或

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See also: 咸, 戓, 哉, and 彧
或 U+6216, 或
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6216
← 戕
[U+6215] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 戗 →
[U+6217]

Translingual

Stroke order
8 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

或 (Kangxi radical 62, 戈+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 戈口一 (IRM), four-corner 53100, composition ⿹戈⿱口㇀)

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 412, character 18
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11563
  • Dae Jaweon: page 754, character 17
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1402, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+6216

Chinese

simp. and trad.
 或
alternative forms 戓 ancient
𢈿 ancient

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 或
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Guwen Sishengyun (compiled in Song) Jizhuan Guwen Yunhai (compiled in Song) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts Transcribed ancient scripts Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (或) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
幗 *kʷɯːɡs, *kʷrɯːɡ
慖 *kʷɯːɡs, *kʷrɯːɡ
簂 *kʷɯːɡs
蔮 *kʷɯːɡs
國 *kʷɯːɡ
或 *ɡʷɯːɡ
惑 *ɡʷɯːɡ
蜮 *ɡʷɯːɡ, *ɢʷrɯɡ
閾 *qʰʷrɯɡ
緎 *qʰʷrɯɡ, *ɡʷrɯɡ
淢 *qʰʷrɯɡ, *ɡʷrɯɡ
域 *ɢʷrɯɡ
罭 *ɢʷrɯɡ
棫 *ɡʷrɯɡ
琙 *ɡʷrɯɡ
魊 *ɡʷrɯɡ
馘 *kʷrɯːɡ
聝 *kʷrɯːɡ
膕 *kʷrɯːɡ
摑 *kʷrɯːɡ
漍 *kʷrɯːɡ
嘓 *kʷrɯːɡ
蟈 *kʷrɯːɡ
掝 *qʰʷrɯːɡ
彧 *qʷrɯɡ
稶 *qʷɯɡ

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 戈 (“dagger-axe (used to defend the territory)”) + 囗 (“city wall”) + 一, “territory”.

Borrowed for abstract meanings. The derivative 國 (OC *kʷɯːɡ) and 域 (OC *ɢʷrɯɡ) refer to the original word.

Etymology

或 (OC *ɡʷɯːɡ, “someone; some”) is the result of the distributive suffix *-k being added to 有 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, “there is”).

Cognate with 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “again”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation 1

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 或
Mandarin Beijing /xuo⁵¹/
Harbin /xuei²¹³/
/xuo⁵³/
Tianjin /xɤ⁵³/
Jinan /xuei⁴²/
Qingdao /xuə⁴²/
/xue⁴²/
Zhengzhou /xuai⁴²/
Xi'an /xuei²⁴/
Xining /xuɨ²⁴/
Yinchuan /xuə¹³/
Lanzhou /xuə¹³/
Ürümqi /xuɤ²¹³/
Wuhan /xuɤ²¹³/
Chengdu /xue³¹/
Guiyang /xuɛ²¹/
Kunming /xo³¹/
Nanjing /xueʔ⁵/
Hefei /xuɐʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /xuəʔ²/
Pingyao /xuʌʔ⁵³/
Hohhot /xuaʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /ɦoʔ¹/
Suzhou /ɦuəʔ³/
Hangzhou /ɦoʔ²/
Wenzhou /va²¹³/
Hui Shexian /xuɛʔ²¹/
Tunxi /xo⁵/
Xiang Changsha /xo²⁴/
Xiangtan /ho²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /fɛʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /fet̚⁵/
Taoyuan /fet̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /wak̚²/
Nanning /wak̚²²/
Hong Kong /wak̚²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hik̚⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /høyʔ⁵/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xo²⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /hok̚⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /hok̚³/
Rime
Character 或
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 德 (132)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 胡國切
Baxter hwok
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦwək̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦʷək̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣuək̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦwək̚/
Li
Rong 		/ɣuək̚/
Wang
Li 		/ɣuək̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ɣwək̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		huó
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		wak6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 或
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		huò
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hwok ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ɢ]ʷˁək/
English some; or

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 或
Reading # 1/1
No. 5548
Phonetic
component 		或
Rime
group 		職
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		或
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡʷɯːɡ/

Definitions

或

  1. or; either ... or ... (used to list alternatives)
    中國或日本／中国或日本  ―  Zhōngguó huò Rìběn  ―  China or Japan
    或多或少  ―  huòduōhuòshào  ―  more or less, some amount
    可以說兩種或兩種以上的語言 [MSC, trad.]
    可以说两种或两种以上的语言 [MSC, simp.]
    kěyǐ shuō liǎng zhǒng huò liǎng zhǒng yǐshàng de yǔyán [Pinyin]
    able to speak two or more languages
  2. (chiefly in news headlines) perhaps; maybe
    代表團已出發，明天上午或可到達。 [MSC, trad.]
    代表团已出发，明天上午或可到达。 [MSC, simp.]
    Dàibiǎotuán yǐ chūfā, míngtiān shàngwǔ huò kě dàodá. [Pinyin]
    The delegation has set out, and will probably arrive tomorrow morning.
  3. occasionally; sometimes
  4. if; assuming; should ...
  5. (logic, computing) OR; inclusive or
  6. particle used in negative sentences to reinforce the negative tone
  7. † some; someone; something
  8. † doubt[1]

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (或):
  • → Vietnamese: hoặc (或)

Pronunciation 2

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 或
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		yù
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hwik ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ɢ]ʷrək/
English territory

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Definitions

或

  1. † Original form of 域 (yù, “range; territory”).
  2. † Original form of 國／国 (guó, “country”).

References

  1. ^ Jing-Schmidt, Zhuo, Peng, Xinjia (2016 February 1) “The emergence of disjunction: A history of constructionalization in Chinese”, in Cognitive Linguistics‎[1], volume 27, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 101–136

Japanese

Kanji

或

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

  1. a certain ...; some ...​

Readings

  • Go-on: わく (waku)
  • Kan-on: こく (koku)
  • Kun: ある (aru, 或る)、あるいは (arui wa, 或るいは)

Korean

Hanja

或 • (hok) (hangeul 혹, revised hok, McCune–Reischauer hok, Yale hok)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

或: Hán Nôm readings: hoặc, hoắc

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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