Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/malati: difference between revisions
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==Proto-Celtic== |
==Proto-Celtic== |
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===Alternative reconstructions=== |
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* {{alter|cel-pro|*maleti}} {{q|KPV}} |
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===Etymology=== |
===Etymology=== |
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{{root|cel-pro|ine-pro|*melh₂-}} |
{{root|cel-pro|ine-pro|*melh₂-}} |
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From {{der|cel-pro|ine-pro|*melh₂-||to grind}}. |
From {{der|cel-pro|ine-pro|*melh₂-||to grind}}. Various explanations exist for how Brythonic ended up with an ''a'' root vowel and Goidelic with an ''e''. |
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* Watkins claimed that the Brythonic was from an athematic present (where a zero grade could be found), and the Goidelic would be from a thematic present. However, Schumacher points out that a laryngeal-final athematic present would be expected to produce a weak verb, for which no trace in Celtic exists.<ref name="KPV">{{R:cel:KPV|pages=470-472}}</ref> |
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* Schumacher thinks that the Brythonic root variant was derived from the zero grade and was the sole present allomorph in Proto-Celtic. He further explains the Irish stem ''mel-'' as generated by some secondary analogical means, via some expectation that the present should be in the ''e''-grade. Schumacher cites two possible sources of analogy. One of them was {{m|cel-pro|*gʷeleti|t=to graze}}, which had similar phonological shape and shared a semantic field. The other influence would be the subjunctive, which in strong verbs is expected to have the ''e''-grade which also often occurs in the present stem as well.<ref name=KPV/> But Joseph's law would mean that the ''entire'' subjunctive would have a stem ''*malas-'' in this verb, invalidating the subjunctive as an influence. |
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* Matasović is agnostic on which root vowel came first, merely remarking that the Brythonic reflects the zero grade and Goidelic the e-grade.<ref>{{R:cel:EDPC|page=255|head=*mal-o-, *mel-o-}}</ref> |
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* Darling integrates both the ''*mal-'' and ''*mel-'' stems in a single present paradigm, starting with a simple e-grade thematic present {{m|ine-pro||*melh₂-e-ti}}. Whenever the thematic vowel was ''*e'' (in the 2nd person, and in the 3rd-person singular), it would be coloured by the laryngeal into ''*a'', which would then feed Joseph's Law (''*eRa'' > ''*aRa'', where ''*R'' is a resonant), and turn the root vowel into ''*a''; the Brythonic present stem can be derived by leveling the ''a'' across the present stem. Meanwhile, the forms with thematic vowel ''*-o-'' would not be a-coloured and thus the root vowel remains as ''*e''; the Goidelic forms would be derived from leveling the ''e'' across the present stem.<ref name="Darling">{{cite-thesis| last=Darling | first=Mark | title=The Subjunctive in Celtic: Studies in Historical Phonology and Morphology | year=2020 | publisher=University of Cambridge | doi=10.17863/CAM.57857 | url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/310768 | access-date=September 1, 2022| type=Thesis }}</ref> |
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===Verb=== |
===Verb=== |
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====Inflection==== |
====Inflection==== |
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{{cel-conj| |
{{cel-conj|mel<h2e>|mimlā|mil<t>||malas}} |
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====Descendants==== |
====Descendants==== |
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* {{desc|cel-bry-pro|*malɨd}} |
* {{desc|cel-bry-pro|*malɨd}} |
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** {{desc|br|mala}} |
** {{desc|br|mala}} |
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** {{desc|kw|melias}} |
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** {{desc|cy|malu}} |
** {{desc|cy|malu}} |
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* {{desctree|sga|meilid}} |
* {{desctree|sga|meilid}} |
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===References=== |
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<references/> |
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Latest revision as of 13:39, 21 September 2024
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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Celtic
[edit]Alternative reconstructions
[edit]- *maleti (KPV)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Indo-European *melh₂- (“to grind”). Various explanations exist for how Brythonic ended up with an a root vowel and Goidelic with an e.
- Watkins claimed that the Brythonic was from an athematic present (where a zero grade could be found), and the Goidelic would be from a thematic present. However, Schumacher points out that a laryngeal-final athematic present would be expected to produce a weak verb, for which no trace in Celtic exists.[1]
- Schumacher thinks that the Brythonic root variant was derived from the zero grade and was the sole present allomorph in Proto-Celtic. He further explains the Irish stem mel- as generated by some secondary analogical means, via some expectation that the present should be in the e-grade. Schumacher cites two possible sources of analogy. One of them was *gʷeleti (“to graze”), which had similar phonological shape and shared a semantic field. The other influence would be the subjunctive, which in strong verbs is expected to have the e-grade which also often occurs in the present stem as well.[1] But Joseph's law would mean that the entire subjunctive would have a stem *malas- in this verb, invalidating the subjunctive as an influence.
- Matasović is agnostic on which root vowel came first, merely remarking that the Brythonic reflects the zero grade and Goidelic the e-grade.[2]
- Darling integrates both the *mal- and *mel- stems in a single present paradigm, starting with a simple e-grade thematic present *melh₂-e-ti. Whenever the thematic vowel was *e (in the 2nd person, and in the 3rd-person singular), it would be coloured by the laryngeal into *a, which would then feed Joseph's Law (*eRa > *aRa, where *R is a resonant), and turn the root vowel into *a; the Brythonic present stem can be derived by leveling the a across the present stem. Meanwhile, the forms with thematic vowel *-o- would not be a-coloured and thus the root vowel remains as *e; the Goidelic forms would be derived from leveling the e across the present stem.[3]
Verb
[edit]*malati
Inflection
[edit]| Thematic present with a-colouring, t-preterite | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active voice | ||||
| Present | Imperfect | Future | Preterite | |
| 1st singular | *melū | *malamam | *mimlāsū | *milam |
| 2nd singular | *malasi | *malatās | *mimlāsesi | *mils |
| 3rd singular | *malati | *malato | *mimlāseti | *milt |
| 1st plural | *melomosi | *malamo | *mimlāsomosi | *milme |
| 2nd plural | *malatesi | *malastē | *mimlāsetesi | *milte |
| 3rd plural | *melonti | *malanto | *mimlāsonti | *milant |
| Pres. subjunctive | Past subjunctive | Imperative | ||
| 1st singular | *malasū | ? | — | |
| 2nd singular | *malasesi | ? | *mala | |
| 3rd singular | *malaseti | ? | *malatou | |
| 1st plural | *malasomosi | ? | *melomos | |
| 2nd plural | *malasetesi | ? | *malate | |
| 3rd plural | *malasonti | ? | *melontou | |
| Passive voice | ||||
| Present | Imperfect | Future | Preterite | |
| 1st singular | *melūr | — | *mimlāsūr | — |
| 2nd singular | *malatar | — | *mimlāsetar | — |
| 3rd singular | *malator | ? | *mimlāsetor | — |
| 1st plural | *melommor | — | *mimlāsommor | — |
| 2nd plural | *maladwe | — | *mimlāsedwe | — |
| 3rd plural | *melontor | ? | *mimlāsontor | — |
| Pres. subjunctive | Past subjunctive | Imperative | ||
| 1st singular | *malasūr | — | — | |
| 2nd singular | *malasetar | — | — | |
| 3rd singular | *malasetor | — | — | |
| 1st plural | *malasommor | — | — | |
| 2nd plural | *malasedwe | — | — | |
| 3rd plural | *malasontor | — | — | |
Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 470-472
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*mal-o-, *mel-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 255
- ^ Darling, Mark (2020) The Subjunctive in Celtic: Studies in Historical Phonology and Morphology (Thesis)[1], University of Cambridge,