Hydrocarbons, BP 36° - 216 °C (1500)
HYDROCARBONS, BP 36°-216 °C FORMULA: Table 1
MW: Table 1
METHOD: 1500, Issue 3
1500
CAS: Table 1
RTECS: Table 1
EVALUATION: PARTIAL
PROPERTIES:
OSHA : Table 2 NIOSH: Table 2 ACGIH: Table 2 COMPOUNDS: (Synonyms in Table 1)
cyclohexane cyclohexene n-decane n-dodecane
SOLID SORBENT TUBE [1] (coconut shell charcoal, 100 mg/50 mg)
FLOW RATE:
Table 3
VOL-MIN: -MAX:
Table 3 Table 3
SHIPMENT:
Routine
SAMPLE STABILITY:
30 days @ 5 °C
BLANKS:
10% of samples
Table 1
n-octane n-pentane n-undecane
n-heptane n-hexane methylcyclohexane n-nonane
SAMPLING SAMPLER:
Issue 1: 15 August 1990 Issue 3: 15 March 2003
MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE:
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY, FID [1]
ANALYTE:
Hydrocarbons listed above
DESORPTION:
1 mL CS2 ; stand 30 min
INJECTION VOLUME:
1 µL
TEMPERATURES -INJECTION: 250 °C -DETECTOR: 300 °C -COLUMN: 35 °C (8 min) - 230 °C (1 min) ramp (7.5 °C /min) CARRIER GAS:
Helium, 1 mL/min
COLUMN:
Capillary, fused silica, 30 m x 0.32-mm ID; 3.00-µm film 100% dimethyl polysiloxane
CALIBRATION:
Solutions of analytes in CS 2
RANGE:
Table 4
ACCURACY RANGE STUDIED:
Table 3
BIAS:
Table 3
OVERALL PRECISION (Ö r T ):
Table 3
ACCURACY:
Table 3 ESTIMATED LOD: Table 4 PRECISION ( þ r ):
Table 4
APPLICABILITY: This method may be used for simultaneous measurements; however, interactions between analytes may reduce breakthrough volumes and alter analyte recovery.
INTERFERENCES: At high humidity, the breakthrough volumes may be reduced. Other volatile organic solvents such as alcohols, ketones, ethers, and halogenated hydrocarbons are potential interferences. OTHER METHODS: This method is an update for NMAM 1500 issued on August 15, 1994 [2] which was based on methods from the 2nd edition of the NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods: S28, cyclohexane [3]; S82, cyclohexene [3]; S89, heptane [3]; S90, hexane [3]; S94, methylcyclohexane [3]; S378, octane [4]; and S379, pentane [4].
NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), Fourth Edition HYD RO CAR BO NS, BP 36-216 °C : MET HO D 150 0, Issue 3, dated 15 M arch 200 3 -Page 2 of 8 REAGENTS:
EQUIPMENT:
1. Eluent: Carbon disulfide *, low benzene, chrom ato graphic quality. 2. Analytes, reage nt gra de.* 3. Helium, prepurified and filtered. 4. Hydrogen, prepurified and filtered. 5. Air, prepurified and filtered.
1. Sampler: glass tube, 7 cm long, 6-mm OD, 4-mm ID, flame-sealed ends, containing two sections of activated coconut shell charcoal (front = 100 mg, back = 50 mg) separated by a 2-mm urethane foam plug. A silylated glass wool plug precedes the front section, and a 3-mm urethane foam plug follows the back section. Tubes are comm ercially available. 2. Personal sampling pumps (0.01 to 1.0 L/min, Table 3) with flexible tubing. 3. Gas chromatograph, FID, integrator, and a Rtx-1 or equivalent capillary column (page 150 0-1). 4. Glass a utos am pler vials (2-m L) with PTFE-lined caps. 5. Pipettes (1-mL) and pipette bulb. 6. Syringes (10, 25, 100, and 250 µL). 7. Volum etric flasks (10-m L).
- See SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS
SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS: Carbon disulfide is tox ic and extre m ely flam m able (flash point = -30°C ). Prepare samples and standards in a well-ventilated hood. SAMPLING: 1. Calibrate each personal sampling pump with a representative sampler in line. 2. Break the ends of the sam pler im m ediately before sa m pling. Attach the sampler to a personal sampling pump with flexible tubing. 3. Sa m ple at an accurately known flow rate between 0.01 and 0.2 L/min (0.01 to 0.05 L/m in for n-pentane) for a total sample size as shown in Table 3. 4. Ca p the sam plers with plastic (not rub ber) cap s an d pa ck sec urely for shipm ent.
SAMPLE PREPARATION: 5. Place the front and back sorbent sections of the sampler tube in separate vials. Include the glass wool plug in the vial with the front sorbent section. Discard the foam plugs. 6. Ad d 1.0 m L carbon disulfide to each vial. Attac h crim p cap to each vial im m ediate ly. 7. Allow to stand at least 30 min with occasional agitation.
CALIBRATION AND QUALITY CONTRO L: 8. Ca librate daily with at leas t six wo rking standa rds from below the LOD to 10 times the LO Q. Additional sta ndards m ay be added to exte nd the calibra tion curve if ne cessary. a. Add known amounts of analytes to carbon disulfide in 10-mL volumetric flasks and dilute to the mark. Prepare additional standards by serial dilution in 10-mL volumetric flasks. b. Analyze with samp les and blanks (steps 11 and 12). c. Prepare a calibration graph (pe ak area of analyte vs. µg of analyte per sam ple). 9. Determine the desorption efficiency (DE) at least once for each batch of charcoal used for sampling in the calibra tion ran ge (s tep 8). a. Prepare three tubes at each of five levels plus three media blanks. b. Rem ove and disca rd the back sorbent sec tion of a med ia blank sam pler.
NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), Fourth Edition HYD RO CAR BO NS, BP 36-216 °C : MET HO D 150 0, Issue 3, dated 15 M arch 200 3 -Page 3 of 8 c. Inject a know n am ount of stock solution (5 to 25 µL) directly onto the front sorbent section with a microliter syringe. d. Allow the tubes to air equilibrate for several m inutes , then cap the tub es a nd a llow to stand overnight. e. Deso rb (steps 5 through 7 ) and analyze with standards and blank s (steps 11a nd 12). f. Prepare a graph of DE vs. µg analyte recovered. 10. Analyze at leas t three qua lity control blind spik es a nd three a nalyst spike s to ins ure th at the calibration grap h an d DE graph are in c ontro l.
MEASUREMENT: 11. Set the gas chromatograph according to the manufacturer's recomm endations and to the conditions given on pag e 15 00-1 . Inject a 1-µL aliquot manually using a solvent flushing technique or with an autosam pler. NOTE: If the pea k area is abo ve the linear ra nge of the working standard s, dilute w ith solve nt, reanalyze and apply the appropriate dilution factor in the calculations.
Analyte n-pentane solvent (CS2)
Approximate Retention Time (min) 7.5 9.6
n-hexane cyclohexane
13.0 16.1
cyclohexene
16.8
n-heptane
17.7
methylcyclohexane
18.9
n-octane
21.6
n-nonane
24.9
n-decane
27.8
n-undecane 30.5 n-dodecane 32.9 NOTE: Retention tim es m ay vary slightly due to column manufacturer and age of column, and be influen ced by other GC ins trum enta l param eters . 12. Measure the peak area.
CALCULATIONS: 13. Determine the mass, µg (corrected for DE), of analyte found in the sam ple front (W f) and back (W b) sorbent sec tions, and in the average m edia blank front (B f) and back (B b) sorbent sections. NO TE: If W b > W f / 10, report breakthrough and possible sample loss. 14. Calculate the concentration, C, of analyte in the air volume, V(L), sampled:
NO TE : :g/L = m g/m 3
NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), Fourth Edition HYD RO CAR BO NS, BP 36-216 °C : MET HO D 150 0, Issue 3, dated 15 M arch 200 3 -Page 4 of 8 EVALUATION OF METHOD: Issues 1 and 2: Precisions and biases (Table 3) were determ ined by analyzing generated atm osphe res containing one-ha lf, one, and two times the OSHA standard. Table 3 does not contain data for n-decane, n-dodecane and nheptane since they were not evaluated previously. Generated concentrations were independently verified. Breakthrough cap acities were de term ined in dry air. Storage stability was assessed at 7, 14, and 30 days. Measurement precisions (Table 4) were determined by spiking sampling media with amounts corresponding to one-half, one, and two times the OSH A standard for nominal air volumes. Desorption efficiencies for spiked sam plers con taining only one co m pou nd e xce ede d 75 % [2,3,4,8 ]. Issue 3: The desorption efficiency, at levels ranging from 10 times the LOQ to 0.1 times the REL, was determined by spiking known am oun ts of analytes (in CS 2) on coconut shell charcoal tubes. All analytes exhibited accepta ble desorption efficiency recovery results at six levels evaluated. Each analyte was evaluated for its storage stability. Sorbent tubes were spiked at approximately 100 µg and stored in a drawer for 7 days, then transferred to a refrigerator at 5° C. Samples were analyzed after 7, 14, and 30 days. A ll analyte s had accepta ble rec overies (>9 0% ), except cyc lohexene, which had a 30 day recovery of 85% [1].
REFERENCES: [1] Pende rgrass SM and M ay L, Backup Data R eport, ACS /CEM B/DAR T/NIO SH (19 99). [2] NIOSH[1994]. Hydrocarbons, BP 36-136°C. In: Eller PM, ed. NIOSH M anual of Analytical Methods, 4th rev. ed. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 94-113. [3] NIOSH M anual of Analytical Methods, 2nd. ed., V. 2, S28, S82, S89, S90, S94, U.S. Department of Health, Educa tion, and W elfare, Publ. (NIOSH ) 77-157-B (19 77). [4] NIOSH M anual of Analytical Methods, 2nd. ed., V. 3., S378, S379, U.S. Department of Health, Educa tion, and W elfare, Publ. (NIOSH ) 77-157-C (1977). [5] Code of Federal Regulations; Title 29 (Labor), Parts 1900 to 1910; U.S. Government Printing Office, W ashington, (1989); 29 CFR 1910.1000. [6] NIOSH Recom mendations for Occupational Safety and Health. U.S. Department of Health and Hum an Services, D HH S (NIO SH) P ublication No . 92-100 (1992 ). [7] 1993 T hreshold Lim it Values for Chem ical Substances and Physical Agents an d Biological Exposure Indices. ACG IH, Cincinnati, OH (1993). [8] Documentation of the NIOSH Validation Tests, S28, S82, S89, S90, S94, S378, S379, U.S. Depa rtmen t of Health, Education, and W elfare, Publ. (NIOSH ) 77-185 (197 7).
AUTHORS: Issues 1 and 2: R. Alan Lunsford, Ph.D., NIOSH/DPSE Issue 3: Stephanie M. Pendergrass, NIOSH/DART and Leroy R. May, NIOSH/PRL
NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), Fourth Edition HYD RO CAR BO NS, BP 36-216 °C : MET HO D 150 0, Issue 3, dated 15 M arch 200 3 -Page 5 of 8
TABLE 1. SYNONY MS, FORM ULA, MO LECULAR WEIGHT , PROPERTIES
Em pirical Fo rm ula
Molecular W eight
Boiling Point (°C)
cyclohexane hexahydrobenzene CAS # 110-82-7 RTECS GU6300000
C 6H 12
84.16
80.7
97.6
13.0
0.779
cyclohexene tetrahydrobenzene CAS # 110-83-8 RTECS GW 2500000
C 6H 10
82.15
83.0
88.8
11.8
0.811
n-decane CAS # 124-18-5 RTECS HD6550000
C 10H 22
142.28
174
NA
NA
0.730
n-dodecane CAS # 112-40-3 RTECS JR2125000
C 12H 26
170.34
216 .2
NA
NA
0.750
n-heptane CAS # 142-82-5 RTECS MI7700000
C 7H 16
100.21
98.4
45.8
6.1
0.684
n-hexane CAS # 110-54-3 RTECS MN9275000
C 6H 14
86.18
68.7
151 .3
20.2
0.659
methylcyclohexane CAS # 108-87-2 RTECS GV6125000
C 7H 14
98.19
100 .9
46.3
6.2
0.769
n-nonane CAS # 111-84-2 RTECS RA6115000
C 9H 20
128.26
151
NA
n-octane CAS # 111-65-9 RTECS RG8400000
C 8H 18
114.23
125 .7
14.0
1.9
0.703
n-pentane CAS # 109-66-0 RTECS RZ9450000
C 5H 12
72.15
36.1
512 .5
68.3
0.626
n-undecane hendecane CAS # 1120-21 -4 RTECS YQ1525000
C 11H 24
156.31
196
NA
NA
0.740
Nam e/ Syn onym s
Vapor P ressure @ 25°C (m m Hg) (kPa )
NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), Fourth Edition
NA
De nsity @ 25°C (g/mL)
0.718 HYD RO CAR BO NS, BP 36-216 °C : MET HO D 150 0, Issue 3, dated 15 M arch 200 3 -Page 6 of 8
TABLE 2. EXPOSU RE LIMITS, PPM [5-7] OSHA Substance
TW A
PEAK
NIOSH TW A
C
AC GIH TLV
STEL
m g/m 3 per ppm
cyclohexane
300
300
300
3.44
cyclohexene
300
300
300
3.36
n-decane
none
none
none
5.82
n-dodecane
none
none
none
6.97
500
85
500
50
50
3.52
500
400
400
4.01
n-nonane
none
200
200
5.25
n-octane
500
75
385
300
375
4.67
n-pentane
1000
120
610
600
750
2.95
n-undecane
none
none
n-heptane n-hexane
a
methylcyclohexane
a
440
400
500
none
The ACG IH recomm endation for other hexane isomers is: TLV 500, STEL 1000.
NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), Fourth Edition
4.10
6.39 HYD RO CAR BO NS, BP 36-216 °C : MET HO D 150 0, Issue 3, dated 15 M arch 200 3 -Page 7 of 8 TABLE 3. SAMPLING FLOWRATE a, VOLUM E, CAPACITY, RANGE, OVE RALL BIAS AND PRECISION [3, 4, 8] Sam pling Flow rate
Rang e of
Volume (L) b
Substance
(L/min)
MIN
MAX
cyclohexane cyclohexene n-hexane methylcyclohexane n-nonane n-octane n-pentane n-undecane
0.01 - 0.2 0.01 - 0.2 0.01 - 0.2 0.01 - 0.2 0.01 - 0.2 0.01 - 0.2 0.01 -0.2 0.01-0.05
2.5 5 not 4 4 4 4 2
5 7 studied 4 4 4 4 2
Breakthrough Volume Concentration Vol (m g/m 3) (L) 7.6 10.4 6.1 5.9 6.1 6.5 3.1
1650 2002 4060 3679 3941 4612 5640
a
Minimum recomm ended flow is 0.01 L/min. Approximately two-thirds the breakthrough volume. c Co rrected va lue ca lculated from data in Re f. 3 b
NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), Fourth Edition
Overall
Generated Samples
Bias
Precision
Accuracy
(m g/m 3)
(%)
(ÖrT)
(%)
510-2010 510-2030 968-4060 877-3679 940-3941 1050-4403 1476-6190
1.1 10.6 -6.5 -1.8 6.1 -2.0 -8.4
0.060c 0.073 0.056 0.062 0.052 0.060 0.055
±11 .5 ±20 .7 ±15 .0 ±12 .5 ±15 .2 ±12 .1 ±16 .6 HYD RO CAR BO NS, BP 36-216 °C : MET HO D 150 0, Issue 3, dated 15 M arch 200 3 -Page 8 of 8
TABLE 4. MEASUR EM ENT R ANGE AND PR ECISION [1, 3, 4, 8]
Measurement Range (µg)
Precision ( þ r)
0.1
4 - 5300
0.012
0.08
3 - 9700
0.014
n-decane
0.06
2 - 584
0.020
n-dodecane
0.05
2 - 600
0.027
n-heptane
0.06
2 - 16300
0.014
n-hexane
0.4
10 - 14500
0.011
methylcyclohexane
0.1
4 - 16100
0.013
LOD (µg/sample)
Substance cyclohexane cyclohexene
a
n-nonane
0.04
1 - 574
0.018
n-octane
0.3
11 - 18900
0.022
n-pentane
0.6
19 - 11800
0.012
0.05
2 - 592
0.024
n-undecane
a
a
Corrected va lue, ca lculated from the data in [1,8].
NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), Fourth Edition