of policy areas, including healthcare, nutrition, hygiene, environmental responsibility and conservation, and education. Project Rise takes its inspiration from the teachings of Islam and the Prophetic traditions, which instruct Muslims to work for the betterment of others.

The word Bohra comes from the Gujarati word vohrvu or vyavahar, meaning “to trade,” in reference to one of their traditional occupations which continues to this day.

History

Main articles: Shia, Ismailism, Taiyabi Ismaili, and Musta'li

Dawoodi Bohras are a subset of Islam. They are traced as: Dawoodi, Taiyebi, Musta'li, Isma'ili, Shia, Muslims.The Dawood Bohra Muslims trace their heritage to the Fatimid Caliphate, named after Fatimah, the venerated daughter of the Prophet Mohammed.  Devotion to the Fatimids Imams and the Prophet Mohammed’s family is a hallmark of the Dawoodi Bohra faith.

The Dawoodi Bohras and the Fatimid dynasty

The Fatimids first inhabited Medina and later ruled over large parts of the Islamic world during the 10th and 11th centuries, including North Africa and Egypt. They ruled with the aim of fostering and strengthening the religious traditions established by the Prophet. The Fatimids Imams oversaw an unparalleled period of Islamic history in terms of its political, economic, literary, artistic and scientific achievements.  They founded educational establishments, such as Al-Azhar University, the world’s oldest surviving university, as well as many architectural masterpieces in the city of Cairo, Egypt, which remain an enduring legacy of that era.

Prior to the assassination of the 20th Imam, Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah, he directed his grand emissary in Yemen, Sayyida Arwa al-Sulayhi, the queen of Yemen, to establish the office of the Da'i al-Mutlaq (or, “unrestricted missionary”) to act as vicegerent of the 21st Imam At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim while in seclusion. The Da'i al-Mutlaq was instructed to continue the mission of the Imam, known as al-Da’wah al-Hadiyah (also Dawat-e-Hadiyah), which means providing believers with guidance.

Theology

For an overview of the Mustaali Shi'a faith, see Mustaali.

Seven pillars

The Dawoodi Bohras follow the Seven pillars of Ismaili Islam adhering to the tradition of Fatimid Dawat: Walayah (guardianship of the faith), Taharah (purity), salat (prayer), Zakat (alms-giving), Sawm (fasting), Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca), and Jihad (struggle). Devotion to the Imams and the Prophet Mohammed’s family, Walayah, is a hallmark of the Dawoodi Bohra faith.   

Imams and Dais

Dawoodi Bohra 52nd Dai Sayyedna Mohd. Burhanuddin,1965 CE onward

Main article: List of Ismaili Imams

Main article: List of Dai of Dawoodi Bohra

Dawoodi Bohras believe that the 21st Mustaali Imam, Taiyyib abi al-Qasim, is a direct descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah. According to this belief, Ṭayyib Abī l-Qāṣim went into occultation and established the office of the Dā‘ī l-Muṭlaq as the Imām's vicegerent, with full authority to govern the believing community in all matters spiritual and temporal, as well as those of his assistants, the Ma'dhūn (Template:Lang-ar) and Mukāsir (Template:Lang-ar). During the Imām's seclusion, a Dā‘ī l-Muṭlaq is appointed by his predecessor. The maʾzūn and mukasir are in turn appointed by the Dā‘ī l-Muṭlaq. A fundamental belief held by the Dawoodi Bohra is that the presence of the secluded Imām is guaranteed by the presence of the Dāʿī al-Muṭlaq.

No. 52; Syedna Taher Saifuddin’s RA Testimony in the Chandabhoy Galla Case 1920, pp. 280–284</ref>

Authority

As the time for the seclusion neared, the 20th Imam Mansur al-Amir bi ahkamillah instructed his grand emissary, Sayyida Arwa binte Ahmad, the queen of Yemen, to vest in the office of al-Dai al mutlaq, the vicegerency of the Imam when the Imam enters seclusion. The first Dai Zoeb bin Musa al-Wadi’i was appointed in 532/1138 in Yemen. The spiritual leader of the Dawoodi Bohra community is called Da'i al-Mutlaq (Template:Lang-ar),who serves as the earthly representative of the imam during the period of his seclusion.

Succession to the office of al-Dai al-Mutlaq is determined by a process called Nass, whereby each Da’i - inspired and guided by the hidden imam - appoints his own successor.  Each al-Dai al-Mutlaq has appointed a successor in his own lifetime to carry on the mission in the name of the imams with all the authority and power inherent in that high office. The chain of Da’is has continued without interruption to this day. . The Current Da'i-al-Mutlaq is Dr Mufaddal Saifuddin as he was appointed as the 53rd Dai-al-Mutlaq by his father, Dr Mohammed Burhanudin on a worldwide shown live-relay.

Qardhan Hasana

Islam prohibits Riba (Usury) and interest; Dawoodi Bohras follow the principle of Qardhan hasana (interest-free loans). Numerous Qardhan Hasana fund schemes have been established, many working at the local jamaat level and others working at a national level in various countries. The funds are generated from contributions of individual members but the bulk amount comes from the Da'i-al-Mutlaq. (In 2014, Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin donated more than Rs. 103.50 crore (Rs. 1.035 billion).

Mithaq

The central rite of passage for Bohras is mithaq, the only major ritual unique to the denomination. This ceremony, obligatory for every Bohra who wishes to be part of the community, is a covenant between the believer and God, effected through his representative on earth. In addition to spelling out the duties a believer owes to Allah, it includes an oath of allegiance: a vow to accept the spiritual guidance of Syedna wholeheartedly and without reservation.

The mithaq oath is first taken at whatever age a child is deemed to have reached maturity: most commonly, thirteen years for girls, fourteen or fifteen for boys. During early puberty, a child will be brought by his or her parents for an interview with the local amil. The amil asks the youth a series of questions about the Bohra faith, and only after providing adequate answers will the child be accepted for mithaq.

On the eighteenth day of the Islamic month of zyl-Hajj, every Bohra congregation renews its mithaq vows together. The ceremony takes place on this date because (Shi’a tradition holds) it was on the eighteenth of zyl Hajj in the year 23 A.H. that the Prophet Muhammad and his son-in-law All received an oath of mithaq from 70,000 Muslims at Ghadir Khumm on the road from Mecca to Medina. The oath is said to hearken back to a verse from the Qur’an: “God purchased from all the faithful their souls and their property in consideration of Paradise.”

Calendar

The Dawoodi Bohra retain the Fatimid-era Tabular Islamic calendar, which they believe matches perfectly with the lunar cycle, not requiring any correction. In this calendar, the lunar year has 354 days. Their odd-numbered months have 29 days and the even-numbered months have 30 days, except in a leap year when the 12th and final month has 30 days. This is in contrast with other Muslim communities, which base the beginnings of specific Islamic months on sightings of the moon crescent.

Office and administration

The office of the Da'i al-Mutlaq, known as Dawat–e-Hadiyah, is central to secular and religious affairs among Dawoodi Bohras. The present office is in Badri Mahal, Mumbai, which is represented by Jamaat Committees in all the cities with significant numbers of Dawoodi Bohra members. The Aamil is the president of the local Jamaat committee in his respective city. He is appointed by the Dawat–e-Hadiyah, with the permission of the Dai al Mutlaq.

There are several sub committees and trusts under the Jamaat committee, looking after different aspects of Dawoodi Bohra administration.

The Dawoodi Bohras, being Ismailis and thus Jafaris, are signatories the Amman Message.

Demographics and culture

Yemeni Dawoodi Bohra at his coffee plantation

The worldwide number of Dawoodi Bohras is estimated at just over one million. The majority of adherents reside in Gujarat state in India and the city of Karachi, Pakistan. There are also significant diaspora populations in Europe, North America, the Far East and East Africa.

Name and etymology

The word Bohra comes from the Gujarati word 'vohrvu' (to trade), in reference to their traditional occupation. The term Dawoodi comes from the support given to Dawood Bin Qutubshah during a schism that the community faced in 1592.

Language

Dawoodi Bohras have a blend of ethnic cultures, including: Yemeni, Egyptian, African, Pakistani and Indian. In addition to the local languages, the Dawoodi Bohras have their own language called Lisan al-Dawat. which is written in Perso-Arabic script and is derived from Arabic, Persian, Urdu and Gujarati.

Dress

Dawoodi Bohras have a distinct form of attire. Men of the faith traditionally wear a predominantly white three-piece outfit consisting of a form of tunic called a kurta, an overcoat of equal length called a saaya, and pants or trousers called Izaar.  Men also wear a white cap with golden designs called a topi. Bohra men are expected to adhere to the practice of the Prophet of growing a full beard.

Women of the faith wear a two piece dress called a rida that is distinguishable from other forms of Hijab by its bright colors, decorative patterns and lace, and the fact that it does not cover the woman’s face. The rida can be of any colour except black. It has a flap called a pardi that is usually folded to one side to allow the woman’s face to be visible but that can be worn over the face if desired.

Cuisine and Eating practices

Dawoodi Bohras have a unique system of communal eating with groups of 8 or 9 people seated around a thaal (a particularly large metal tray). Each course of the meal is served for the people around the thaal to share.

All heads should be covered during the meal. Once everyone is seated, one serving member walks with water in a chelamchi lota (a kind of basin and jug) for everyone to wash their hands.

At community feasts, they have desserts or meethas first and starters or khaaras next, followed by the main meal.

Community Kitchen – Faiz Ul Mawaid Il Burhaniya (FMB)

In 2012, the community leadership under Mohammed Burhanuddin instituted community kitchens in Mumbai that deliver Bohra families one meal per day; the goal of this system is to provide at least one wholesome meal to every family as well as free women from the task of preparing food and providing them with time to pursue education or economic activities.

Bohras subscribe to the view that nobody should go to bed hungry, regularly organizing food drives to feed the homeless and hungry in cities throughout the world.

Dana Committee (No food wastage)

At every town and city across the world, they have formed a Dana ( grain) Committee, which is tasked to eliminate food wastage. The emphasis is on not allowing even a single grain to go to waste. There are over 6000 dana committee volunteers spread across 40 countries in the world.

As a first step, the dana committee has developed RSVP apps and other web and mobile based platforms where invitees to a communal meal inform in advance if they will be able to attend.

Community centres (masjid)

Masjid e Moazzam, Surat

The Dawoodi Bohras operate an elaborate administrative system set up by the central organization.  The office of the Da'i al-Mutlaq, known as Dawat–e-Hadiyah, is central to administering the secular and religious affairs of all Dawoodi Bohras. The main office is currently located in Badri Mahal, Mumbai, India.

Dawoodi Bohras communities (or jamaats) are centered around a Masjid (or mosque) or markaz (centre) where there is no masjid.  Jamaat Committees - or Anjumans - operate all around the world where Dawoodi Bohra members live and work. Bohra communities have populations ranging from around one hundred to tens of thousands in major cities.

The Amil is the president of the local Anjuman in his respective city. He is appointed by the Dawat–e-Hadiyah with the permission of the Da'i al-Mutlaq. There are several sub committees and trusts under each Jamaat committee that look after different aspects of the Dawoodi Bohra’s community’s administration.

As its head, the Amil administers and manages the socio-religious affairs of the jamaat. The Amil leads prayers and gives discourses. Communal meals are served in dining halls called the jamaat khaana, which are generally part of the mosque complex.

Education and educational institutes

During the 20th century, the Syednas established colleges, schools and madrasas in villages, towns and cities all around the world. The focus on literacy and education has meant that the community has a high percentage of degree holders and professionals both male and female with a large number of doctors, lawyers, architects, engineers, teachers and IT professionals in the community in addition to the numerous businessmen and industrialists.

Al Jamea tus Saifiyah is the Dawoodi Bohra theological university, which was founded in Surat, India in 1814 AD(1224AH)by the 43rd Dai Moulana Abdeali Saifuddin who named it ‘Dars-e-Saifee". A second campus was founded in 1983 located in the northern foothills of Karachi, Pakistan. A third campus was established in Nairobi, Kenya in 2011, and in 2013 a fourth campus was established in Marol (Mumbai), Maharashtra.

The 51st Dai Syedna Taher Saifuddin introduced modern subjects including sciences and arts to the curriculum in 1961 and renamed the academy Al Jamea tus Saifiyah. This process of modernization continued with his son and successor Syedna Mohammad Burhanuddin who introduced 'state-of-the-art' facilities such as the Mahad al-Zahra Quran training Institute. He also made it an International Baccalaureate Office. The academies are administered by a central office located in Badri Mahal, Fort, Mumbai. The 51st Da'i Syedna Taher Saifuddin was a prolific scholar who wrote more than 40 volumes or 'Risalas' and has penned more than 10,000 verses in tribute to the Shia saints. Many of his works are part of the syllabus in the different fields of Arabic study in Al Jamea tus Saifiyah.

The Aligarh Muslim University conferred a Doctorate of Theology on the 51st Da'i, Taher Saifuddin, and offered him its Chancellorship. He remained as Chancellor for three consecutive terms until his death in 1965. In October 1999, the 52nd Dai Syedna Mohammad Burhanuddin was also elected Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University. Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin was elected chancellor in 2015.

Syedna Mohammad Burhanuddin established MSB Educational Institute in Nairobi and Mumbai, in 1984. Currently, there are 25 branches of the school worldwide.

The Natural Environment

The Bohra faith places great importance on protecting and enhancing the natural environment and raising awareness of the need for sustainable development. Nazafat (or cleanliness) is an integral component of Islamic faith, and members of the Bohra community are urged to engage in clean-up drives, tree planting and other green initiatives to foster and promote a clean living environment wherever they reside; to avoiding waste and pollution; to recycle; and to nurture all forms of life.

In 1992, the Spiritual Leader of the Bohras, the late Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin, established the Burhani Foundation, a charitable trust dedicated to making the preservation of the environment the responsibility of every Bohra, and to spread awareness of the relationship between environmental health and the health of people. The Burhani Foundation seeks to enhance the natural environment through tree planting, water pollution controls, promoting techniques for sustainable development, raising public awareness and funding research. In 2017, Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin, the 53rd and current Da'i al-Mutlaq, initiated a worldwide program to plant 200,000 saplings as a means of conserving the environment and raising awareness of environmental issues.

Together with United Nations Champion of the Earth, Afroz Shah, the Bohras’ Turning the Tide campaign is working to remove plastic from oceans, rivers and beaches in India.

Project Rise

In June 2018, the Dawoodi Bohra community launched Project Rise, a global initiative established to help improve the lives of people that are marginalized, neglected or living in poverty. In partnership with government bodies and local organizations around the world, Project Rise’s upliftment programs span a range of policy areas, including healthcare, nutrition, sanitation and hygiene, environmental responsibility and conservation, and education. Project Rise takes its inspiration from the teachings of Islam and the Prophetic traditions, which instruct Muslims to work for the betterment of others.

Project Rise was launched in Mumbai in partnership with Fight Hunger Foundation – part of the Action Against Hunger global network – to help alleviate hunger in some of the poorest parts of India; significantly raise health and nutrition levels of children and mothers suffering from severe malnutrition; and provide mothers, caregivers and local health workers with disease prevention techniques.

Project Rise began by supporting nutrition among families in Mokhada in the Palghar district of Maharashtra and suburban Govandi but has since expanded its scope and range throughout India and the Bohra’s global community.

In September 2019, Bohra volunteers helped people to recover from the devastating flooding and landslides in Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Gujarat by providing meals and essential supplies to affected families.

In October 2019, Bohras in North America marked United Nations World Food Day by undertaking a range of Project Rise initiatives, including donating to local food banks and helping to feed vulnerable members of society.

Many of the values at the core of Project Rise – including eradicating poverty and hunger, improving health and education, empowering women, avoiding waste, and preserving the natural environment – align closely with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. For centuries, Bohras around the world have been living their daily lives according to these principles, regularly taking practical action to support members of society who most need help.

Recognitions

US: 2011: The Burhani Foundation under its campaign "Save Our Sparrows" (SOS), received the Guinness World Records award for the largest distribution of bird feeders.

India: 2018: the Dawoodi Bohra community received an award for organizing the largest zero waste religious event during the Ashara Mubaraka sermons in Indore, by the Golden Book of World Records.

India: 2018: the Dawoodi Bohra community of Indore received the "Swachh City Award" for being the "best citizen led initiative" under the Swachh Bharat Mission on 9 March 2019.

Mausoleums

Raudat Tahera, Mausoleum of the 51st and 52nd Dai (covered with temporary canopy to protect it from dust of nearby ongoing construction project)

Thousands of Dawoodi Bohra visit every year mausoleums of Ahl al-Bayt especially in Medina, Karbala, Syria and Cairo. The Dai al Mutlaqs and other pious dignitaries of the faith have been laid to rest in mausolea where thousands of community members visit every year, in Yemen and India. Raudat Tahera (Template:Lang-ar Rawḍatu Ṭāḥiratu), is the mausoleum of 51st Dai Syedna Taher Saifuddin. The 52nd Dai Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin was buried by his son, Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin in the same mausoleum.

Hierarchy

The 52nd Dai Al Mutlaq, Dr. Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin, served the dawat for 50 years. His main policy was one of Islamization, countering the modernizing tendencies of his predecessor Under his rule, a system of strict social control was developed using modern means of communication. A succession dispute emerged after Burhanuddin's death as his son (Mufaddal Saifuddin) and his half-brother (Khuzaima Qutbuddin) both claimed he had named them his successor. The majority of the community sided with Saifuddin. Dr. Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin, now widely recognized as the community's 53rd Dai al-Mutlaq, has continued his predecessor's social control programs.

The centralized, hierarchical organization of the Dawoodi Bohras is maintained largely using persuasion and (the threat of) excommunication of those who do not conform to the rules laid down by the Syedna and other members of the clergy. Excommunication dissolves marriage and bars burial in Dawoodi burial sites.

Occasions and Commemoration

Main article: Dawoodi Bohra Events

Status of women

Overview

The status of women in the Bohra community underwent a major change in the latter half of the 20th century. According to Jonah Blank, women of the Bohra faith are among the best-educated women in the Indian subcontinent. Female Bohra in the U.S. and Europe have become business owners, lawyers, doctors, teachers and leaders in a range of professions. At an interfaith celebration of Eid al-Fitr hosted by the Dawoodi Bohra community of Detroit, Michigan, United States on 7 June 2019, U.S. Congresswoman Brenda Lawrence (Democrat, Michigan's 14th congressional district) praised the Bohras for having "used their voices to make progress on countless issues including gender equality and the environment."

Female genital mutilation

Further information: Female genital mutilation in India

The Dawoodi Bohra practice female genital mutilation (FGM), which they call khatna, khafd, and khafz. The procedure is for the most part performed without anaesthesia by a traditional circumciser when girls reach their seventh year. Non-Bohra women who seek to marry into the community are also required to undergo it. There are no authoritative studies on the extent of the practice among the Bohra. A 1911 Bombay census of unknown reliability noted that they were performing clitorectomy. According to a 1991 article in Manushi, the Bohra remove either the clitoral hood or the tip of the clitoris. Supporters of the practice say that the Bohra remove only the clitoral hood or perform symbolic nicking, and that it should be referred to as "female circumcision", not FGM.

A qualitative study in 2018 carried out by WeSpeakOut, a group opposed to FGM, concluded that most Bohra girls experience Type I FGM, removal of the clitoral hood or clitoral glans. A gynaecologist who took part in the study examined 20 Bohra women and found that both the clitoris and clitoral hood had been cut in most cases. According to the Dawoodi Bohra Women's Association for Religious Freedom, the study's conclusions did not reflect the views of most Bohra women. In Australia in 2018, the convictions of three members of the Bohra community, related to performing FGM on two girls, were overturned when the appeal court accepted that the tip of each girl's clitoris was still visible and had not been "mutilated"; the defence position was that only "symbolic khatna" had been performed. The High Court of Australia overturned that decision in October 2019, ruling that the phrase "otherwise mutilates" in Australian law does encompass cutting or nicking the clitoris. As a result, the convictions were upheld, and the defendants received custodial sentences of at least 11 months.

Muharram and Ashura

Main article: Mourning of Muharram

Dargah-e-Hakimi, Burhanpur, burial site of Abdul Qadir Hakimuddin, the Dawoodi Bohra saint

Muharram is the first month of the Islamic calendar. The first ten days of this month are marked by Bohras to commemorate the martyrdom of Husain ibn Ali, the grandson of Muhammad.

Dawoodi Bohra begin mourning from the second eve of Muharram and continue with discourses during the day and majlises each night which climax with the day of 'Aashura' on the 10th of Muharram. This is the day on which Husain and his family and 72 of his companions and family were mercilessly killed by the army of Yazid I at the Battle of Karbala on his orders. The surviving members of Husain's family and those of his followers were taken captive, marched to Damascus, and imprisoned there.

Thousands of Dawoodi Bohras flock from around the world to hear the discourses offered by the Da'i al-Mutlaq usually in a different place each year. In October 2016 the Ashara commemorations by Mufaddal Saifuddin took place in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

The event takes place in every Bohra community worldwide along the same lines in terms of time and duration. Selected discourses by the Syedna are broadcast live from wherever he happens to be that year. It is Syedna's express instruction that Bohras set aside this time of the year to focus solely on the commemoration by taking the requisite time off from their work, businesses and institutes of education well beforehand.

Dawoodi Bohras and the world

The first Dawoodi Bohra masjid (mosque) in the West was built in Farmington Hills, Michigan in 1988. Immediately thereafter, the first Canadian masjid was inaugurated by Dr. Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin in Toronto. Mohammed Burhanuddin inaugurated the Houston masjid in 1996, which was reconstructed into a larger masjid that is four times the size of the original. This new masjid was inaugurated in Oct, 2015 by Mufaddal Saifuddin.

In June 2001 Masjid-ul-Badri in Chicago was inaugurated. In July 2004 new mosques in New Jersey (Masjiduz-Zainy), Washington DC and Boston were inaugurated. The following year, August 2005, the Dā‘ī l-Mutlaq inaugurated another new masjid in Fremont, California (metropolitan San Francisco) and was congratulated by various officials and dignitaries from local, state and federal US governments. President George W. Bush also sent a letter from the White House. On 8 July 2007, Mohammad Burhanuddin inaugurated a new masjid in Paris, France.

V K Singh lauds Dawoodi Bohra community's role in 'Operation Rahat' in Yemen.

Cluster development project

Dawoodi Bohra plans to redevelop Mumbai's congested Bhendi Bazaar area with about 20000 population, as per the government's cluster development policy. Project visualized in 2009, aimed at ‘transforming’ the lives of people in 3,200 residences, 75 per cent of which were claimed to be declared dangerous for habitation. The project estimated to cost Rs. 4,000-crore and involves pulling down about 250 buildings and 1,250 shops, and building 17 towers across nine sub-clusters, a very tedious and difficult job. As the Bhendi Bazaar will go vertical, all the residents will get a minimum of 350 square feet carpet area with lots of open spaces for parks, parking and other amenities. It is referred as a 'biggest urban makeover', which will change 'the contours' of Mumbai and set an example that redevelopment is feasible of such a vast nature and capacity.

Gallery

• 
  graves of Fatima & others in Medina.
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  Mousoleum Imam Abadullah, Salamia, Syria, (1st- Daur-us-Satr) 07 to 10th Imam, 765 AD - 881/909 AD
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  Fatimid Imam era, Cairo, Egypt, 11 to 21st Imam, 881/909 AD-1138 AD
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  Syedna Hatim Rauza, Yemen era 2nd Daur us Satr start with 1st Dai Zoeb, 1138 AD
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  Syedna Idris Court
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  Syedna Idris Rauza
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  Syedna Ali Rauza
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  Mausoleum Syedna Yusuf Najmuddin bin Suleman, Tayba, Yemen era end with 24th Dai, 1567AD
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  Ujjain, 39 & 40th Dai era, 1738-1780 AD
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  Mausoleum Dawoodi Bohra Duwat, Burhanpur,41st dai era 1780-1787 AD
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  Rauzas of seven Dai al Mutlaq at Surat, Gujarat era 1787-1915
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  Grave 51st Dai Taher Saifuddin, Mumbai, era 1915-1965 AD- contd.
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  Mausoleum of 1 st Wali–ul–Hind:Moulai Abadullah, Khambat, Gujarat,(10-11th Century AD)
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  Mausoleum of Moulai Fakhruddin Shaheed, Galiakot, Rajasthan, India(10-11th Century AD)
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  Dargah of Maula Qazi, Halvad.

See also

• 53rd Syedna succession controversy (Dawoodi Bohra)
• List of Dai of Dawoodi Bohra
• Progressive Dawoodi Bohra
• Family tree of Muhammad#Family tree linking prophets to Imams

Further reading

• The Dawoodi Bohras: an anthropological perspective, by Shibani Roy. Published by B.R. Publishing, 1984.
• Bin Hasan, Idris, Uyun al-akhbar (Bin Hasan was the 19th Da'i of the Dawoodi Bohra. This volume is a history of the Ismaili community from its origins up to the 12th century CE., the period of the Fatimid caliphs al-Mustansir (d. 487/1094), the time of Musta‘lian rulers including al-Musta‘li (d. 495/1101) and al-Amir (d. 524/1130), and then the Tayyibi Ismaili community in Yemen.)
• A Short History of the Ismailis, By Farhad Daftary
• The Ismaili, their history & Doctrine, By Farhad Daftary
• Medieval Islamic Civilisation, By Joseph W. Meri, Jere l.Bacharach
• Sayyida Hurra: The Isma‘ili Sulayhid Queen of Yemen, By Dr Farhad Daftary
• Cosmology and authority in medieval Ismailism, By Simonetta Calderini
• Religion, learning, and science in the ʻAbbasid period, By M. J. L. Young, John Derek Latham, Robert Bertram Serjeant

External links

• https://web.archive.org/web/20170808153814/http://thedawoodibohras.com/home.aspx