machina

French

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ma.ʃi.na/
• Homophones: machinas, machinât

Verb

machina

1. third-person singular past historic of machiner

Italian

Noun

machina f (plural machine)

1. (archaic or dialectal) Alternative form of macchina

Latin

Etymology

Borrowed from Doric Greek μᾱχᾰνᾱ́ (mākhanā́, “machine, tool”) (compare Attic Greek μηχανή (mēkhanḗ)), an early borrowing, considering the vowel reduction of unstressed /a/ to /ĭ/.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈmaː.kʰi.na/, [ˈmäːkʰɪnä]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈma.ki.na/, [ˈmäːkinä]

Noun

māchina f (genitive māchinae); first declension

1. machine
   • specifically, a war machine, military engine, siege engine
     • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 2.45–48:

       “Aut hoc inclūsī lignō occultantur Achīvī,
       aut haec in nostrōs fabricāta est māchina mūrōs,
       īnspectūra domōs ventūraque dēsuper urbī,
       aut aliquis latet error [...].”

       “Either the Grecian [warriors], having enclosed [themselves] in this wood[en horse], are hiding [there], or else they have built a [war] machine [for use] against our walls, to watch [our] homes and reach [our] city from above, or it conceals some other deception [...].” – Laocoön
       (See: Roman siege engines.)

2. scheme, plan, machination
3. mill

Declension

First-declension noun.

	singular	plural
nominative	māchina	māchinae
genitive	māchinae	māchinārum
dative	māchinae	māchinīs
accusative	māchinam	māchinās
ablative	māchinā	māchinīs
vocative	māchina	māchinae

Derived terms

• deus ex māchinā
• māchinālis
• māchinārius
• māchinō
• māchinor
• māchinula

Related terms

• mechanismus

Descendants

• Dalmatian: mucna
• Italian: macina

  Tuscan: maina (Lucca)

• Lombard: masna (Alpine)
• Sardinian: maghina

Learned borrowings:

• → Albanian: makinë
• → Arabic: ماكينة (mākīna)
  • → Central Kurdish: مەکینە (mekîne)
• → Asturian: máquina
• → Catalan: màquina
• → Egyptian Arabic: مكنة (makana)
• → Friulian: màchine
• → Galician: máquina
• → Hebrew: מכונה (mkhoná)
• → Hijazi Arabic: مَكِينَة (makīna)
• → Italian: macchina, machina (archaic or dialectal)
  • → Amharic: መኪና (mäkina)
  • → Ottoman Turkish: ماكینه (makina), ماكنه (makina)
    • Turkish: makine, makina
      • → Northern Kurdish: makîne f
    • → Armenian: մաքինա (makʻina)
  • → Slavomolisano: magina
• → Middle French: machine
  • French: machine (see there for further descendants)
  • → English: machine (see there for further descendants)
• → Norman: machinne
• → Occitan: maquina
• → Polish: machina
• → Portuguese: máquina
• → Romansch: maschina, maschegna
• → Sicilian: màchina
  • → Maltese: magna, makna, makina (obsolete)
• → Spanish: máquina (see there for further descendants)

References

• Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1911) “machĭna”, in Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), page 376

Further reading

• “machina”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “machina”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• machina in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• machina in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• machina in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎^[1], pre-publication website, 2005-2016

Polish

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin māchina, from Doric Ancient Greek μᾱχᾰνᾱ́ (mākhanā́). Doublet of maszyna (“machine”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /maˈxi.na/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ina
• Syllabification: ma‧chi‧na

Noun

machina f

1. heavy machinery
2. complex system
3. (archaic) machine

   Synonym: maszyna

Declension

Declension of machina

	singular	plural
nominative	machina	machiny
genitive	machiny	machin
dative	machinie	machinom
accusative	machinę	machiny
instrumental	machiną	machinami
locative	machinie	machinach
vocative	machino	machiny

Further reading

• machina in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• machina in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Portuguese

Noun

machina f (plural machinas)

1. Pre-reform spelling (until Brazil 1943/Portugal 1911) of máquina.