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See also: , ح, ج, خ, and Շ

U+3067, で
HIRAGANA LETTER DE
Composition: [U+3066] + ◌゙ [U+3099]

[U+3066]
Hiragana
[U+3068]

Japanese

Stroke order
3 strokes

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

The hiragana character (te) with a dakuten ().

Syllable

(de

  1. The hiragana syllable (de). Its equivalent in katakana is (de).
See also

Etymology 2

Originally a contraction of にて (nite), later treated as a conjugation of the copula (da).

Particle

(de

  1. at: indicating a location at which something happens
    ここ(やす)たい。
    Koko de yasumitai.
    I want to rest in here (at this location).
  2. with, by, using: indicating the means by or with which something happens
    (ふで)ペン()
    fudepen de kaku
    to write with a brush pen
    ()(てん)(しゃ)()きましょう。
    Jitensha de ikimashō.
    Let's go by bicycle.
  3. (Can we verify(+) this sense?) in: indicating the containing by something
    (しろ)(みず)()(およ)いでみた
    Shiromizugi de oyoidemita
    I tried to swim in white swimsuit
Alternative forms
  • (formal) にて (nite)
  • (informal, playful) de (de)

Adverb

(de

  1. (informal) indicating the following sentence is a consequence of something previously stated: and then; therefore
    De?
    So what?
    どうする
    De? Dō suru?
    Well? What will you do?
    オリンピックやめませんか?
    De, Orinpikku yamemasen ka?
    Then, should we just give up the Olympic Games?

Verb

(de

  1. is/am/are ... and: the て-form or conjunctive form of (da)
    これ(ほん)とても(おも)(しろ)です。
    Kore wa hon de, totemo omoshiroi desu.
    This is a book, and it is very interesting.

See also

Etymology 3

Considered to be a contraction of (nite), where the ni is the continuative form of the negative auxiliary (zu). In use since Early Middle Japanese,[1] and first attested in The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter of the late 800s.[2]

Suffix

(-de

  1. [from late 800s] (Classical Japanese, archaic) Attaches to the 未然形 (mizenkei, irrealis or incomplete form) of verbs to form the negative conjunctive, equivalent to the modern ないで (-naide) or ずに (-zuni).

Etymology 4

Corrupted from (ze, sentence-ending particle signifying emphasis).

Particle

(de

  1. (dialectal, chiefly Kansai) sentence-ending particle signifying emphasis
    そないな(こと)したらあかん
    Sonai na koto shitara akan de.
    You shouldn't do things like that.

References

  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ ”, in 日本国語大辞典[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006