侯

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Archived revision by RcAlex36 (talk | contribs) as of 02:57, 25 August 2024.
Jump to navigation Jump to search
See also: 候, and 矦
侯 U+4FAF, 侯
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4FAF
← 侮
[U+4FAE] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 侰 →
[U+4FB0]

Translingual

Stroke order
9 strokes

Han character

侯 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 人弓一大 (ONMK), four-corner 27234, composition ⿰亻⿱⿱𠃍一矢 or ⿰亻⿱⿱乛一矢)

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 103, character 7
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 633
  • Dae Jaweon: page 218, character 20
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 167, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+4FAF

Chinese

trad. 侯
simp. # 侯
2nd round simp. 𫶬
alternative forms 矦 ancient form
𥎦 ancient form
𬾗 historical variant
𬾃 historical variant
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 侯
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
j13283
j13284
j13285
j13286
j13287
j13288
j13289
j13290
j13291
j13292
j13293
j13294
j13295
j13296
j13297
j13298
j13299
j13300
j13301
j13302
j13303
j13304
j13305
j13306
j13307
j13308
j13309
j13310
j13311
j13312
j13313
j13314
j13315
j13316
j13317
j13318
j13319
j13320
j13321
j13322
j13323
j13324
j13325
j13326
j13327
j13328
j13329
j13330
j13331
j13332
j13333
j13334
j13335
j13336
j13337
j13338
j13339
j13340
j13341
j13342
j13343
j13344
j13345
j13346
j13347
j13348
j13349
j13350
j13351
j13352
j13353
j13354
j13355
j13356
j13357
j13358
j13359
j13360
j13361
j13362
j13363
j13364
b08167
b08168
b08169
b08170
b08171
b08172
b08173
b08174
b08175
b08176
b08177
b08178
b08179
b08180
b08181
b08182
b08183
b08184
b08185
b08186
b08187
b08188
b08189
b08190
b08191
b08192
b08193
b08194
b08195
b08196
b08197
b08198
b08199
b08200
b08201
b08202
b08203
b08204
b08205
b08206
b08207
b08208
b08209
b08210
b08211
b08213
b08214
b08215
b08216
b08217
b08218
b08219
b08220
b08221
b08222
b08223
b08224
b08225
b08226
b08227
b08228
b08229
b08230
b08231
b08232
b08233
b08234
b08235
b08236
b08237
b08238
b08239
b08240
b08241
b08242
b08243
b08244
b08245
b08246
b08247
b08248
Transcribed ancient scripts
L33678
L33679
L33680
L33681
L33682
L33683
L33684
L33685
L33686
L33687
L33688
L12079
L12080
L12081
L12082
L12083
L12084
L12085
L12086
L12087
L12088
L12089
L12090
L12091
L12092
L12093
L12094
L12095
L12096
L12097
L12098
L12099
L12100
L12101
L12102
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (侯) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
緱 *koː, *koː
侯 *ɡoː
喉 *ɡoː
猴 *ɡoː
瘊 *ɡoː
篌 *ɡoː
糇 *ɡoː
帿 *ɡoː
睺 *ɡoː, *ɡoːs
矦 *ɡoː
餱 *ɡoː
翭 *ɡoː
葔 *ɡoː
鄇 *ɡoː, *ɡoːs
鍭 *ɡoː, *ɡoːs
鯸 *ɡoː
候 *ɡoːs
堠 *ɡoːs

Pictogram (象形) – a target for arrows.

Etymology

"target" > "prince, marquis"
侯 (OC *ɡoː)'s connection to archery is noted by Schuessler (2007), Theobald (2017)[1], Goldin (2021), etc. Goldin further relates it to 鍭 (OC *ɡoː, *ɡoːs, “arrow with metal tip”), which Schuessler instead relates to 后 (OC *ɡoːʔ, *ɡoːs).
Schuessler (2007) proposes an Austroasiatic etymology, comparing 侯 (OC *ɡoː) to Khmer គាស់ (kŏəh, “to raise (a crossbow) with a view to aiming”), Khmer [script needed] (kpoḥ, “to be raised up, clearly visible”), & Khmer [script needed] (goḥ, “to hit (squarely)”).
When meaning "target > prince, marquis", possibly distinct from 后 (OC *ɡoːʔ, *ɡoːs, “(head >) ruler > queen”) (Schuessler, 2007; Goldin, 2021).
Its derivatives, from sense "target (n.) > to target (v.)", are 候 (OC *ɡoːs) & 觀 (OC *koːn, *koːns), both meaning "to watch" (Schuessler, 2007); contra Lau (1999), who thinks sense "to watch" to be fundamental and "target; lord, marquis" to be derivatives..
"to be; to have"
Austroasiatic (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Proto-Vietic *kɔːʔ (“to have, to be”) and Proto-Monic *gooʔ (“to get, to possess”); compare also Jingpho gu³¹ (“to have”).

Pronunciation 1

Note:
  • hô͘/hiô - literary (incl. surname in Xiamen and Zhangzhou);
  • kâu - vernacular (incl. surname, dated in Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou);
  • hâu - vernacular (incl. surname in Quanzhou and Taiwan).
Note:
  • hou5 - all senses (incl. surname);
  • gao5 - surname.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 侯
Mandarin Beijing /xou³⁵/
Harbin /xou²⁴/
Tianjin /xou⁴⁵/
Jinan /xou⁴²/
Qingdao /xou⁴²/
Zhengzhou /xou⁴²/
Xi'an /xou²⁴/
Xining /xɯ²⁴/
Yinchuan /xəu⁵³/
Lanzhou /xou⁵³/
Ürümqi /xɤu⁵¹/
Wuhan /xəu²¹³/
Chengdu /xəu³¹/
Guiyang /xəu²¹/
Kunming /xəu³¹/
Nanjing /xəɯ²⁴/
Hefei /xɯ⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /xəu¹¹/
Pingyao /xəu¹³/
Hohhot /xəu³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ɦɤ²³/
Suzhou /ɦɤ¹³/
Hangzhou /ɦei²¹³/
Wenzhou /ɦau³¹/
Hui Shexian /xiu⁴⁴/
Tunxi
Xiang Changsha /xəu¹³/
Xiangtan /ɦəɯ¹²/
Gan Nanchang /hɛu²⁴/
Hakka Meixian /heu¹¹/
Taoyuan /heu¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hɐu²¹/
Nanning /hɐu²¹/
Hong Kong /hɐu²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hɔ³⁵/
/kau³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /hɛu⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /e²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /hou⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /hɔu³¹/
Rime
Character 侯
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 侯 (137)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 戸鉤切
Baxter huw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦəu/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦəu/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣəu/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦəw/
Li
Rong 		/ɣu/
Wang
Li 		/ɣəu/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ɣə̯u/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		hóu
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		hau4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 侯
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		hóu
Middle
Chinese 		‹ huw ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ɡ]ˁ(r)o/
English feudal lord

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 侯
Reading # 1/1
No. 5139
Phonetic
component 		侯
Rime
group 		侯
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡoː/
Notes 矦隸變

Definitions

侯

  1. marquis; lord
  2. (obsolete) target
  3. (obsolete) to be, to have
  4. a surname
    侯孝賢／侯孝贤  ―  Hóu Xiàoxián  ―  Hou Hsiao-hsien (Taiwanese film director)

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (侯):
  • → Japanese: 侯(こう) (kō, “marquess”)
  • → Korean: 후(侯) (hu, “marquess”)
  • → Vietnamese: hầu (侯, “marquess”)

Others:

Pronunciation 2

Note:
  • hô͘ - literary (common);
  • hō͘ - literary (rare);
  • hāu - vernacular (rare).

Definitions

侯

  1. Only used in 閩侯／闽侯 (Mǐnhòu).

Japanese

Kanji

侯

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. marquis
  2. lord
  3. daimyo

Readings

  • Go-on: ぐ (gu)
  • Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
  • Kun: まと (mato, 侯)、きみ (kimi, 侯)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 侯 (MC huw).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

侯 (eumhun 제후 후 (jehu hu))

  1. hanja form? of 후 (“marquis; lord”)
  2. hanja form? of 후 (“target in archery”)

Compounds

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

Han character

侯: Hán Nôm readings: hậu, hầu

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=侯&oldid=81380676"