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Photo Archives pages

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https://www.facebook.com/IndependenceMuseum

https://www.facebook.com/lebmemoriesfacts

TODO

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War:

Politics:

History:

Biographies:

This is a list of heads of state and government offices with religious requirements.

List

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Heads of State and Deputy Head of state

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Country Office (Title) Requirement Incumbent holder(s)
 Afghanistan Leader (Emir) Islam[1] Hibatullah Akhundzada
Deputy Leader Islam[1][2] Sirajuddin Haqqani (first)

Mullah Yaqoob (second)

Abdul Ghani Baradar (third)

 Andorra Prince Christianity[3] Joan Enric Vives i Sicília

Emmanuel Macron

 Algeria President Islam[4] Abdelmadjid Tebboune
 Bhutan Monarch (Druk Gyalpo) Buddhism[5] Jigme Khesar Namgyel
Crown Prince Buddhism[5] Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck
 Brunei Sultan Islam[3] Hassanal Bolkiah
 Indonesia President Pancasila philosophy[6] Joko Widodo
Vice President Pancasila philosophy[6] Ma'ruf Amin
 Iran Supreme Leader Shia Clergy[7] Ali Khamenei
 Jordan Monarch (King) Islam[3] Abdullah II
Crown Prince Islam[3] Hussein
 Lebanon President Maronite Catholicism Michel Aoun
 Malaysia Supreme Head (Yang di-Pertuan Agong) Islam Abdullah of Pahang
 Maldives President Islam[3] Ibrahim Mohamed Solih
Vice President Islam[3] Faisal Naseem
 Mauritania President Islam[8][9] Mohamed Ould Ghazouani
 Oman Monarch (Sultan) Islam[3] Haitham bin Tariq
Crown Prince Islam[3] Theyazin bin Haitham
 Pakistan President Islam[3] Arif Alvi
 Qatar Monarch (Emir) Islam[3] Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani
 Saudi Arabia Monarch (King) Islam[3] Salman
Crown Prince Islam[3] Mohammad Bin Salman
 Somalia President Islam[10] Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
 Tunisia President Islam[11] Kais Saied
 Yemen

Heads of Government and Deputy Head of Government

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Heads of Parliament and Deputy Head of Parliament

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Ceremonial monarchs

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Federal monarchs

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  1. ^ a b "The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan". Government of Afghanistan. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
  2. ^ "How Afghanistan's Militant Groups Are Evolving Under Taliban Rule". www.voanews.com. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Theodorou, Angelina E. "In 30 countries, heads of state must belong to a certain religion". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
  4. ^ Constitution of Algeria
  5. ^ a b http://www.constitution.bt/TsaThrim%20Eng%20(A5).pdf
  6. ^ a b 2008 Law No. 42 on the Presidential and Vice Presidential Election
  7. ^ "Article 109 [Leadership Qualifications] (1) Following are the essential qualifications and conditions for the Leader: a. Scholarship, as required for performing the functions of the religious leader in different fields.
  8. ^ Mauritania Index http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mr__indx.html ,
  9. ^ Full Text of Constitution http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mr00000_.html#A023_
  10. ^ Provisional Constitution (adopted August 1, 2012)
  11. ^ « Pouvoir exécutif » archive, sur majles.marsad.tn (consulted 2 November 2018).

Useful stuff

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https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85:NAN%C3%B6R/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8

https://www.lp.gov.lb/ViewSessionCategories?typeId=3

https://theses.hal.science/tel-00954897/document

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http://michelchiha.org/editorials-page/editorials/


Casualties

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Combatants

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Group Deaths Injuries Source
Amal Movement 15 Unknown
Hamas Hamas 13 Unknown
Hezbollah 262 Unknown
Islamic Group 3 Unknown
Islamic Azz Brigades 3 Unknown
File:Flag of the Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine.svg Al-Quds Brigades 18 Unknown
SSNP-L 1 Unknown

Non-Combatants

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Group Deaths Injuries Source
Civilians[1] 66 947 [2]
UNIFL 0 7
Journalists
Al Mayadeen 2 0
Al Jazeera 0 2
AFP 0 2
Al Jadeed 0 1
Al Manar 0 1
Reuters 1 2
Medical workers
Emergency Aid Association

(Islamic Group)

7
Islamic Health Authority

(Hezbollah)

9
Islamic Risala Scout Association

(Amal Movement)

3
  1. ^ Including a member of the Lebanese Armed Forces and a member of the Internal Security Forces (ISF)
  2. ^ Outh, Soeun (2024-03-18). "Exploration of Trends in Professional Profile Pictures". dx.doi.org. Retrieved 2024-04-07.

General elections

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French mandate

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Pre Taif

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Taif agreement

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2017 electoral law

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Speakership elections

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By elections

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https://merip.org/2016/10/municipal-politics-in-lebanon/

Municipal elections

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Alawites seat

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Year District Party Winning candidate
1992 Akkar Independent Abderrahman Abderrahman 61,700
Tripoli Arab Democratic Party Ali Eid 8,645
1996 Akkar Independent Abderrahman Abderrahman
Tripoli Independent Ahmad Habous 123,142
2000 Akkar Future Movement Abderrahman Abderrahman 30,574
Tripoli Independent Ahmad Habous 46,027
2005 Akkar Independent Mustafa Hussein 87,966
Tripoli Future Movement Badr Wannous 89,688
2009 Akkar Future Movement Khodor Habib
Tripoli Future Movement Badr Wannous
2018 North I Strong Lebanon Mustafa Hussein
North II Azm Movement Ali Darwich
2022 North I Future Movement Ahmad Rustom 324
North II Independent Haidar Nasser 313

Views on international and domestic politics

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Approach to Israel and Anti-Semitism

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In his anti-Israel statements, Nasrallah has called for the end of the State of Israel, and opposed reconciliation, as the only path to justice.."[1][2][3] He has also highlighted Israel's nuclear weapons as a security threat. [4][5]

Despite declaring "death to Israel" and "death to America" in his public appearances, Nasrallah said in an interview to The New Yorker in 2003: "At the end of the road, no one can go to war on behalf of the Palestinians, even if that one is not in agreement with what the Palestinians agreed on."[6] When asked in 2004 whether he was prepared to live with a two-state settlement between Israel and Palestine, he said he would not sabotage what is a "Palestinian matter", but that until such a settlement is reached, he will continue to encourage Palestinian resistance.[7]

Lebanese writer, Amal Saad-Ghorayeb quotes Hassan Nasrallah as saying, "If we searched the entire world for a person more cowardly, despicable, weak and feeble in psyche, mind, ideology and religion, we would not find anyone like the Jew. Notice, I do not say the Israeli."[4] Charles Glass questions the attribution of the quote to Nasrallah, noting that both the footnote in Saad-Ghorayeb's book and her original dissertation instead attribute the quote to an interview she conducted with a Hezbollah member of the Lebanese Parliament, Muhammad Fneish.[8][9]

In a 1998 speech marking the Day of Ashura, and published in what was Hassan Nasrallah's official website[10][11][12] at that time, Nasrallah referred to Israel as "the state of the grandsons of apes and pigs – the Zionist Jews" and condemned them as "the murderers of the prophets."[13][14][15] The Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America (CAMERA), a pro-Israel media watchdog group, MEMRI, and Shaul Shai interpret this language as broadly antisemitic.[5][13][15] Nasrallah said in a speech delivered in Beirut and aired on Al-Manar TV on 28 September 2001: "What do the Jews want? They want security and money. Throughout history the Jews have been Allah's most cowardly and avaricious creatures. If you look all over the world, you will find no one more miserly or greedy than they are."[16]

Journalist Badih Chayban in a 23 October 2002 article in The Daily Star wrote that Nasrallah said, "If they [the Jews] all gather in Israel, it will save us the trouble of going after them worldwide." Charles Glass believes that the quotation was likely a fabrication, citing other published accounts of Nasrallah's speech that had no reference to the anti-Semitic comment, and unconfirmed statements by an unnamed person who Glass said is the editor-in-chief of the Lebanese newspaper which published the quotes, that questioned both the translation and the "agenda of the translator."[17] However, the Nasrallah speech in question is published on Hezbollah's website.[18] Chayban shared the link with Glass, who did not correct his accusations accordingly. Glass also wrote that a Hezbollah spokeswoman, Wafa Hoteit, denied that Nasrallah made the statement.[17] More recently, the relevant excerpt from the speech, along with Arabic transcription and English translation, have been published online.[19]

While reading the party's new political manifesto in 2009, Nasrallah disavowed opposition to Jews, only to Israel: "Our problem with [the Israelis] is not that they are Jews, but that they are occupiers who are raping our land and holy places."[20] Speaking on Al Quds Day on 2 August 2013, Nasrallah said that Israel "is a cancer that must be eradicated."[21][22]

Holocaust denial

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According to Newsweek, the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Robert Satloff, in a speech carried during Ashura on 9 April 2000, Hassan Nasrallah said that: "The Jews invented the legend of the Nazi atrocities. It is clear that the numbers they talk about are greatly exaggerated".[23][24] According to the US-Israeli organisation MEMRI, in a speech aired on Al-Manar and Al-Jazeera in 2006, Nasrallah expressed support for Holocaust denier Roger Garaudy calling him a "great French philosopher" who "proved (sic) that this Holocaust is a myth".[25]

11 September 2001 attacks and the United States

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"What do the people who worked in those two World Trade Center towers, along with thousands of employees, women and men, have to do with war that is taking place in the Middle East?... Therefore we condemned this act—and any similar act we condemn... I said nothing about the Pentagon, meaning we remain silent. We neither favored nor opposed that act... Well, of course, the method of Osama bin Laden, and the fashion of bin Laden, we do not endorse them. And many of the operations that they have carried out, we condemned them very clearly."[26]

On 7 October 2023, attacks on Israel

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While calling for the "liberation" of Jerusalem and mentioning Israel as a "Zionist existence", he called the attacks of Hamas on Israel on 7 October 2023 a heroic operation. Nasrallah had said that Hezbollah's missile and drone attacks against northern Israel, which began immediately after 7 October, were carried out in solidarity with the Palestinians.[27]

Islamism in Lebanon

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Nasrallah visiting Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei in Tehran on 1 August 2005

According to Saudi state-owned Al Arabiya, a video posted on their site is of Nasrallah giving a speech circa 1988 in which he states, "Our plan, to which we, as faithful believers, have no alternative, is to establish an Islamic state... Lebanon should not be an Islamic republic on its own, but rather, part of the Greater Islamic Republic, governed by the Master of Time [the Mahdi], and his rightful deputy, the Jurisprudent Ruler, Imam Khomeini,"[28]

During the 2006 Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy, Nasrallah declared in a speech aired on Al-Manar TV and Al-Jazeera TV that: "If there had been a Muslim to carry out Imam Khomeini's fatwā against the renegade Salman Rushdie, this rabble who insult our Prophet Mohammed in Denmark, Norway and France would not have dared to do so. I am sure there are millions of Muslims who are ready to give their lives to defend our prophet's honour and we have to be ready to do anything for that."[25][29]

On 24 February 2012, in a speech in Nabi Sheet for the "remembrance of the fallen martyrs Abbas al-Musawi, Ragheb Harb, and Imad Mughniyah," Hassan Nasrallah said, "I say that the American administration and the American mentality lacks nothing from Satanism. But that kind of behavior and that kind of mistreatment of holy books [referring to the Quran burning incident in Afghanistan in February 2012][30] and prophets, and the prophets' sanctities, and others' sanctities; this behavior is Israeli and let us say it is Jewish, between quotation marks–now they will say that this is anti-Semitism–[but] the Holy Quran told us about this people: how they attacked their prophets, and how they killed their prophets, and how they affronted their prophets, and how they affronted Jesus Christ, peace be upon him, and how they affronted Mary, peace be upon her, and how they affronted Allah's great messenger Mohammad, May God exalt and bring peace upon him and his family. This [behavior] pattern about affronting holy books, and prophets, and messengers, and sanctities; this is their mentality, and maybe they want to push things more and more toward a religious war worldwide."[31]

Palestinian right of return

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According to the pro-Israeli group CAMERA, Nasrallah said that "The Lebanese refuse to give the Palestinians residing in Lebanon Lebanese citizenship, and we refuse their resettlement in Lebanon. There is Lebanese consensus on this... we thank God that we all agree on one clear and definite result; namely, that we reject the resettlement of the Palestinians in Lebanon."[5] There is broad consensus in Lebanon against the permanent resettlement of Palestinians, due to fears that it could reignite Lebanon's civil war.[32] Likewise, Palestinian refugees in Lebanon consistently favor right of return over Lebanese naturalization.[33]

  1. ^ Markus, Andrew (15 July 2006). "Little choice for a defiant Israel". The Age. Melbourne. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2006.
  2. ^ "Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah Q&A: What Hezbollah Will Do". The Washington Post. 20 February 2000. Archived from the original on 1 November 2005. Retrieved 8 August 2006. I am against any reconciliation with Israel. I do not even recognize the presence of a state that is called 'Israel.' I consider its presence both unjust and unlawful. That is why if Lebanon concludes a peace agreement with Israel and brings that accord to the Parliament our deputies will reject it; Hezbollah refuses any conciliation with Israel in principle.
  3. ^ Kelly, Laura (27 September 2024). "Israel seeks decisive blow with attack targeting Nasrallah". The Hill. Retrieved 29 September 2024. Citing 2006 Washington Post: If we are to expel the Israeli occupation from our country, how do we do this? We noticed what happened in Palestine, in the West Bank, in the Gaza Strip, in the Golan, in the Sinai. We reached a conclusion that we cannot rely on the Arab League states, nor on the United Nations. The only way that we have is to take up arms and fight the occupation forces.
  4. ^ a b Goldberg, Jeffrey (14 October 2002). "In The Party of God". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
  5. ^ a b c Passner, Deborah (26 July 2006). "Hassan Nasrallah: In His Own Words". CAMERA. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2006.
  6. ^ Hersh, Seymour M. (18 July 2003). "The Syrian Bet". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2006.
  7. ^ Shatz, Adam (29 April 2004). "In Search of Hezbollah". The New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on 22 August 2006. Retrieved 7 August 2006.
  8. ^ Glass, Charles (4 January 2007). "Letters: Too fair to Hizbullah". London Review of Books. Vol. 29, no. 1. Archived from the original on 19 September 2008.
  9. ^ Muhammad Fnaysh, 15 August 1997. qtd. in Saad-Ghorayeb, 2002, p. 170.
  10. ^ Aaron Mannes "Profiles in Terror: The Guide to Middle East Terrorist Organizations", Rowman & Littlefield, 2004, ISBN 0-7425-3525-8, p. 178
  11. ^ Barbara Allen Roberson "Shaping the Current Islamic Reformation", Routledge, 2003, ISBN 0-7146-5341-1, p. 245
  12. ^ Sarah Oates, Diana Marie Owen, Rachel Kay Gibson, Diana Owen "The Internet and Politics: Citizens, Voters and Activists", Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-34784-X, p. 109
  13. ^ a b "Based on Koranic Verses, Interpretations, and Traditions, Muslim Clerics State: The Jews Are the Descendants of Apes, Pigs, And Other Animals". MEMRI. 1 November 2002. Archived from the original on 14 March 2007. Retrieved 1 September 2008.
  14. ^ Weimann, Gabriel (2006). Terror on the Internet: The New Arena, the New Challenges. United States Institute of Peace Press. p. 90. ISBN 1-929223-71-4.
  15. ^ a b Shay, Shaul (2005). The Axis of Evil: Iran, Hizballah, and the Palestinian Terror. Transaction Publishers. p. 131. ISBN 0-7658-0255-4.
  16. ^ Shaul Shay "Islamic Terror Abductions in the Middle East", Sussex Academic Press, 2007, ISBN 1-84519-167-6, p. 78
  17. ^ a b Glass, Charles (5 October 2006). "Letters: Too fair to Hizbullah". London Review of Books. Vol. 28, no. 19. Archived from the original on 14 October 2006.
  18. ^ "Link". moqawama.org. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  19. ^ Rosenberg, Yair (9 March 2015). "Did Netanyahu Put Anti-Semitic Words in Hezbollah's Mouth?". Tablet. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  20. ^ Ladki, Nadim (30 November 2009). "Hezbollah cuts Islamist rhetoric in new manifesto". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  21. ^ Barnard, Anne (2 August 2013). "Pressed on Syria, Hezbollah Leader Urges Focus on Israel". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 June 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  22. ^ "Hezbollah leader warns Israel 'all possibilities on the Lebanese front are open'". Washington Post.
  23. ^ "Excerpts from Speech by Hizbullah Secretary-General Nasrallah". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 9 April 2000. Archived from the original on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2008.
  24. ^ "Hidden History of the Arabs". Newsweek. 20 November 2006. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2008.
  25. ^ a b "Hizbullah Leader Nasrallah: Implementing Khomeini's Fatwa against Salman Rushdie Would Have Prevented Current Insults to Prophet Muhammad; Great French Philosopher Garaudy Proved Holocaust a Myth". MEMRI. Archived from the original on 8 February 2006. Retrieved 7 February 2006.
  26. ^ Wright, Robin (16 July 2006). "Inside the Mind of Hezbollah". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 13 June 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
  27. ^ "Who is Hassan Nasrallah, the Hezbollah leader killed in Beirut strike". NBC News. 28 September 2024.
  28. ^ "Old video comes back to haunt Hezbollah chief Nasrallah". 27 May 2013. Al Arabiya. 27 May 2013. Archived from the original on 26 May 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  29. ^ "Hezbollah: Rushdie death would stop Prophet insults". Agence France-Presse. 2 February 2006. Archived from the original on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 14 August 2008.
  30. ^ Shah, Amir (23 February 2012). "Obama apologizes for Quran burning in Afghanistan". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
  31. ^ "Transcript of Hasan Nasrallah's speech in Nabi Sheet on 24 February 2012". Lebanon's (Official) National News Agency. Retrieved 24 February 2012.[dead link]
  32. ^ El Khazen, Farid (1997). "Permanent Settlement of Palestinians in Lebanon: A Recipe for Conflict". Journal of Refugee Studies. 10 (3): 275–293. doi:10.1093/jrs/10.3.275. ISSN 0951-6328.
  33. ^ Raffonelli, Lisa (2004). "With Palestine, against the Palestinians: The Warehousing of Palestinian Refugees in Lebanon" (PDF). U.S. Committee for Refugees World Refugee Survey 2004. U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. pp. 66–73. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2005.
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