侯

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See also: 候, and 矦
侯 U+4FAF, 侯
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4FAF
← 侮
[U+4FAE] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 侰 →
[U+4FB0]

Translingual

Stroke order
9 strokes

Han character

侯 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 人弓一大 (ONMK), four-corner 27234, composition ⿰亻⿱⿱𠃍一矢 or ⿰亻⿱⿱乛一矢)

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 103, character 7
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 633
  • Dae Jaweon: page 218, character 20
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 167, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+4FAF

Chinese

trad. 侯
simp. # 侯
2nd round simp. 𫶬
alternative forms 矦 ancient form
𥎦 ancient form
𬾗 historical variant
𬾃 historical variant
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 侯
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
j13283
j13284
j13285
j13286
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j13360
j13361
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j13364
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Transcribed ancient scripts
L33678
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L12079
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References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (侯) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
緱 *koː, *koː
侯 *ɡoː
喉 *ɡoː
猴 *ɡoː
瘊 *ɡoː
篌 *ɡoː
糇 *ɡoː
帿 *ɡoː
睺 *ɡoː, *ɡoːs
矦 *ɡoː
餱 *ɡoː
翭 *ɡoː
葔 *ɡoː
鄇 *ɡoː, *ɡoːs
鍭 *ɡoː, *ɡoːs
鯸 *ɡoː
候 *ɡoːs
堠 *ɡoːs

Pictogram (象形) – a target for arrows.

Etymology

"target" > "prince, marquis"
侯 (OC *ɡoː)'s connection to archery is noted by Schuessler (2007), Theobald (2017)[1], Goldin (2021), etc. Goldin further relates it to 鍭 (OC *ɡoː, *ɡoːs, “arrow with metal tip”), which Schuessler instead relates to 后 (OC *ɡoːʔ, *ɡoːs).
Schuessler (2007) proposes an Austroasiatic etymology, comparing 侯 (OC *ɡoː) to Khmer គាស់ (kŏəh, “to raise (a crossbow) with a view to aiming”), Khmer [script needed] (kpoḥ, “to be raised up, clearly visible”), & Khmer [script needed] (goḥ, “to hit (squarely)”).
When meaning "target > prince, marquis", possibly distinct from 后 (OC *ɡoːʔ, *ɡoːs, “(head >) ruler > queen”) (Schuessler, 2007; Goldin, 2021).
Its derivatives, from sense "target (n.) > to target (v.)", are 候 (OC *ɡoːs) & 觀 (OC *koːn, *koːns), both meaning "to watch" (Schuessler, 2007); contra Lau (1999), who thinks sense "to watch" to be fundamental and "target; lord, marquis" to be derivatives..
"to be; to have"
Austroasiatic (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Proto-Vietic *kɔːʔ (“to have, to be”) and Proto-Monic *gooʔ (“to get, to possess”); compare also Jingpho gu³¹ (“to have”).

Pronunciation 1

Lua error in Module:wuu-pron at line 245: Invalid syllable: 3hhu. Wugniu expected, but another romanisation is supplied.

Definitions

侯

  1. marquis; lord
  2. (obsolete) target
  3. (obsolete) to be, to have
  4. a surname
    侯孝賢／侯孝贤  ―  Hóu Xiàoxián  ―  Hou Hsiao-hsien (Taiwanese film director)

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (侯):
  • → Japanese: 侯(こう) (kō, “marquess”)
  • → Korean: 후(侯) (hu, “marquess”)
  • → Vietnamese: hầu (侯, “marquess”)

Others:

Pronunciation 2

Note:
  • hô͘ - literary (common);
  • hō͘ - literary (rare);
  • hāu - vernacular (rare).

Definitions

侯

  1. Only used in 閩侯／闽侯 (Mǐnhòu).

Japanese

Kanji

侯

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. marquis
  2. lord
  3. daimyo

Readings

  • Go-on: ぐ (gu)
  • Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
  • Kun: まと (mato, 侯)、きみ (kimi, 侯)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 侯 (MC huw).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

侯 (eumhun 제후 후 (jehu hu))

  1. hanja form? of 후 (“marquis; lord”)
  2. hanja form? of 후 (“target in archery”)

Compounds

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

Han character

侯: Hán Nôm readings: hậu, hầu

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

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