Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kʷekyos

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

Connected since Delamarre to Sanskrit शक् (śak, “to be able”), reconstructing a putative Proto-Indo-European *kʷekʷ-, albeit requiring that Sanskrit dissimilate the first labiovelar into a palatovelar.^[1] However, Germanicists sought to claim that Sanskrit root as related to Proto-Germanic *hagaz (“capable”),^[2] which cannot be reconciled with the Celtic forms.

Adjective

*kʷekyos^[3]

courageous, strong

Inflection

O/ā-stem
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kʷekyos	*kʷekyou	*kʷekyoi
vocative	*kʷekye	*kʷekyou	*kʷekyoi
accusative	*kʷekyom	*kʷekyou	*kʷekyoms
genitive	*kʷekyī	*kʷekyous	*kʷekyom
dative	*kʷekyūi	*kʷekyobom	*kʷekyobos
instrumental	*kʷekyū	*kʷekyobim	*kʷekyobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kʷekyā	*kʷekyai	*kʷekyās
vocative	*kʷekyā	*kʷekyai	*kʷekyās
accusative	*kʷekyam	*kʷekyai	*kʷekyams
genitive	*kʷekyās	*kʷekyous	*kʷekyom
dative	*kʷekyai	*kʷekyābom	*kʷekyābos
instrumental	*?	*kʷekyābim	*kʷekyābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kʷekyom	*kʷekyou	*kʷekyā
vocative	*kʷekyom	*kʷekyou	*kʷekyā
accusative	*kʷekyom	*kʷekyou	*kʷekyā
genitive	*kʷekyī	*kʷekyous	*kʷekyom
dative	*kʷekyūi	*kʷekyobom	*kʷekyobos
instrumental	*kʷekyū	*kʷekyobim	*kʷekyobis

Declension of the comparative
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kʷekyyūs	*?	*kʷekyyoses
vocative	*kʷekyyūs	*?	*kʷekyyoses
accusative	*kʷekyyosam	*?	*kʷekyyosams
genitive	*kʷekyisos	*?	*kʷekyisom
dative	*kʷekyisei	*?	*kʷekyisbos
instrumental	*kʷekyisī	*?	*kʷekyisbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kʷekyyūs	*?	*kʷekyyoses
vocative	*kʷekyyūs	*?	*kʷekyyoses
accusative	*kʷekyyosam	*?	*kʷekyyosams
genitive	*kʷekyisos	*?	*kʷekyisom
dative	*kʷekyisei	*?	*kʷekyisbos
instrumental	*kʷekyisī	*?	*kʷekyisbis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kʷekyis	*?	*?
vocative	*kʷekyis	*?	*?
accusative	*kʷekyis	*?	*?
genitive	*kʷekyisos	*?	*kʷekyisom
dative	*kʷekyisei	*?	*kʷekyisbos
instrumental	*kʷekyisī	*?	*kʷekyisbis

Derived terms

*Kʷekyā

Related terms

*kʷekʷros

Descendants

Classical Gaelic: cich (only in Early Modern era glosses)

References

^ Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “peccia”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 247
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 149
^ Stifter, David (2023) “The rise of gemination in Celtic”, in Open Research Europe‎^[2], volume 3, number 24, →DOI, page 30

[1] Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “peccia”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 247

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 149

[3] Stifter, David (2023) “The rise of gemination in Celtic”, in Open Research Europe‎^[2], volume 3, number 24, →DOI, page 30

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[2]

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