Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰreh₁d-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

*ǵʰleh₂d- (found at least in Old Irish ad·gládathar and Ancient Greek κέχλᾱδα (kékhlāda))

Root

*ǵʰreh₁d-^[1]^[2]

to sound

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵʰreh₁d- (1 c, 0 e)

*ǵʰréh₁d-e-ti (thematic present)^[1]^[2]
- Proto-Germanic: *grētaną (“to weep, cry”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰráHdati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰráHdati
    - Sanskrit: ह्रादते (hrā́date, “to sound, make noise”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *jráHdati
    - >? Avestan: 𐬰𐬭𐬁𐬛𐬀 (zrāda, “chainmail”)
*ǵʰroh₁d-éye-ti (causative)^[1]^[2]
- >? Proto-Celtic: *glādītor^[3] (deponent)
  - ⇒ Old Irish: ad·gládathar (“to address”)
- Proto-Germanic: *grōtijaną (“to cause to weep, scold, address”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: κέχλαδα (kékhlada, “to sound, sing aloud”)
Proto-Tocharian:
- Tocharian B: krāt- (“to challenge”)^[4]
Celtic:
- Middle Welsh: griddfan^[5]
  - Welsh: griddfan (“to groan”)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*ĝʰreh₁d-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 202
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*grētan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 187-188: “*ǵʰreh₁d-”
^ Gordon, Randall Clark (2012) “-glád-i-_ᴅᴇᴘ ‘speak’”, in Derivational Morphology of the Early Irish Verbal Noun, Los Angeles: University of California, 3.1.55., page 216
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “krāt-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 230
^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2023) “?*gʰreh₁d- ‘stürzen’”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎^[2], page 27

[LIV-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*ĝʰreh₁d-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 202

[Kroonen-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*grētan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 187-188: “*ǵʰreh₁d-”

[3] Gordon, Randall Clark (2012) “-glád-i-_ᴅᴇᴘ ‘speak’”, in Derivational Morphology of the Early Irish Verbal Noun, Los Angeles: University of California, 3.1.55., page 216

[4] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “krāt-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 230

[Kummel-5] Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2023) “?*gʰreh₁d- ‘stürzen’”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎^[2], page 27

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]