Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰers-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*bʰers-

1. top, tip, point

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰers- (11 c, 0 e)

• *bʰars- ~ *bʰors- ~ *bʰor-es- (“spike, prickle”) (possibly)
  • Albanian: bar (“grass”)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *buras (< *bʰr̥-(e)s-)
    • Proto-Slavic: *bъrъ (“foxtail millet”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Celtic: *bargos, *barginā (“cake, bread”)
    • Breton: bara (“bread”)
    • Old Cornish: bara
    • Old Irish: bairgen (“bread, loaf”)
    • Welsh: bara (“bread”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *baraz (“spiky leaves, needles of the fir or pine; awn; barley”)
    • English: bere, barley
    • ⇒ Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌶𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (barizeins, “barley”)
    • Old Norse: barr (“grain”)
  • Proto-Italic: *fars
    • Latin: far (“type of husked wheat, emmer; grain, flour, grits”)
    • Faliscan: 𐌅𐌀𐌓 (far, “emmer wheat”)

• *bʰr̥s-ko-s or *bʰr̥s-ḱo-s
  • >? Proto-Germanic: *bruskaz (“tuft; thicket”) (or from *bʰrus-go-?)
    • Frankish: *brusk
      • → Old French: brosse, broce, broche
        • → Middle English: brusche, brusshe
          • English: brush
    • Old Norse: brúskr
      • Icelandic: brúskur
      • Norwegian: brusk (“shrub, undergrowth”)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *pʰərskos
    • >? Ancient Greek: *φαρσκος (*pharskos)
      • Ancient Greek: φάσκος (pháskos, “tufts of moss”)

• *bʰr̥s-t-yós
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *burštjás
    • Proto-Slavic: *bъ̃rščь (“hogweed”) (see there for further descendants)

• *bʰr̥s-ó-s
  • Proto-Celtic: *barros (“top, point”) (< earlier *barsos)
    • Brythonic:
      • Old Breton: barr
        • Breton: barr
      • Cornish: bar
      • Middle Welsh: barr
        • Welsh: bar
    • Old Irish: barr

• *bʰérs-ti-s ~ *bʰr̥s-tí-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *burstiz (“bristle”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰr̥štíš
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰr̥ṣṭíṣ
      • Sanskrit: भृष्टि (bhṛṣṭí, “a point, top”)
    • Proto-Iranian: *br̥štíš
      • Avestan: 𐬬𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎-𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬙- (vo^uru-bar^əšt-, “northwest side of the earth”)
  • Proto-Italic: *farstjagjom
    • Latin: fastīgium (“sharp point”) (see there for further descendants)

• *bʰors-i(H)n- ~ *bʰars-i(H)n-
  • *bʰors-in-óm ~ *bʰars-in-óm n
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baršina
      • Proto-Slavic: *bȏršьno (“flour, food”)
      • ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bar(š)- + *-ība
        • Latvian: barĩba (“food”)
  • *bʰors-iHn-eh₂ ~ *bʰars-iHn-eh₂ f
    • Proto-Italic: *farsīnā
      • Latin: fārīna (“flour”) (< *farrina)

• *bʰórs-o-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *barsaz (“pike, bass”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *barskaz
    • Old Saxon: *barsk
      • Middle Low German: barsch (“sharp, rough, stern”)
        • → German: barsch
        • → Danish: barsk
        • → Norwegian: barsk
        • → Swedish: barsk

• Unsorted formations:
  • Lithuanian: brū̃sgai m pl (“underbrush”)

Compounds

• *bʰers-dʰh₁eti
  • *bʰros-dʰ(h₁)-o- (with vowel metathesis)
    • Proto-Celtic: *brosdos
      • Old Irish: brot (“goad, spike”)
    • Proto-Germanic: *brazdaz, *brazdą (“edge, brim”)
      • Proto-West Germanic: *braʀd m
        • Old English: breard (“brim, margin”)
        • Old High German: brart (“edge”)
          • Middle High German: brart (“edge; board”)
      • Old Norse: *bradd
        • Elfdalian: bradd m (“edge”)
        • Icelandic: bradd n (“edge”)
        • Norwegian: bradd n (“shore, side”)
    • Proto-Germanic: *bruzdaz (“point, spike, thorn”) (see there for further descendants)