Draft:Original research/Geographic coordinates

File:Earthmap1000x500-1.jpg

Physical landform map of the Earth on an equirectangular cylindrical projection. Credit: unknown.

This map is based on public domain CIA World Fact book image with the Equator bolded in red. Credit: Cburnett.

At present the geographic coordinates on Earth of latitude and longitude translate to right ascension and declination from the Greenwich meridian and the equator as projected on the celestial sphere.

But, other records may exist even here on Earth that use specific stars or bright lights in the sky especially at night that appear fixed relative to others.

Depending on the stability of the rotation of the Earth around its geographic North and South poles, the equator may vary in location.

Main resources: Measurements/Coordinates and Coordinates

Cartesian coordinate system with a circle of radius 2 centered at the origin marked in red. The equation of a circle is (x - a)² + (y - b)² = r² where a and b are the coordinates of the center (a, b) and r is the radius. Credit: 345Kai.

A Cartesian coordinate system specifies each point uniquely in a plane by a pair of numerical coordinates, which are the signed distances from the point to two fixed perpendicular directed lines, measured in the same unit of length. Each reference line is called a coordinate axis or just axis of the system, and the point where they meet is its origin, usually at ordered pair (0,0). The coordinates can also be defined as the positions of the perpendicular projections of the point onto the two axes, expressed as signed distances from the origin.

Fixed point in the sky

By choosing an equal day/night position among the fixed objects in the night sky, the observer can measure equatorial coordinates: declination (Dec) and right ascension (RA).

The observations require precise measurement and adaptations to the movements of the Earth, especially when and where, for a time, an object or entity is available.

With the creation of a geographical grid, an observer needs to be able to fix a point in the sky. From many observations within a period of stability, an observer notices that patterns of visual objects or entities in the night sky repeat. Further, a choice is available: is the Earth moving or are the star patterns moving? Depending on latitude, the observer may have noticed that the days vary in length and the pattern of variation repeats after some number of days and nights. By choosing an equal day/night position among the fixed objects in the night sky, the observer can measure equatorial coordinates: declination (Dec) and right ascension (RA).

Once these can be determined, the apparent absolute positions of objects or entities are available in a communicable form. The repeat pattern of (day/night)s allows the observer to calculate the RA and Dec at any point during the cycle for a new object, or approximations are made using RA and Dec for recognized objects.

Earth is shown as viewed from the Sun; the orbit direction is counter-clockwise (to the left). Description of the relations between axial tilt (or obliquity), rotation axis, plane of orbit, celestial equator and ecliptic.

Independent of the choice made (Earth moves or not), the pattern of objects is the same for days or nights of the repeating length once a year. The vernal equinox is a day/night of equal length and the same pattern of objects in the night sky. The autumnal equinox is the other equal length day/night with its own pattern of objects in the night sky.

The projection of the Earth's equator and poles of rotation, or if the observer hasn't concluded as yet that it's the Earth that's rotating, the circulating pattern of stars in ever smaller circles heading in specific directions, is the celestial sphere.

Map reliability

"Ancient maps of seagrass beds are usually available for many areas of the marine realm. For the study area, a series of maps spanning more than one century were available. Biological features of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica made possible an attempt to set up and calibrate a Reliability Index (RI) for these ancient maps. Unfortunately, most of them appear to be totally unreliable. Some other maps are sufficient to provide a rough sketch of the location of the meadows, but not to assess possible changes with time. Finally, a very few recent maps are sufficiently accurate to allow cautious assumptions on meadow dynamics. It is worth noting that (i) whatever the cartographical method, no map of benthic communities is accurate everywhere and at all scales; (ii) the relevance of a map is dependent upon the purpose for which it was established or the utilization that is intended, e.g. short term monitoring of the meadow’s state of health, long term dynamics, coastal development or management of a high value natural heritage community."

Datum shifts

File:Texas Capitaol Dome Position Shifts.gif

This map shows the position shift inaccuracies for the Texas Capitol Dome in Austin, Texas, USA. Credit: Peter H. Dana.

"Coordinate values resulting from interpreting latitude, longitude, and height values based on one datum as though they were based in another datum can cause position errors in three dimensions of up to one kilometer."

Equators

Main resources: Astronomy/Equators, Celestial equators, and Equators

The Intertropical Convergence Zone, or ITCZ, is the region that circles the Earth, near the equator. Credit: GOES Project Science Office.

"The Intertropical Convergence Zone, or ITCZ, is the region that circles the Earth, near the equator, where the trade winds of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres come together. The intense sun and warm water of the equator heats the air in the ITCZ, raising its humidity and making it buoyant. Aided by the convergence of the trade winds, the buoyant air rises. As the air rises it expands and cools, releasing the accumulated moisture in an almost perpetual series of thunderstorms."

"Seasonal shifts in the location of the ITCZ drastically affects rainfall in many equatorial nations, resulting in the wet and dry seasons of the tropics rather than the cold and warm seasons of higher latitudes. Longer term changes in the ITCZ can result in severe droughts or flooding in nearby areas."

"This image [on the right] is a combination of cloud data from NOAA’s newest Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-11) and color land cover classification data. The ITCZ is the band of bright white clouds that cuts across the center of the image."

Null Island

The weather buoy is moored at the coordinates of Null Island, in the Gulf of Guinea at 0°N 0°E. Credit: Graham Curran.{{free media}}

Null Island is a name for the area around the point where the prime meridian and the equator cross, located in the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) off the west African coast.

In terms of computing and placenames databases, the coordinates for Null Island were added to the Natural Earth public domain map dataset c. 2010–2011, after which the term came into wide use (although there is evidence of it being used previously).

Togo

Togo is located at 6°8'N 1°13'E.

Benin

Benin is located at 6°28'N 2°36'E.

Annobón

Map shows Annobón island, the Insular Region of Equatorial Guinea. Credit: W like wiki.{{free media}}

Map shows location of Annobón Island in the Gulf of Guinea. Credit: Amcaja.{{free media}}

Annobón is at 1°25'S 5°38'E.

Annobón is an extinct volcano about 220 miles (350 km) west of Cape Lopez in Gabon and 110 miles (180 km) southwest of São Tomé Island. The main island measures about 4 miles (6.4 km) long by 2 miles (3.2 km) wide, with an area of about 6+3⁄4 square miles (17 km²), but a number of small rocky islets surround it, including Santarém to the south. Its central crater lake is named Lago A Pot and its highest peak is Quioveo, which rises 598 meters (1,962 ft). The island is characterized by a succession of lush valleys and steep mountains, covered with rich woods and luxuriant vegetation.

Annobón is often described as being "in the Gulf of Guinea", for example, by the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition. like the neighboring islands of São Tomé and Príncipe, but the formal boundary line for the Gulf of Guinea established by the International Hydrographic Organization actually runs north of it. From the 1953 Limits of Oceans and Seas: "(34) A line running south-eastwards from Cape Palmas in Liberia to Cape Lopez [in Gabon] (0°38' S, 8°42' E)."

Ilhéu das Rolas

Ilhéu das Rolas is located at 0°00'14"S 6°31'21"E.

São Tomé

This is an equatorial marker in Sao Tome. Credit: Husond.

The independent nation of São Tomé and Príncipe has an equatorial marker shown on the right in São Tomé. São Tomé is located at 0°14'N 6°36'E. It is located 2 km (1¼ miles) north of the equator. The island is surrounded by a number of small islands, including Ilhéu das Rolas, Ilhéu das Cabras and Ilhéu Gabado. The youngest dated rock on the island is about 100,000 years old, but numerous more recent cinder cones are found on the southeast side of the island.

Príncipe

Map shows São Tomé and Príncipe with Príncipe island near the right top corner. Credit: United States Central Intelligence Agency's World Factbook.{{free media}}

Príncipe is located at 1°37'N 7°24'E.

Bioko

Bioko is an island 32 km (20 mi) off the west coast of Africa. Credit: United Nations.{{free media}}

Bioko is located at 3°30'N 8°41'E.

The island is located off Cameroon, in the Bight of Bonny portion of the Gulf of Guinea. Its geology is volcanic; its highest peak is Pico Basile at 3,012 m (9,882 ft).

Corisco

Corisco Island & Elobey Islands are shown. Credit: MiguelMTN and Pallanz.

Corisco is located at 0°55'N 9°19'E.

Equatorial Guinea

Equatorial Guinea

Equatorial Guinea is located at 1°30'N 10°00'E.

Cameroon

Cameroon is located at 6°N 12°E.

Gabon

Le passage de l'Équateur sur la route de Libreville à Lambaréné. Credit: Ballot 2.

Gabon is located at 1°S 12°E.

On the right is an image of a sign announcing the equator in Gabon in Libreville.

Republic of the Congo

This map of the Republic of the Congo shows the location of the equator. Credit: United States Central Intelligence Agency's World Factbook.

The equator passes through the Republic of the Congo as shown in the map on the right.

Republic of the Congo is located at 1.44°S 15.556°E.

Democraphic Republic of the Congo

The map shows that the equator passes through the Republic of the Congo. Credit: United States Central Intelligence Agency.

The map on the right shows the equator passing through the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Democratic Republic of the Congo is located at 3°S 24°E.

Idjwi

Idjwi is the central-southern region of Lake Kivu. Credit: NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.{{free media}}

Idjwi is located at 2°9'57"S 29°3'22"E.

Uganda

Equator monument in Uganda is near the city of Masaka. Credit: Iwoelbern.

File:Uganda-equator map.jpg

This map of Uganda shows where the equator passes through. Credit: Travel destinations to visit before you die.

Uganda is located at 1°N 32°E.

Near the city of Masaka, Uganda, is this equatorial monument in the image on the right.

The map on the left shows approximately where the equator passes through Uganda.

Ssese Islands

Ssese Islands are located at 00°26'00"S 32°15'00"E.

Bugala

OnEarth WMS NASA view shows Lake Victoria Landsat 7 satellite imagery. (1999-2003) Credit: NASA.{{free media}}

Bugala is located at 00°25'8"S 32°15'00"E.

Ukerewe

Ukerewe is located at 2°1'45"S 33°0'35"E.

Tanzania

Tanzania is located at 6°S 35°E.

Kenya

This sign in Kenya is on the equator. Credit: pcb21.

File:Kenya equator map.gif

On Africa's east Coast, Kenya straddles the equator and shares a border with Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda and Tanzania. Credit: Geo Systems Global Corporation.

Kenya is located at 1°N 38°E.

On the right is a sign posted on the equator in Kenya.

The equator passes through Kenya as shown in the map on the left.

Zanzibar

Zanzibar is located at 6°08'S 39°19'E.

Somalia

Somalia is located at 10°N 49°E.

Maldives

North and South Malosmadulu Atols are in the Maldives. Credit: NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS, and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team.{{free media}}

North and South Malosmadulu Atols are in the Maldives, an island republic in the northern Indian Ocean, southwest of India. Maldives is made up of a chain of 1192 small coral islands that are grouped into clusters of atolls. It has a total area of 298 sq km and a population of about 330,000. The capital and largest city is Male, with a population of about 80,000. Arguably the lowest-lying country in the world, the average elevation is 1 m above sea level. Waves triggered by the great tsunami of December 2004 spilled over sea walls to flood Male with sand-clouded water and then swept out just as suddenly. Residents fear this was a foreboding of disasters to come from sea-level rise due to global warming. The simulated natural color ASTER image was acquired 22 December 2002, covers an area of 50.8 x 90.4 km, and is centered near 5.3 degrees north latitude, 73.9 degrees west longitude.

Raa Atoll is located at 5°38'N 72°55'E.

Alifushi

Physical location map shows the Maledives. Credit: Carport.{{free media}}

Map identifies Atolls of the Maldives. Thaana letter for each atoll is indicated inside the bracket. Credit: AlainV.{{free media}}

Physical location of the equirectangular projection: 7.5°N, 1.2°S, 71.9°E, 74.7°E.

Alifushi is located at 5°58'00"N 72°57'15"E, left upper atoll before angled atolls.

Simeulue

Topographic map shows Simeulue, Indonesia. Credit: Sadalmelik.{{free media}}

Simeulue is located at 2°35'N 96°05'E.

Nias

Sadalmelik]].{{free media}}

Nias is located at 1°6'N 97°32'E.

Pini

Pini is located at 0.10°N 98.70°E.

Sumatera Island

Topography of Sumatra is illustrated. Credit: Sadalmelik.{{free media}}

Sumatera is Indonesian for Sumatra. Sumatera is located at 00°N 102°E.

Singapore

Credit: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).{{free media}}

Singapore is located at 1.3°N 103.8°E.

Singapore is an island city-state in Southeast Asia that lies one degree (137 kilometres or 85 miles) north of the equator, at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, with Indonesia's Riau Islands to the south and Peninsular Malaysia to the north. Singapore's territory consists of Pulau Ujong (main island) along with 62 other islets.

Christmas Island

Map of Christmas was produced by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, unless otherwise indicated. Maps dated 1976 were taken from The Indian Ocean Atlas, published by the Central Intelligence Agency. Credit: unknown.

Christmas Island is located at 10°29'S 105°38'E.

Matak

Matak is located at 3.33°N 106.29°E in the South China Sea.

Borneo

File:Equator monument.jpg

This equator monument is at Pontianak, Indonesia. Credit: Netaholic13.

The equatorial monument at Pontianak, Borneo, Indonesia, has Google Earth Latitude: 0° 8'35.40"N Longitude: 109°15'26.78"E.

Sapudi

Sapudi is located at 7.15°S 114.35°E.

Sebuku

Sebuku is located at 3.50°S 116.35°E.

Sangeang

Sangeang is located at 8.20°S 119.05°E.

Taiwan

Chronological dispersal of Austronesian peoples across the Indo-Pacific is diagrammed. Credit: Chambers & Geoff.{{free media}}

Taiwan is located at 25°02'N 121°38'E.

Togian

Togian is located at 0.39°S 121.94°E.

Timor

Timor is seen from space in 1989. Credit: NASA.{{fairuse}}

Timor is located at 9°14'S 124°56'E.

Tidore

Tidore is located at 0.67°N 127.42°E.

Ngulu

Ngulu is located at 8.50°N 137.50°E.

Fais

Fais is located 9.75°N 140.52°E.

New Guinea

Topography map shows New Guinea. Credit: Zamonin.{{free media}}

New Guinea is located at 5°30'S 141°00'E.

Eauripik

Eauripik is located at 6.70°N 143.07°E.

Elato

Elato is located at 7.45°N 146.15°E.

Romanum

Romanum is located at 7°26'29"N 151°40'9"E.

Etal

Etal is located at 5.41°N 153.51°E.

Kapingamarangi

Kapingamarangi is located at 0.57°N 154.71°E.

Nukuoro

Nukuoro is located at 3.88°N 154.95°E.

Pohnpei

Image shows Pohnpei of Micronesia. Credit: Euniceminjeong.{{free media}}

Pohnpei is located at 6°53'N 158°14'E.

Kosrae

Kosrae, or Kusaie, is located 5.11°N 162.88°E.

Nauru

This is a satellite picture of Nauru. Credit: U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program.{{free media}}

Nauru is located at 0°32'S 166°55'E.

Banaba

Astronaut photo of Banaba, Kiribati with villages and main landmarks, is formerly Ocean Island. Credit: Government of USA, Government of Kiribati.{{free media}}

Banaba is located at 0°51'34"S 169°32'13"E.

Butaritari

Map shows Butaritari. Credit: Government of USA, Government of Kiribati.{{free media}}

Butaritari is located at 3°10'04"N 172°49'33"E.

Makin

Astronaut photo shows Makin, Kiribati, with villages and main landmarks. Credit: Government of USA, Government of Kiribati.{{free media}}

Makin is located at 3°23'00"N 173°00'00"E.

Abaiang

Map shows Abaiang. Credit: .{{free media}}

Abaiang is located at 1°50'N 172°57'E.

Maiana

Astronaut photo shows Maiana, Kiribati, with villages and main landmarks in the Gilbert Islands. Credit: Government of USA, Government of Kiribati.{{free media}}

Maiana is located at 0°55'N 173°00'E.

Tarawa

Map shows South Tarawa (red) and North Tarawa (yellow) within Tarawa Atoll. Credit: Dэя-Бøяg.{{fairuse}}

Tarawa is located at 1°20'N 173°00'E.

Marakei

Astronaut photo shows Marakei, Kiribati, with villages and main landmarks. Credit: Government of USA, Government of Kiribati.{{free media}}

Marakei is located at 2°00'N 173°17'E.

Kuria

Astronaut photo shows Kuria, Kiribati with villages and main landmarks. Credit: Government of USA, Government of Kiribati.{{free media}}

Kuria Islands is viewed from the air. Credit: Flexmaen.

Kuria is located at 0°13'N 173°24'E.

Aranuka

Astronaut photo shows Aranuka, Kiribati with villages and main landmarks. Credit: Government of USA, Government of Kiribati.{{free media}}

Map shows the Gilbert Islands. Credit: Pitichinaccio.{{fairuse}}

Aranuka is located at 0°09'N 173°35'E.

Abemama

Credit: .{{free media}}

Abemama atoll is photographed from the air. Credit: Flexmaen.

Abemama is located at 0°24'N 173°50'E.

Nonouti

Map shows Nonouti. Credit: Government of USA, Government of Kiribati.{{free media}}

NASA astronaut image shows the eastern part of Nonouti Atoll, Gilbert Islands, Kiribati. Credit: NASA.

Nonouti is located at 0°40'S 174°20E.

Tabiteuea

Satellite photograph shows Tabiteuea (NE top). Credit: .{{free media}}

Howland Island

Howland Island is seen from space. Credit: NASA.{{free media}}

Howland Island is located at 0°48'25.85"N 176°36'59.48"W. Tabiteuea is located at 1°21'S 174°48'E.

Baker Island

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service aerial view shows Baker Island. Credit: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.{{free media}}

Baker Island is at 00°13'N 176°28'W.

Winslow Reef

Winslow Reef is a submerged coral reef located at 01°36'S 174°57'W.

Nikumaroro

Gardner Island is located at 04°40'S 174°31'W.

The International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery (TIGHAR) made several expeditions to Nikumaroro during the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century, finding possible evidence, but no conclusive proof, of this theory. Investigation and expeditions to the island continue.

McKean Island

McKean Island is located at 03°36'S 174°08'W.

Carondelet Reef

Carondelet Reef is located at 05°34'S 173°51'W.

Kiribati

This is a map of Kiribati. Credit: US Dept of Congress, 1989.{{free media}}

File:Pacific-Ocean-Floor-Map.jpg

This is a map of the Pacific Ocean basin. Credit: National Geographic Society.

Kiribati is located at 1°25'N 173°00'W. It's one of those volcanic peaks in the central Pacific as shown on this map of the Pacific Ocean basin.

Orona

Hull Island is located at 04°30'S 172°10'W.

An ancient stone marae stands on the eastern tip of the island, together with ruins of shelters, graves and other platforms.

Kanton Island

Canton Island is shown on NLT Landsat 7 (Visible Color) Satellite Image. Credit: NASA.{{free media}}

This globally biologically important area is called the Polynesian/Micronesian hotspot. Credit: Kerry Lagueux, New England Aquarium.{{free media}}

Kanton Island is located at 02°48'38"S 171°40'32"W.

Birnie Island

Birnie Island is located at 03°35'S 171°33'W.

Manra

Sydney Island is located at 04°27'S 171°15'W.

Enderbury Island

Astronaut image shows Enderbury Island in the Pacific Ocean. Credit: NASA.{{free media}}

Enderbury Island is located at 3°08'S 171°05'W.

Rawaki

Phoenix Island is located at 03°43'S 170°43'W.

Jarvis Island

Satphoto shows Jarvis Island; note the submerged reef beyond the eastern end. Credit: NASA.{{free media}}

Map shows the central Pacific Ocean including Jarvis and neighboring islands. Credit: United States Central Intelligence Agency's World Factbook.

Jarvis Island, formerly known as Bunker Island, or Bunker's Shoal is located at 0°22'S 160°01'W in the South Pacific Ocean.

Kiritimati

Photograph was taken from the International Space Station. Credit: NASA.{{free media}}

Christmas Island is located at 1°53'N 157°24'W.

Malden

NASA orbital photo shows Malden Island (north at top). Credit: .

Malden is located at 4°1'S 154°56'W.

Darwin

Darwin is located at 1.678°N 92.003°W in the Galápagos Islands.

Isabela

Isabela is located at 00°30'S 91°04'W in the Galápagos Islands.

Galápagos Islands

Satellite photo shows the Galápagos islands overlaid with the names of the visible main islands. Credit: NASA.

Topographic and bathymetric map shows the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Credit: Eric Gaba.{{free media}}

The islands are found at the coordinates 1°40'N–1°36'S, 89°16'–92°01'W. Straddling the equator, islands in the chain are located in both the northern and southern hemispheres, with Volcán Wolf and Volcán Ecuador on Isla Isabela being directly on the equator.

Ecuador

This is the equator marker in Cayambe, Ecuador. Credit: Kryptonit.

The volcano Cayambe is located on the equator. Credit: Fabricio Guzmán T.

This shows the equatorial marker Mitad del Mundo, Quito, Ecuador. Credit: Diego Delso.

The volcano Cayambe is located at 0.029°0′0″N 77.986°0′0″W. It is the only permanent snow (glacier) capped peak along the equator.

An equatorial marker in Cayambe, Ecuador, is shown on the right.

Another equatorial marker in Ecuador is Mitad del Mundo, Quito, second image down on the right.

Ecuador is located at 2°00'S 77°30'W.

Colombia

Colombia is located at 4°N 72°W.

Suriname

Suriname is located at 4°N 56°W.

Brazil

This is the The Marco Zero monument marking the equator in Macapá, Brazil. Credit: Jorge Andrade from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

On the right is the equatorial marker in Macapá, Brazil.

Brazil is located at 10°S 52°W.

Caviana

Satellite picture by Sentinel-2 shows Ilha Caviana. Credit: European Space Agency.{{free media}}

Caviana is located at 0°10'N 50°00'W.

Marajó

Satellite image shows the mouths of Amazon River in Brazil, with Marajó Island in the center, and the cities (in red) of Macapá (left) and Belém (right). Credit: NASA.{{free media}}

Marajó is located at 0°59'S 49°35'W in the delta of the Amazon River.

Mosqueiro

Island of Mosqueiro shows the city of Belém in yellow, and the town of Vila in red. Credit: Wellber Drayton.{{free media}}

Mosqueiro is located at 1.1°S 48.4°W.

Rocas Atoll

Rocas Atoll, Brazil, photographed from the International Space Station by the crew of Expedition 22. Credit: Image Science and Analysis Laboratory, NASA-Johnson Space Center.

The atoll is of volcanic origin and coralline formation.

Rocas Atoll is located at 03°52'S 33°49'W.

Fernando de Noronha

Satellite picture shows Fernando de Noronha. Credit: NASA.{{free media}}

Main island is from the airplane down to Fernando de Noronha - from North-East. Credit: Chronus.{{free media}}

Fernando de Noronha is located at 3°51'13.71"S 32°25'25.63"W.

Ascension

Satellite picture shows Ascension Island in 2010. Credit: NASA Earth Observatory image by Jesse Allen, using data from NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS, and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team.{{free media}}

Ascension is a volcanic island and the Devil's Ashpit is located at about 7°57'21.58"S 14°19'49.75"W. Credit: ERRYE & ROY KLOTZ MD.{{free media}}

Ascension Island is located at 7°56'S 14°22'W.

Bobowasi

Bobowasi Island is located at 04°52'N 02°15'W.

Meridians

The nations of the equator (red) and the prime meridian (blue) are outlined. Credit: NuclearVacuum.

The image on the right shows the nations or territories that touch the Equator (red) or the IERS Reference Meridian (blue), or Prime Meridian.

Infrareds

Main resources: Radiation astronomy/Infrareds, Infrared astronomy, and Infrareds

Infra-red image from GOES 14 showing the inter Tropical convergence zone. Credit: NASA.

"On August 17, 2009, at 1:31 p.m. EST, the latest NASA/NOAA geostationary weather satellite, called GOES-14, returned its first full-disk thermal infrared (IR) image, showing radiation with a wavelength of 10.7 micrometers emanating from Earth. Infrared images are useful because they provide information about temperatures."

"A band of scattered storms [in the second image down on the right] across the equatorial Pacific shows the location of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, which is a belt of showers and thunderstorms that persists near the equator year round. Need help precisely locating the equator? Look for the dark (hot) spots in the Pacific Ocean west of South America: those are the Galapagos Islands, and the equator passes through the northern tip of the largest island."

Hypotheses

Main resource: Hypotheses

1. Each geographic coordinate system throughout hominin experience is correlated to the current latitude and longitude.
2. If the Earth's rotational axis has varied over hominin experience then current latitude and longitude needs to be corrected to the appropriate past for understanding.

See also

• Mathematics/Astronomy
• Canadian Wilderness
• Coordinate systems
• Energy phantoms
• Furlongs per fortnight
• Geographic coordinate conversion
• Geographic coordinates (37 kB) (18 November 2019‎)
• Geographic touchpoints
• Glaciers
• Astroglaciology
• Unknown coordinate systems
• Vectors and coordinates

External links

• Universal coordinate converter

{{Mathematics resources}}