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The Hungarian diaspora (Hungarian: magyar diaszpóra) comprises the total ethnic Hungarian population located outside current-day Hungary. There are two main groups of the diaspora. The first group includes those who are autochthonous to their homeland and live outside Hungary since the border changes of the post-World War I Treaty of Trianon of 1920.[1][note 1] The victorious forces redrew the borders of Hungary so that it runs through Hungarian-majority areas. As a consequence, 3.3 million Hungarians found themselves outside the new borders. Although those Hungarians are usually not included in the term "Hungarian diaspora",[2] they are listed as such in this article. The other main group is the emigrants who left Hungary at various times (such as the Hungarian Revolution of 1956). There has been some emigration since Hungary joined the EU in 2004, especially to countries such as Germany,[3] but those patterns have been less extensive than for certain other countries of Central Europe such as Poland and Slovakia. Additionally, there is the Magyarab people, a small ethnic group located in Egypt and Sudan.[4]

Distribution by country

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Country Hungarian population Note Article
Neighboring countries
 Romania 1,002,151 (2021)[5] (excluding Csángós)[6] Native to Transylvania,[7] Csángós in Western Moldavia (moved from Transylvania there in the past), and a very small community of Szeklers also in Bukovina (see also Székelys of Bukovina) Hungarians in Romania
 Slovakia 456,154 (2021)[8] Autochthonous[9] Hungarians in Slovakia
 Serbia 184,442 (2021)[10] Autochthonous in Vojvodina Hungarians in Serbia
 Ukraine 156,600 (2001)[11] Autochthonous in Zakarpattia Oblast Hungarians in Ukraine
 Austria 107,347 (2024)[12] Autochthonous in Burgenland Hungarians in Austria
 Croatia 10,315 (2021)[13] Autochthonous in Croatia, except in Istria and Dalmatia Hungarians in Croatia
 Slovenia 10,500 (2021)[14] Autochthonous in Prekmurje Hungarians in Slovenia
Other countries
 United States 1,563,081 (2006)[15] Immigrants Hungarian Americans
 Canada 348,085 (2016)[16] Immigrants Hungarian Canadians
 Germany 296,000 (2021)[17] Immigrants Hungarians in Germany
 Israel 200,000 to 250,000 (2000s)[18] Immigrants; most are Hungarian Jews
 United Kingdom 200,000 to 250,000 (2020)[19][20] Immigrants Hungarians in the United Kingdom
 France 200,000 to 250,000 (2021)[21][22] Immigrants Hungarians in France
 Brazil 80,000 (2002)[23] Immigrants Hungarian Brazilians
 Russia 76,500 (2002) Immigrants Hungarians in Russia
 Australia 69,167 (2011)[24] Immigrants Hungarian Australians
 Chile 50,000 (2012)[25] Immigrants Hungarians in Chile
 Argentina 40,000 to 50,000 (2016)[26] Immigrants Hungarian Argentines
 Sweden 33,018 (2018)[27] Immigrants Hungarians in Sweden
  Switzerland 27,000 (2019)[28] Immigrants
 Netherlands 26,172 (2020)[29] Immigrants
 Czech Republic 20,000 (2013)[30] People of Hungarian descent forcibly relocated from the Slovak part of the Third Czechoslovak Republic
 Belgium 15,000 (2013)[30] Immigrants
 Italy 14,000 (2019)[28] Immigrants
 Spain 10,000 (2019)[28] Immigrants
 Ireland 9,000 (2019)[28] Immigrants
 Norway 8,316 (2015)[31] Immigrants
 New Zealand 7,000 (2013)[30] Immigrants Hungarian New Zealanders
 Turkey 6,800 (2001) Immigrants Hungarians in Turkey
 Denmark 6,000 (2019)[28] Immigrants
 Japan 5,600 (2022)[28] Immigrants
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4,000[citation needed] Immigrants
 South Africa 4,000 (2013)[30] Immigrants
 Venezuela 4,000 (2013)[30] Immigrants Hungarian Venezuelans
 Mexico 3,500 (2006) Immigrants Hungarian Mexicans
 Finland 3,000 (2019)[28] Immigrants Hungarians in Finland
 Uruguay 3,000 (2013)[30] Immigrants Hungarian Uruguayans
 Greece 2,387 (2018)[20] Immigrants
 Luxembourg 2,000 (2019)[28] Immigrants
 Poland 1,728 (2011)[32] Immigrants Hungarians in Poland
 Portugal 1,230 (2022)[33] Foreign citizens only; for instance, excludes 79 Luso-Hungarians who have acquired Portuguese citizenship since 2008[34]
 Jordan 1,000 (2019)[28] Immigrants
 Cyprus 620 (2018)[20] Immigrants
 Kazakhstan 500 (2021)[35] Immigrants
 Montenegro 400[citation needed] Immigrants
 Latvia 300[citation needed] Immigrants
 Uzbekistan 300[citation needed] Immigrants
 Philippines 206 (2010)[36] Immigrants
 Iceland 200 (2015)[31] Immigrants
 North Macedonia 200[citation needed] Immigrants
 Estonia 173 (2018)[20] Immigrants
 Bulgaria 153 (2015)[31] Immigrants
 Vietnam 100 (2015)[37] Immigrants
 Liechtenstein 44 (2015)[31] Immigrants
 Lithuania 23 (2015)[31] Immigrants
Total 5.2–5.5 million Hungarians

Hungarian immigration patterns to Western Europe increased in the 1990s and especially since 2004, after Hungary's admission in the European Union. Thousands of Hungarians from Hungary sought available work through guest-worker contracts in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Finland, Sweden, Spain, and Portugal.

Hungarian citizenship

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Flag of Hungary

A proposal supported by the DAHR to grant Hungarian citizenship to Hungarians living in Romania but without meeting Hungarian-law residency requirements was narrowly defeated at a 2004 referendum in Hungary.[38] The referendum was invalid because of not enough participants. After the failure of the 2004 referendum, the leaders of the Hungarian ethnic parties in the neighboring countries formed the HTMSZF organization in January 2005, as an instrument lobbying for preferential treatment in the granting of Hungarian citizenship.[39]

In 2010, Hungary passed several amendments regarding naturalization for ethnic Hungarians residing in what used to be Hungary. These amendments include the removal of “residency-in-Hungary” for eligible applicants that want Hungarian citizenship...which quickened naturalization and made it far more accessible for ethnic Hungarians who lived past the country’s borders to receive citizenship.[40] These amendments are primarily found in Act LV of 1993 on Hungarian Citizenship, which was amended to create the Hungarian Citizenship Law; it details the procedures and requirements for seeking Hungarian citizenship from outside current Hungarian borders.[41] The amendments in LV 1993 affirmed the identities and experiences of those affected by the Hungarian diaspora who wanted to identify with their heritage but also not uproot their current residencies or change their lifestyle.[42] This was particularly significant for individuals like István Fehér and Erzsébet Dolník, members of the Hungarian minority living in Slovakia, who maintained both their Slovakian and Hungarian nationality despite residing outside of Hungary and receiving notice that they would be deprived over their Slovakian citizenship.[43] Their case, Fehér and Dolník v. Slovakia, highlighted many issues pertaining to minority rights and citizenship access within the context of European human rights law.[43]

In May 2010, Slovakia announced it would strip Slovak citizenship from anyone applying for Hungarian citizenship.[44] Romania's President Traian Băsescu declared in October 2010: "We have no objections to the adoption by the Hungarian government and parliament of a law making it easier to grant Hungarian citizenship to ethnic Hungarians living abroad."[45]

The new citizenship law took effect on 1 January 2011. It did not grant the right to vote, even in national elections, to Hungarian citizens unless they also resided in Hungary on a permanent basis.[46] In February 2011, the Fidesz government announced that it intended to grant the right to vote to its new citizens.[47] Between 2011 and 2012, 200,000 applicants took advantage of the new, accelerated naturalization process;[48] there were another 100,000 applications pending in the summer of 2012.[49] As of February 2013, the Hungarian government had granted citizenship to almost 400,000 Hungarians ‘beyond the borders’.[50] In June 2013, Deputy Prime Minister Zsolt Semjén announced that he expected the number to reach about half a million by the end of the year.[51]

Pertaining to voting rights, Vámos and Others v Hungary raises relevant concerns about the voting process in Hungarian elections. In this case, Vámos and Others argue that their current address prohibits them from voting via post, while those who benefited from the Hungarian citizenship amendments were able to do so.[52] The complainants emerge from accused violations of Article 14 of the Convention of the ECHR, claiming discrimination.[53] However, still to this day, Hungarians residing within Hungary are barred from voting by mail.[54] Hungarian citizens abroad have been able to participate in the parliamentary elections without Hungarian residency starting from the 2014 Hungarian parliamentary election, however, they cannot vote for a candidate running for the seat in a single-seat constituency, but for a party list.

Famous people of Hungarian descent

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Country Name Occupation Source
Austria Austria Ferenc Anisits Engineer
United States United States Albert-László Barabási Physicist and discoverer of scale-free networks
United States United States Drew Barrymore Actress [55][56]
Austria Austria Béla Barényi Engineer and prolific inventor
Germany Germany Josef von Báky Film director
United States United States Béla Bartók Composer
United States United States Zoltán Bay Physicist and engineer
United States United States György von Békésy Biophysicist and Nobel Prize winner
United States United States Pal Benko Chess player and a record eight-time U.S. Open winner
United States United States Adrien Brody Actor and youngest winner of the Academy Award for Best Actor [57]
United States United States György Buzsáki[58] Neuroscientist
United States United States Mihály Csíkszentmihályi Psychologist of flow
United States United States Larry Csonka American football fullback
United States United States Tony Curtis Actor [59][60]
France France György Cziffra Pianist
United States United States

Mexico Mexico

Louis C.K. Comedian [61]
United States United States Rodney Dangerfield Comedian [62]
United States United States Frank Darabont Film director and screenplay writer
United States United States Ernst von Dohnányi Composer, pianist, and conductor
United States United States Bobby Fischer Chess player
Germany Germany Ferenc Fricsay Conductor
United Kingdom United Kingdom Stephen Fry Comedian [63]
United States United States Zsa Zsa Gabor Actress [64]
United States United States Peter Carl Goldmark Engineer and inventor
United States United States Andrew Grove Businessman and entrepreneur
United States United States Mickey Hargitay Actor, body builder, and 1955 Mr. Universe
United States United States Harry Houdini Escapologist and magician
United States United States Tim Howard Soccer goalkeeper
Sweden Sweden

Germany Germany

George de Hevesy Radiochemist and co-discoverer of hafnium [65]
United States United States Katalin Karikó Biochemist and Nobel Prize winner
United States United States John George Kemeny Mathematician, computer scientist, and co-developer of BASIC [66]
United States United States Laszlo B. Kish Physicist
Sweden Sweden George Klein Microbiologist and author
Austria Austria Ferenc Krausz Physicist and Nobel Prize winner
Belgium Belgium Alexandre Lamfalussy Economist
Germany Germany Philipp Lenard Physicist and Nobel Prize winner
United States United States Bela Lugosi Actor
Mexico Mexico Luis Mandoki Film director
United States United States Ilona Massey Actress
United States United States Paul Neményi Physicist and mathematician [67]
United States United States John von Neumann Mathematician, physicist, computer scientist, and polymath [68][69]
United States United States Thomas Peterffy Businessman and founder of Interactive Brokers
United States United States Joaquin Phoenix Actor [70]
United States United States Joseph Pulitzer Journalist [71]
United Kingdom United Kingdom Árpád Pusztai Biochemist
Slovakia Slovakia Ľudovít Rajter Conductor
France France Nicolas Sarkozy 23rd President of France [72]
Austria Austria Franz Schmidt Composer
United States United States Jerry Seinfeld Comedian, actor, writer, and producer [73]
United States United States Monica Seles Tennis player
United States United States Gene Simmons Musician [74]
Canada Canada Hans Selye Endocrinologist
United States United States Charles Simonyi Software architect
United States United States Victor Szebehely Astronomist and physicist
United States United States Albert Szent-Györgyi Biochemist and Nobel Prize winner
United States United States Leó Szilárd Physicist and inventor [75]
United States United States Mária Telkes Biophysicist and inventor
United States United States Edward Teller Physicist, engineer, and “father of the hydrogen bomb [76]
United Kingdom United Kingdom Kálmán Tihanyi Physicist, engineer, and inventor
Czech Republic Czech Republic Tomáš Ujfaluši Association football player
France France Victor Vasarely Artist of op art movement
United States United States Gabriel von Wayditch Composer
Germany Germany Richárd Zsigmondy Chemist and Nobel Prize winner
France France Gyula Halász (Brassaï) Photographer, sculptor, medalist, writer, and filmmaker
United States United States Ivan Soltész Scientist
United States United States Jerry Seinfeld Entertainer/comedian [77]
Czech Republic Czech Republic Tomáš Ujfaluši Football player

Politics

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Since the Hungarian diaspora could start voting in elections in Hungary from 2012,[78] they have overwhelmingly supported the ruling Fidesz. In the 2014 Hungarian parliamentary election, Fidesz won over 95% of the vote,[79] in the 2018 Hungarian parliamentary election, over 96%, while in the 2019 European Parliament election in Hungary, Fidesz received 96%.[80]

Minority interest parties

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In several Eastern European countries, parties that represent the interests of Hungarian minorities have emerged.

Country Party
 Croatia Democratic Union of Hungarians of Croatia
 Romania Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania
 Romania Hungarian Alliance of Transylvania
 Serbia Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians
 Slovakia Hungarian Alliance
 Ukraine Party of Hungarians of Ukraine (KMKSZ)
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References

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  1. ^ Mathey, Éva (2012-09-14). "Chasing a Mirage: Hungarian Revisionist Search for U.S. Support to Dismantle the Trianon Peace Treaty, 1920–1938" (PDF). The Trianon Syndrome and Treaty Revision. University of Debrecen. pp. 38–39. Retrieved 2021-05-08. Since the Great Powers who dictated the peace terms disregarded the principle of national self-determination in Hungary's case and did not draw the new borders of Hungary to follow ethnic and linguistic lines, 3.3 million ethnic Hungarians were lost to the successor states.
  2. ^ "Diaspora and scattering" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 2021-05-05. Hungarian communities abroad can be divided into at least two major categories. On the one hand, the so-called indigenous (autochthonous) minority communities – established as a result of border changes, mainly the new state borders set out in the Treaty of Trianon. On the other hand, diaspora communities of migratory (allochthonous) origin. Category:CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu)
  3. ^ "See page 21 of this report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-25. Retrieved 2014-04-26.
  4. ^ huconedit (2023-06-19). "Magyarabs, the Descendants of Hungarians in Africa | Hungarian Conservative". www.hungarianconservative.com. Retrieved 2023-08-24.
  5. ^ Széchely, István (3 January 2023). "Mintha városok ürültek volna ki" [As if cities had been emptied]. Székelyhon (in Hungarian). Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  6. ^ 1,370 persons Archived March 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine declared themselves Csángós at the 2002 Romanian census. Some estimates of the Csángó population run higher. For instance, the Council of Europe Archived 2008-10-02 at the Wayback Machine suggests a figure as high as 260,000.
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  8. ^ "Népszámlálás, 2021: nézzünk szét a "házunk tájékán"!". felvidek.ma. January 21, 2021.
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  10. ^ "2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia" (PDF). Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2014.
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  15. ^ Bureau, U.S. Census. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2017-10-19. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
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  19. ^ "It has been officially recognized: far more Hungarians live in the United Kingdom than previously thought". portfolio.hu. 16 February 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
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  27. ^ Befolkning efter födelseland och ursprungsland 31 december 2018
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  34. ^ "Acquisition of citizenship statistics". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
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  38. ^ Rogers Brubaker (2006). Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity in a Transylvanian Town. Princeton University Press. p. 328. ISBN 978-0-691-12834-4.
  39. ^ Tristan James Mabry; John McGarry; Margaret Moore; Brendan O'Leary (30 May 2013). Divided Nations and European Integration. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-8122-4497-7.
  40. ^ Sarkadi, Zsuzsanna (2024-01-19). "New immigration law in Hungary leaves Citizenship Act intact". Hungarian Citizenship. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
  41. ^ "Act LV of 1993 on Hungarian Citizenship" (PDF).
  42. ^ Vass, Ágnes (2022). "The practice of extraterritorial citizenship in Hungary: Discourses and interpretations in diaspora and minority communities" (PDF).
  43. ^ a b "HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights". hudoc.echr.coe.int. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
  44. ^ Slovaks retaliate over Hungarian citizenship law, BBC, 26 May 2010
  45. ^ Romania backs Hungarian citizenship law, 18 October 2010, AFP text syndicated to eubusiness.com.
  46. ^ New double citizenship law does not change voting rights, EUobserver, 28.05.2010
  47. ^ Dual citizenship at its logical conclusion. Policy Solutions’ analysis: A vote for lost Hungarians is a vote for the right Archived 2016-08-10 at the Wayback Machine, Budapest Times, 7 February 2011
  48. ^ Mária M. Kovács, Judit Tóth, Country report: Hungary Archived 2018-08-30 at the Wayback Machine, Revised and updated April 2013, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, page 11
  49. ^ Mária M. Kovács, Judit Tóth, Country report: Hungary Archived 2018-08-30 at the Wayback Machine, Revised and updated April 2013, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, page 18
  50. ^ Hungary and Romania. Flag wars, 21 Feb 2013, The Economist
  51. ^ Open wound. Trianon remembered 93 years on Archived 2013-06-14 at the Wayback Machine, Budapest Times, 12 June 2013
  52. ^ "HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights". hudoc.echr.coe.int. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  53. ^ "European Convention on Human Rights - Article 14". European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. 2018-10-25. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  54. ^ "Who is eligible to vote?". European elections 2024: all you need to know. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  55. ^ "Drew Barrymore News and Trivias at CelebrityWonder.com". Archived from the original on 2006-12-08. Retrieved 2006-06-10. "She is half Hungarian on her mother's side."
  56. ^ "Simply Drew - Biography".. "Drews Mother - Jaid Barrymore (nee Ildiko Jaid Mako) [was] Born on 8 May 1946 in Brannenburg, West Germany in a camp for displaced persons. Jaids parents (Drew's grandparents) were Hungarian."
  57. ^ Fox, Chloe (November 12, 2006). "The prime of Adrien Brody". London: Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved December 13, 2006.
  58. ^ "The Brain Prize Winners 2017 - Lundbeckfonden - The Brain Prize". www.thebrainprize.org.
  59. ^ "Ananova - Tony Curtis to promote Hungarian tourism". Archived from the original on 2007-04-30. Retrieved 2016-07-24.
  60. ^ "Born Bernard Schwartz in 1925 to Jewish-Hungarian parents, Curtis grew up in New York’s matinee movie-palaces..."
  61. ^ Vogel, Laura (May 27, 2007). "Louis C.K." New York Post. Archived from the original on December 8, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2010.
  62. ^ Rodney Dangerfield: A Lifetime of No Respect but Plenty of Sex and Drugs by Rodney Dangerfield "The whole family had come to America from Hungary when my mother was four. My mother's father--my grandfather--was almost never referred to in that house. Rumor has it he's still in Hungary--and still drinking."
  63. ^ "BBC - Family History - WDYTYA? Series Two: Celebrity Gallery". www.bbc.co.uk.
  64. ^ "Zsa Zsa Gabor born, Budapest Hungary. Though some sources say 1918, 1919, or 1920. 1936 Elected Miss Hungary."
  65. ^ George de Hevesy: life and work : a biography, Hilde Levi, A. Hilger, 1985
  66. ^ Weibel, Peter (2005). Beyond Art - A Third Culture : a Comparative Study in Cultures, Art, and Science in 20th Century Austria and Hungary. Springer. p. 350. ISBN 3-211-24562-6.
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  71. ^ András Csillag, "Joseph Pulitzer's Roots in Europe: A Genealogical History," American Jewish Archives, Jan 1987, Vol. 39 Issue 1, pp 49–68
  72. ^ Schmemann, Serge (15 May 2007). "Opinion - The New French President's Roots Are Worth Remembering". The New York Times.
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  74. ^ Biography Archived 2012-09-06 at archive.today. GeneSimmons.com. Retrieved on February 1, 2011.
  75. ^ Blumesberger, Susanne; et al. (2002). Handbuch österreichischer Autorinnen und Autoren jüdischer Herkunft. Vol. 1. K. G. Saur. ISBN 3-598-11545-8.
  76. ^ Video in which Teller recalls his earliest memories.
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  80. ^ "Hungarians Outside EU Cast Votes for Fidesz". May 29, 2019.


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