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===Etymology===
===Etymology===
From {{etyl|non|is}} {{term|hefja|lang=non}}, from {{etyl|gem-pro|is}} {{recons|habjaną|lang=gem-pro}}, from {{etyl|ine-pro|is}} {{recons|kh₂pyé-|lang=ine-pro}}, from the root {{recons|keh₂p-||to seize|lang=ine-pro}}. Cognate with Faroese {{term|hevja|lang=fo}}, Swedish {{term|häva|lang=sv}}, Danish {{term|hæve|lang=da}}, English {{term|heave|lang=en}}, Dutch {{term|heffen|lang=nl}}, German {{term|heben|lang=de}}.
From {{inh|is|non|hefja}}, from {{der|is|gem-pro|*habjaną}}, from {{der|is|ine-pro|*kh₂pyé-}}, from the root {{m|ine-pro|*keh₂p-||to seize}}. Cognate with {{cog|fo|hevja}}, {{cog|sv|häva}}, {{cog|da|hæve}}, {{cog|en|heave}}, {{cog|nl|heffen}}, {{cog|de|heben}}.


===Pronunciation===
===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|/ˈhɛvja/|lang=is}}
* {{IPA|is|/ˈhɛvja/}}
*: {{rhymes|ɛvja|lang=is}}
*: {{rhymes|is|ɛvja|s=2}}


===Verb===
===Verb===
{{is-verb-strong|hóf|hófu|hafið}}
{{is-verb-strong|hóf|hófu|hafið}}


# to [[lift]], to [[raise]] {{+obj|is|acc}}
# {{transitive|lang=is}} to [[lift]]
#: {{syn|is|lyfta}}
# {{transitive|lang=is}} to [[begin]], [[start]]
# to [[elevate]], to [[exalt]], to [[promote]] {{+obj|is|acc}}
# to [[begin]], to [[start]] {{+obj|is|acc}}
#: {{syn|is|byrja}}

====Conjugation====
{{is-conj-s6|h|e|f|j=j}}


[[Category:Most used Icelandic verbs]]
[[Category:Most used Icelandic verbs]]


==Old Norse==
[[fr:hefja]]

[[is:hefja]]
===Etymology===
[[mg:hefja]]
{{root|non|ine-pro|*keh₂p-}}
[[pl:hefja]]
From {{inh|non|gem-pro|*habjaną}}, from {{inh|non|ine-pro|*kh₂pyéti}}, from the root {{m|ine-pro|*keh₂p-||to seize}}.
[[sv:hefja]]

===Verb===
{{non-verb|hóf|hófu|hafiðr|pp2=hafinn}}

# {{lb|non|transitive}} to {{l|en|heave}}, {{l|en|lift}}, {{l|en|raise}}
# {{lb|non|transitive}} to {{l|en|exalt}}, raise in {{l|en|rank}}
# {{lb|non|transitive}} to {{l|en|begin}}

====Conjugation====
{{non-conj-strong|class=6|hef|1j=hefj|hóf|hóf|3i=hœf|haf}}

====Descendants====
* {{desc|is|hefja}}
* {{desc|fo|hevja}}
* {{desc|nn|hevja|;|høvja<q:dialectal>}}
* {{desctree|gmq-osw|hæfia}}
* {{desc|da|hæve}}
** {{desc|nb|heve}}
*** {{desc|nn|heva|bor=1}}

===References===
* {{R:Zoega}}

Latest revision as of 11:18, 5 December 2024

Icelandic

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Etymology

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From Old Norse hefja, from Proto-Germanic *habjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂pyé-, from the root *keh₂p- (“to seize”). Cognate with Faroese hevja, Swedish häva, Danish hæve, English heave, Dutch heffen, German heben.

Pronunciation

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Verb

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hefja (strong verb, third-person singular past indicative hóf, third-person plural past indicative hófu, supine hafið)

  1. to lift, to raise [with accusative]
    Synonym: lyfta
  2. to elevate, to exalt, to promote [with accusative]
  3. to begin, to start [with accusative]
    Synonym: byrja

Conjugation

[edit]
hefja — active voice (germynd)
infinitive
(nafnháttur) 		að hefja
supine
(sagnbót) 		hafið
present participle
(lýsingarháttur nútíðar) 		hefjandi
indicative
(framsöguháttur) 		subjunctive
(viðtengingarháttur)
present
(nútíð) 		ég hef við hefjum present
(nútíð) 		ég hefji við hefjum
þú hefur þið hefjið þú hefjir þið hefjið
hann, hún, það hefur þeir, þær, þau hefja hann, hún, það hefji þeir, þær, þau hefji
past
(þátíð) 		ég hóf við hófum past
(þátíð) 		ég hæfi við hæfum
þú hófst þið hófuð þú hæfir þið hæfuð
hann, hún, það hóf þeir, þær, þau hófu hann, hún, það hæfi þeir, þær, þau hæfu
imperative
(boðháttur) 		hef (þú) hefjið (þið)
Forms with appended personal pronoun
hefðu hefjiði *
* Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred.
hefjast — mediopassive voice (miðmynd)
infinitive
(nafnháttur) 		að hefjast
supine
(sagnbót) 		hafist
present participle
(lýsingarháttur nútíðar) 		hefjandist **
** the mediopassive present participle is extremely rare and normally not used; it is never used attributively or predicatively, only for explicatory subclauses
indicative
(framsöguháttur) 		subjunctive
(viðtengingarháttur)
present
(nútíð) 		ég hefst við hefjumst present
(nútíð) 		ég hefjist við hefjumst
þú hefst þið hefjist þú hefjist þið hefjist
hann, hún, það hefst þeir, þær, þau hefjast hann, hún, það hefjist þeir, þær, þau hefjist
past
(þátíð) 		ég hófst við hófumst past
(þátíð) 		ég hæfist við hæfumst
þú hófst þið hófust þú hæfist þið hæfust
hann, hún, það hófst þeir, þær, þau hófust hann, hún, það hæfist þeir, þær, þau hæfust
imperative
(boðháttur) 		hefst (þú) hefjist (þið)
Forms with appended personal pronoun
hefstu hefjisti *
* Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred.
hafinn — past participle (lýsingarháttur þátíðar)
strong declension
(sterk beyging) 		singular (eintala) plural (fleirtala)
masculine
(karlkyn) 		feminine
(kvenkyn) 		neuter
(hvorugkyn) 		masculine
(karlkyn) 		feminine
(kvenkyn) 		neuter
(hvorugkyn)
nominative
(nefnifall) 		hafinn hafin hafið hafnir hafnar hafin
accusative
(þolfall) 		hafinn hafna hafið hafna hafnar hafin
dative
(þágufall) 		höfnum hafinni höfnu höfnum höfnum höfnum
genitive
(eignarfall) 		hafins hafinnar hafins hafinna hafinna hafinna
weak declension
(veik beyging) 		singular (eintala) plural (fleirtala)
masculine
(karlkyn) 		feminine
(kvenkyn) 		neuter
(hvorugkyn) 		masculine
(karlkyn) 		feminine
(kvenkyn) 		neuter
(hvorugkyn)
nominative
(nefnifall) 		hafni hafna hafna höfnu höfnu höfnu
accusative
(þolfall) 		hafna höfnu hafna höfnu höfnu höfnu
dative
(þágufall) 		hafna höfnu hafna höfnu höfnu höfnu
genitive
(eignarfall) 		hafna höfnu hafna höfnu höfnu höfnu

Old Norse

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Etymology

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From Proto-Germanic *habjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂pyéti, from the root *keh₂p- (“to seize”).

Verb

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hefja (singular past indicative hóf, plural past indicative hófu, past participle hafiðr or hafinn)

  1. (transitive) to heave, lift, raise
  2. (transitive) to exalt, raise in rank
  3. (transitive) to begin

Conjugation

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Conjugation of hefja — active (strong class 6)
infinitive hefja
present participle hefjandi
past participle hafinn
indicative present past
1st-person singular hef hóf
2nd-person singular hefr hóft
3rd-person singular hefr hóf
1st-person plural hefjum hófum
2nd-person plural hefið hófuð
3rd-person plural hefja hófu
subjunctive present past
1st-person singular hefja hœfa
2nd-person singular hefir hœfir
3rd-person singular hefi hœfi
1st-person plural hefim hœfim
2nd-person plural hefið hœfið
3rd-person plural hefi hœfi
imperative present
2nd-person singular hef
1st-person plural hefjum
2nd-person plural hefið
Conjugation of hefja — mediopassive (strong class 6)
infinitive hefjask
present participle hefjandisk
past participle hafizk
indicative present past
1st-person singular hefjumk hófumk
2nd-person singular hefsk hófzk
3rd-person singular hefsk hófsk
1st-person plural hefjumsk hófumsk
2nd-person plural hefizk hófuzk
3rd-person plural hefjask hófusk
subjunctive present past
1st-person singular hefjumk hœfumk
2nd-person singular hefisk hœfisk
3rd-person singular hefisk hœfisk
1st-person plural hefimsk hœfimsk
2nd-person plural hefizk hœfizk
3rd-person plural hefisk hœfisk
imperative present
2nd-person singular hefsk
1st-person plural hefjumsk
2nd-person plural hefizk

Descendants

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  • Icelandic: hefja
  • Faroese: hevja
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: hevja; (dialectal) høvja
  • Old Swedish: hæfia
  • Danish: hæve
    • Norwegian Bokmål: heve
      • → Norwegian Nynorsk: heva

References

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  • “hefja”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press
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