PRESENTE SIMPLE

Afirmative clause / Frase afirmativa Sujeto + verbo principal --> I talk (Yo hablo) Negative clause / Frase negativa Sujeto + auxiliar negativo + verbo principal --> I don't talk (Yo no hablo) Interrogative clause/ Frase interrogativa Auxiliar + sujeto + verbo principal? --> Do I talk? (Hablo yo?)
1. El presente simple se utiliza para hablar de cosas que suceden habitualmente. Se suele utilizar con los siguientes adverbios de tiempo (ordenados segn su frecuencia): Always, every day, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, barely (apenas), hardly ever, never. - I have my lunch every day at school. (Yo como cada da en la escuela) 2. Se utiliza para hablar de acciones de larga duracin, hechos cientficos o generalidades. - Elephants live in Africa and India. (Los elefantes viven en frica y en India) Excepciones: Cuando utilizamos el verbo "to be", este siempre va delante del adverbio. Por ejemplo: - I never go to hotels (el adverbio "never" va delante del verbo principal Go) - I am always happy (el adverbio "always" va detrs del verbo principal Be) Con los horarios de trenes, autobuses, metros, aviones, etc... se utiliza siempre el presente simple independientemente de que la accin est sucediendo en el mismo momento en que hablamos. Por ejemplo: - The plain lands at 14:30 (ahora son las 14:25) - The train arrives on time today (estamos en la estacin de tren y vemos a nuestro tren acercarse al andn)

PRESENTE CONTINUO Sujeto + to be + verbo en gerundio --> I am talking (Estoy hablando) Sujeto + to be + not + verbo en gerundio --> I am not talking (No estoy hablando) To be + sujeto + verbo en gerundio? --> Am I talking? (Estoy hablando?) 1. El presente continuo se utiliza para hablar sobre algo que est pasando en el momento en el que hablamos. I'm writing a letter. Estoy escribiendo una carta. He is doing some homework. l est haciendo algunos deberes. 2.Tambin lo usamos para hablar de algo que est sucediendo en la actualidad pero no necesariamente cuando hablamos. I'm looking for a job at the moment. En estos momentos estoy buscando trabajo.

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3. Usamos el presente continuo para hablar de algo que est ya decidido que se har en el futuro. - I'm meeting a friend this evening. (He quedado con un amigo esta noche) - What are you doing next weekend? (Qu vas a hacer este fin de semana?) - we are watching a film at home. (Veremos una pelcula en casa). Excepciones: Con los verbos de sentimiento: "Like, dislike, love, hate", siempre le seguir un verbo en gerundio (-ing). Por ejemplo: Peter loves dancing (a Pedro le encanta bailar).

PASADO SIMPLE (past simple) Sujeto + verbo en pasado --> I ate (Yo com) Sujeto + did + not + verbo--> I did not eat (Yo no com) Did + sujeto + verbo? --> Did I eat? (Com yo?) 1. El pasado simple se utiliza para hablar de una accin concreta que comenz y acab en el pasado. Lo usamos con expresiones como: last year, yesterday, last night... Ejemplo: - Tomy stayed at home last night. (Tom se qued en casa anoche.) 2. Tambin podemos expresar una duracin hablando del pasado: all day, for years, for thirty minutes... Ejemplo: - Tomy talked to me for two hours. (Tom habl conmigo durante dos horas.) 3. En el pasado simple tambin se utiliza la forma "used to" (acostumbraba/sola) para expresar algo que solamos hacer en el pasado pero que ya no hacemos. Ejemplo: - When I was a child I used to watch scary films. (De pequeo/a sola ver pelculas de miedo) 4.Otras partculas La partcula Ago hace referencia a una accin terminada en un tiempo pasado y significa "hace". Siempre se coloca al final de la frase. Ejemplo: Jackie left school a long time ago (Hace tiempo que Jackie dej la escuela).

FUTURO SIMPLE Sujeto + will + verbo principal --> I will eat (Yo comer) Sujeto +will + not + verbo principal --> I will not eat (Yo no comer) Will + sujeto + verbo principal? -->Will I eat? (Comer yo?) Formas cortas I'll, you'll, he'll, she'll... (afirmativa) I won't, you won't, she won't... (negativa) Usamos el futuro simple en los siguientes casos:

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1. Decisiones recientes que no han sido planeadas con antelacin Cuando hemos decidido que vamos a hacer algo mientras estamos hablando. - I'm cold. (Tengo fro) - Don't worry, I'll close the window. (No te preocupes, ya cierro la ventana) - I have to lose weight! I'll stop to eating candies/sweets, - Tengo que perder peso! Dejar de comer caramelos. Predicciones 2. Tambin lo usamos para hablar sobre algo que sabemos o creemos que pasar en un futuro. - I think Spain will win the football match. (Creo que Espaa ganar el partido de ftbol) - I think it will be important. (Creo que ser importante) Promesas, ofrecimientos, amenazas o solicitudes - I promise you that no one will ever come between us. (Te prometo que nunca nadie se interpondr entre nosotros) - Will you come home with me? (Vendrs a casa conmigo?) Will not / Won't Utilizamos la forma negativa cuando queremos decir que alguien se niega a hacer alguna cosa. Ejemplo: I have told her to go to the conference but she won't. (Le he dicho que vaya a la conferencia pero no ir) Shall Es una partcula que se puede utilizar en los mismos contextos que will, sin embargo ha quedado relegado a contextos formales o en contextos en que la persona que habla se ofrece voluntaria para hacer algo, para ayudar, o para pedir opinin. Ejemplos: Contexto formal: We shall be late tomorrow (Maana llegaremos tarde) Ofrecimiento: Shall I open the window? (Quiere que abra la ventana?) When shall we go shopping today or tomorrow? (Cuando deberamos ir a comprar hoy o maana?)

FUTURO CONTINUO GOING TO

GOING TO + MAIN VERB Sujeto + to be + going to + verbo infinitivo --> Sandra is going to drink some coffee (Sandra va a tomarse un caf) Sujeto + to be + not + going to + verbo infinitivo --> Sandra is not going to drink some coffee (Sandra no va a tomarse un caf) To be + not + sujeto + going to + verbo principal en infinitivo? --> Is Sandra going to drink a coffee? (Va Sandra a tomarse un caf?)

GOING TO + COMPLEMENT

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Sujeto + to be + going to + complemento --> They are going to the beach (Ellos van a la playa) Sujeto + to be + not + going to + complemento --> They are not going to the beach (Ellos no van a la playa) To be + not + sujeto + going to + verbo principal en infinitivo? -->Are they going to the beach? (Van a la playa?) Planes de futuro 1. El verbo going to se utiliza para planes de futuro ya sean inmediatos o a largo plazo. El aspecto que lo diferencia del futuro con will es el sentido de "planificacin". De ah que digamos "I am going to Paris in August" (Me voy a Pars en Agosto), cuando se trata de un plan a largo plazo. En cambio, si decimos "I will go to Paris in August", el receptor entiende que el locutor acaba de tomar la decisin de irse de viaje a Pars en Agosto. As pues la diferencia est en la intencin del interlocutor!!!!! Algo va a ocurrir con certeza 2. Tambin podemos utilizar la forma going to cuando tenemos la seguridad de que algo va a suceder. En estos casos el hablante cuenta con una serie de indicadores que le permiten precedecir el futuro ms o menos inmediato sin equivocarse. Ejemplo: (si vemos a alguien poco abrigado en un da fro de lluvia) - You are going to get a cold (Vas a coger un resfriado) 3. En algunas ocasiones podemos utilizar el futuro con will o el futuro con going to para hacer predicciones indistintamente. La diferencia est en el grado de seguridad del hablante. Ejemplo: - He will fail the examen (l suspender el examen) --> Aqu tenemos un gran certeza que el va a suspender. Aqu intervienen opiniones personales subjetivas. - He is going to fail the exam (El va a suspender el examen). --> Aqu nos basamos en hechos que nos llevan a la conclusin de que el va a suspender el examen. Seguramente no ha estudiado hasta el ltimo momento. Otros Usos: Para hablar de algo que acabamos de decidir que vamos a hacer en el futuro. - I'm going to write some letters this evening. (Voy a escribir unas cartas esta noche.) Cuando vemos una accin futura a causa de una situacin del presente. - Microsoft is going to launch a new product. (Microsoft va a lanzar un nuevo producto.) Para hablar de planes o ambiciones para el futuro. - I'm going to have a year off. (Voy a tomarme un ao sabtico.) - He is going to work in a restaurant in Paris. (l va a trabajar en un restaurante en Pars.) PRETERITO PERFECTO Sujeto + have/has + verbo en participio --> I have eaten (Yo he comido)

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Sujeto + have/has + not + verbo en participio --> I have not eaten (Yo no he comido) Have/Has + sujeto + verbo en participio? -->Have I eaten? (He comido yo?) 1. El Present Perfect se utiliza para hablar de algo que empez en el pasado y contina en el presente. Ejemplo: - I have been here for two hours. (Llevo aqu dos horas) - I have read this book very quickly. (He ledo este libro muy rpido) Los tiempos perfectos pueden ir acompaados de partculas como for, during, since, ago, just, already, yet. For/during: ambos significan durante, pero se utilizan de manera diferente. For --> siempre se utiliza junto con expresiones que indiquen un periodo de tiempo como cuatro horas, dos meses, 6 aos... Ejemplo: I have been here for two hours (He estado aqu durante dos horas) During --> se utiliza seguido de un nombre. Ejemplo: We have talked during the night. (Hemos hablado durante la noche) Since: Since significa desde y lo usamos para especificar un momento determinado en el tiempo: last night, yesterday, the second world war... Ejemplo: My mother has been a teacher since 1955. (Mi madre ha sido profesora desde 1955) Just: Se utiliza para indicar que una accin acaba de tener lugar y siempre se coloca entre el verbo Have y el participio. Ejemplo: She has just gone out. (Se acaba de ir) Already: Es muy parecido a just en cuanto a que ocupa la misma posicin entre el verbo have y el participio, pero su significado es "ya". Ejemplo: I've been already seen that film. (Ya he visto esa pelcula) Yet: Significa "todava" y se coloca siempre a final de la frase. Ejemplo: She hasn't seen your brother yet. (Ella todava no ha visto a tu hermano) 2. Usamos el present perfect para hablar sobre experiencias que hemos tenido en la vida. Ejemplo: Have you ever been in love? (Has estado alguna vez enamorado?) 3. Tambin usamos el present perfect para hablar sobre una accin pasada, cuando vemos los resultados en el presente. Ejemplo: He has had a heart attack. (he is at hospital) Ha tenido un ataque al corazn (est en el hospital)

PRETERITO PERFECTO CONTINUO

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sintaxis: sujeto + have / has + been (participio del verbo to be) + verbo en infinitivo + terminacin ing Ejemplo: I have been working all day. (He estado trabajando todo el da) 1. Usamos este tiempo cuando queremos expresar el sentido de la continuidad de una accin que ha comenzado en el pasado y que dura todava en el presente o que acaba de terminar. Nos referimos a algo que hemos estado haciendo en un perodo de tiempo, por ejemplo: for two weeks, for two hours, for five minutes, since yesterday... Ejemplo 1 : I'm very angry. I have been waiting for two hours! (Estoy muy enfadado. He estado esperando durante dos horas!.) En este caso la accin empez en el pasado y acaba de terminar pero los efectos o consecuencias de la accin duran en estos momentos, que sera estar enfadados. Ejemplo 2: I have been working on this issue since the morning. -now I'm still working on it(He estado trabajando en este asunto desde la maana -ahora todava estoy trabajando en l-) En este caso he estado realizando una accin en el pasado, que todava continuo realizando. Ejemplo 3: I'm tired because I have been dancing all the day. (Estoy cansado porque he estado bailando todo el da.) En este caso nos habla de una accin que empez en el pasado y que acaba de terminar y por la cual estamos cansados ahora. Ejemplo 4: It has been raining all the week. (Ha estado lloviendo toda la semana) En este caso la accin empez en el pasado y contina en el presente. Ejemplo 5: I think she has been crying. (Creo que ha estado llorando) Cuando no indicamos la duracin de la accin damos a entender que ha sido recientemente. Ejemplo 6: They've been living here since I was young. (Ellos han estado viviendo aqu desde que yo era joven)They've been working here since I was eighteen. (Ellos han estado trabajando aqu desde que yo tena 18 aos) En estos dos ejemplos nos encontramos con los verbos Live y Work donde no encontramos diferencia al hablar en pretrito perfecto o pretrito perfecto continuo.

PASADO PERFECTO

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Sujeto + had + participio del verbo --> I had slept (Yo haba dormido) Sujeto + had + not + participio del verbo -->I had not slept (Yo no haba dormido) Had + sujeto + participio del verbo --> Had I slept? (Haba yo dormido?) 1. Usamos el past perfect para referirnos a una accin o evento que comenz en el pasado y que es anterior a otra accin tambin en el pasado. Ejemplo: - They couldn't believe what had happened. (No podan creer lo que haba pasado) Como ya vimos en el present perfect, el past perfect tambien puede ir acompaado de partculas como for, during, since, ago, just, already, yet. For/during: ambos significan durante, pero se utilizan de manera diferente. For --> siempre se utiliza junto con expresiones que indiquen un periodo de tiempo como cuatro horas, dos meses, 6 aos... Ejemplo: I had been here for two hours (Llevaba all dos horas) During --> se utiliza seguido de un nombre. Ejemplo: We had talked during the night. (Hablamos durante la noche) Since: Since significa desde y lo usamos para especificar un momento determinado en el tiempo: last night, yesterday, the second world war... Ejemplo: My mother had been a teacher since 1955. (Mi madre fue profesora desde 1955) Just: Se utiliza para indicar que una accin acaba de tener lugar y siempre se coloca entre el verbo Have y el participio. Ejemplo: She had just gone out. (Se acababa de ir) Already: Es muy parecido a just en cuanto a que ocupa la misma posicin entre el verbo have y el participio, pero su significado es "ya". Ejemplo: I had already seen that film. (Ya haba visto aquella pelcula) Yet: Significa "todava" y se coloca siempre a final de la frase. Ejemplo: She hadn't seen your brother yet. (Ella todava no haba visto a tu hermano)

PRONOMBRES PERSONALES

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(funcin de sujeto) I yo Y ou t He l She ella It ello (neutro) We nosotros You vosotros They ellos, ellas

I am ill. You are hungry. He is handsome. She is pretty. It's cold today We are tired. You are angry. They are at the cinema.

Yo estoy enfermo. T ests hambriento. l es guapo. Ella es guapa Hoy hace fro. Nosotros estamos cansados. Vosotros estis enfadados. Ellos estn en el cine.

(funcin de objeto) Me You Him Her It Us You Them m a t, a usted a l a ella a ello a nosotros a vosotros a ellos I want it for me. Lo quiero para m. I 'm helping you. Te estoy ayudando. Can you see him? Le puedes ver? Give it to her. Dselo a ella. Give it a kick. Dale una patada. He is helping us. l nos est ayudando. I saw you. Os vi. I 'm waiting for them. Los estoy esperando.

PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS
(en funcin de artculo del sujeto) My mi, mis This is my blouse. Your tu, tus This is your tie. His su, sus (de l) This is his wardrobe. Her su, sus (de ella) This is her dress. Its su, sus This is its temperature. Our nuestro/a nuestros/as These are our suitcases. Your vuestro/a, vuestros/as These are your seats. Their su, sus (de ellos) Here are their socks. (en funcin de pronombre) Mine mio/s, ma/s Yours tuyo/s, tuya/s His suyo/s, suya/s (de el) Hers suyo/s, suya/s (de ella) This coat is mine. Este abrigo es mio. My name is Tony. What's yours? Minombre es Tony y el tuyo? This computer is his. The blue bag is hers. Este ordenador es de el. El bolso azul es de ella. Las maletas son nuestras. La desventaja es vuestra. Esto es de ellos. Esta es mi blusa. Esta es tu corbata. Este es su armario. Este es su vestido. Esta es su temperatura. Estas son nuestras maletas. Estos son vuestros asientos. Aqu estn sus calcetines.

Ours nuestro/s, nuestra/s The suitcases are ours. Yours vuestro/a, vuestros/as The handicap is yours. Theirs suyo/a, suyos/as (de ellos) This is theirs.

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PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS
Myself yo mismo, a mi I saw it for myself. Yo mismo lo v. Yourself t mismo, a ti Don't burn yourself ! No te quemes! Himself l mismo, a si mismo He hurt himself. Se hizo dao. Herself ella misma, a si misma She did it herself. Lo hizo ella misma. Itself l mismo, as mismo The cat scratched itself. El gato se rasc. Ourselves nosotros mismos We are enjoying ourselves. Estamos disfrutando nosotros mismos. Yourselves vosotros mismos Did you paint the house yourselves? Pintsteis la casa vosotros mismos? Themselves ellos mismos They were speaking to themselves. Ellos hablaban consigo mismos.

Otras formas de pronombres Existe la forma "each other" que no es reflexiva sino que es una forma recproca. A diferencia del reflexivo, tenemos dos sujetos diferentes que hablan el uno al otro, se miran el uno al otro, etc... Nunca puede haber ms de dos personas!!!!!! Ejemplo: John and Peter spoke to each other on the trip. (John y Peter se hablaron durante el viaje) En Ingls no existe la forma usted, ustedes formal. Por lo tanto los nativos de la lengua ni siquiera lo tienen conceptualizado como una forma aqu llamada formal. Se tiene que entender entonces que la forma masculina, femenina y neutra son lo mismo, lo nico que les diferencia es el gnero.

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MODALES
CAN Indica habilidades o posibilidad. Ejemplos I can speak english (Yo s hablar ingls.) The doctor can see you at 3.00 ( El doctor le puede visitar a las tres. ) Can you speak german? (Sabes hablar alemn? ) Sintaxis afirmativa: sujeto + can + verbo negativa: sujeto + can not / can't + verbo pregunta: can + sujeto + verbo? respuesta corta: Yes, sujeto + can / No, sujeto + can't COULD Es el pasado de can. Tambin se utiliza para preguntar por algo, pero ms educadamente que con can. Ejemplos Could you speak Japonese before you went to Japan? (Sabas hablar japons antes de que fuiste a Japn?) Tony could swim when he was six. (Toni sabia nadar cuando tena seis aos. ) Could you help me? (Podra ayudarme?) Sintaxis afirmativa: sujeto + could + verb negativa: sujeto + could not / couldn't + verbo pregunta: could + sujeto + verbo? respuesta corta: Yes, sujeto + could / No, sujeto + couldn't MAY Lo utilizamos para decir que algo es

posible o muy probable. Lo usamos con el

presente o futuro. Tambin se utiliza para preguntar por algo pero ms educadamente que con el could. Ejemplos I may stay at home or I may go to a disco.(Puede que me quede en casa o puede que vaya a la discoteca May I use your dictionary? (Podra usar su diccionario?)

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Sintaxis afirmativa: sujeto + may + verbo negativa: sujeto + may + not . He might/may not be right. "Es posible que no tenga razn." Puede que no tenga razn. pregunta: may + sujeto + verbo? MIGHT Es el pasado de may. Tambin se usa para expresar una eventualidad pero con

probabilidad.

menos

Ejemplos Be careful. You might burn yourself. (Ten cuidado. Te podras quemar.) Sintaxis afirmativa: sujeto + might + verbo negativa: sujeto + might not / mightn't MUST Se utiliza cuando pensamos o realizamos algo que es

probable.

necesario o muy

Para hablar en pasado o futuro debemos usar el modal have to. Ejemplos I am really tired. I must go home now. (Estoy realmente cansado. Debo irme a casa ahora) You must keep your room tidy. (Debes conservar tu habitacin ordenada.) Sintaxis afirmativa: sujeto + must + verbo negativa: sujeto + must not / musn't + verbo pregunta: must + sujeto + verbo? respuesta corta: Yes, sujeto + must / No, sujeto + mustn't

La forma negativa equivale a una prohibicin.

HAVE TO Lo utilizamos para expresar que

algo es necesario.

Para formular la pregunta y la negacin debemos utilizar el auxiliar do. El pasado es had to. Ejemplos You have to drive on the right in the USA.(Tienes que conducir por la derecha en los EEUU.) I don't have to wear a uniform at school. (No tengo que llevar uniforme en la escuela.) Did you have to work yesterday? (Tuviste que trabajar ayer?) Sintaxis afirmativa: sujeto + have to + verbo negativa: sujeto + don't have to / do have to + verbo pregunta: Do + sujeto + have to + verbo? respuesta corta: Yes, sujeto + do does // No, sujeto + don't doesn't SHOULD

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Se utiliza para dar

consejo o una opinin.

Ejemplos You should have a holiday. (Deberas tener vacaciones.) You shouldn't work so hard (No deberas trabajar tanto.) What do you think I should do? (Qu crees que debera hacer?) Sintaxis afirmativa: sujeto + should + verbo negativa: sujeto + should not / shouldn't + verbo pregunta: should + sujeto + verbo? Respuesta corta: Yes, sujeto + should / No, sujeto + shouldn't OUGHT TO Significa

deber, esperar que ocurra algo...

Ejemplos I think I ought to tell him. (Creo que debo contrselo.) She ought to pass the exam. (Seguramente aprobar el examen.) Sintaxis afirmativa: sujeto + ought + verbo negativa: sujeto + ought not / oughtn't + verbo pregunta: ought + sujeto + verbo? respuesta corta: Yes, sujeto + ought / No, sujeto + oughtn't WOULD/ WOULD LIKE Would se utiliza en general para las frases Tambin lo por algo educadamente. Ejemplos I would like to go to London (Me gustara ir a Londres) Peter was working very hard. He would be tired tomorrow. (Peter estuvo trabajando duro. Estar cansado maana.) Would you like coffe? (Le gustara tomar caf?) Sintaxis afirmativa: sujeto + would + verbo afirmativa corta: sujeto+ 'd + verbo negativa: sujeto + would not / wouldn't+ verbo pregunta: would + sujeto + verbo? respuesta corta: Yes, sujeto + would / No, sujeto + wouldn't

condicionales. usamos para predicciones, ofrecimientos y para preguntar

If you want to sound particularly polite, or if you think the answer may be
negative, you can also use Would you mind + verb-ing as the preferred alternative to Could you? Would you mind? literally means: Would you object to?

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Would you mind locking the door when you leave? ~ No, not at all! Could you please lock the door when you leave? ~ Yes, certainly! If you're not busy at the moment, would you mind helping me with my homework? If you're not busy at the moment, could you give me a hand with my homework?

CONDICIONALES
TIPOS DE CONDICIONALES Tipo 1 2 3 IF Simple Present Simple Past Past Perfect FRASE PRINCIPAL will (future) would + Infinitivo(Conditional) would + have + past participle(Conditional Perfect)

1. Primer condicional / First Conditional Este condicional indica que la condicin es muy probable que se cumpla. IF + simple present,... + future (will) If I learn, I'll pass the exam. If we don't hurry up, we will be late. (Si no nos damos prisa, llegaremos tarde.) What will you do if you don't go to London? (Qu hars si no vas a Londres?)

2. Segundo condicional / Second Conditional Lo usamos en casos hipotticos, situaciones imaginarias o poco probables. IF + past simple,..+ conditional simple (would/could) If I learnt, I would pass the exam. If I won the lottery, I would be rich. (Si yo ganara la lotera, sera rico) If the football tickets were available, I would pay any price for them. (Si hubieran entradas para el ftbol, pagara cualquier precio por ellas.)

3. Tercer condicional / Third Conditional

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Indica una condicin en el pasado, que ya no se puede cumplir. IF + past perfect ...+ conditional perfect (would have). If I had learnt, I would have passed the exam. If he had worked hard in all his subjects, he would not have failed this semester. (Si l hubiera trabajado en todas sus asignaturas, l no hubiera suspendido este semestre) If we had been more careful, we wouldn't have had the accident. (Si hubisemos sido ms cuidadosos, no habramos tenido el accidente.) Otros casos Existen otras formas de construir frases condicionales: IF + simple present, ... present simple If you ring this number, nobody answers. IF + simple present, ... imperativo. If you drink, don't drive.

THERE IS / THERE ARE

Tabla de los tiempos verbales con there + be: present There is There are past There was There were present perfect There has been There have been past perfect There had been There had been future There will be There will be future perfect There will have been There will have been Going to There is going to be There are going to be hay haba, hubo ha habido haba o hubo habido habr habr habido va a haber

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Going to II There was going to be There were going to be iba a haber conditional I There would be there would be habra conditional II There would have been There would have been habra habido Modal Can There can be There can be puede haber Modal Could There could be There could be podra / pudo haber Modal May There may be There may be puede haber Modal Might There might be There might be podra haber Modal Should There should be There should be debera haber Modal Must There must There must debe haber Modal Have to There has to be There have to be tiene que haber Modal Had to There had to be There had to be tuvo / tena que haber Modal Could II There could have been There could have been Podra / pudo haber habido Modal Might II There might have been There might have been Podra haber habido Modal Should II There should have been There should have been Debera haber habido Modal Must II There must have been There must have been Debe haber habido Modal Have II There has to have been There have to have been Tiene que haber habido Modal Had II There had to have been There had to have been Tena/tuvo que haber habido

Ejemplos con todos los tiempos verbales: Ejemplo con there present There is a party. (Hay una fiesta) past There was a party (Haba una fiesta) present perfect There has been a party. (Ha habido una fiesta) past perfect There had been a party. (Haba habido una fiesta) future There will be a party. (Habr una fiesta) future perfect There will have been a party. (Habr habido una fiesta) Going to There is going to be a party. (Va a haber una fiesta) Going to II There was going to be a party. (Iba a haber una fiesta) Conditional I There would be a party. (Habra una fiesta) Conditional II There would have been a party. (Habra habido una fiesta) Modal Can There can be a party. (Puede haber una fiesta) Modal Could There could be a party. (Podra haber una fiesta) Modal May There may be a party. (Puede haber una fiesta) Modal Might There might be a party. (Podra haber una fiesta) Modal Should There should be a party. (Debera haber una fieista) Modal Must There must be a party. (Debe haber una fiesta) Modal Have to There has to be a party. (Tiene que haber una fiesta) Modal Had to There had to be a party. (Tena que haber una fiesta) Modal Could II There could have been a party. (Pudo haber habido una fiesta) Modal Might II There might have been a party. (Podra haber habido una fiesta) Modal Should II There should have been a party. (Debera haber habido una fiesta) Modal Must II There must have been a party. (Debe haber habido una fiesta) Modal Have II There has to have been a party. (Tiene que haber habido una fiesta) Modal Had II There had to have been a party. (Tena que haber habido una fiesta)

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PHRASAL VERBS

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break down parar de trabajar (mquina o vehiculo) break (something) down destruir algo, tirar abajo (ej.pared) bring (someone) up criar y educar a un nio carry on seguir haciendo algo close something down cerrar o terminar una actividad cut down tirar abajo (al suelo, ej. un rbol) fall out with (someone) pelearse o discutir con alguin get (something) across comunicar una idea get away with estar a punto de ser castigado get by sobrevivir get down to (something) empezar a hacer algo seriosamente get on (with someone) llevarse bien con alguin get out tener tiempo libre despus del trabajo get over recuperarse de una mala experiencia o enfermedad give back devolver give in (to someone) estar deacuerdo on alguin go on continuar haciendo algo go down caer, bajar ( los precios) grow up crecer, llegar a hacerse adulto hold on esperar keep on continuar haciendo algo look out prestar atencin, tener cuidado look up (something) buscar informacin look up to (someone) admirar a alguin make (something) up inventar algo make (time) up recuperar tiempo make up (with someone) empezar a ser amigos otra vez pick on (someone) criticar duramente o fastidiar put (money) by ahorrar dinero put (someone)down denigrar, ensuciar la honra de alguin put (something) off posponer,retrasar algo put (someone) through transmitir, conectar por telfono put (someone) up dar alojamiento a alguin put (price) up incrementar (precios) slow down reducir la velocidad speak up hablar alto, subir la voz take after parecerse o tener el mismo carcter de alguin take down apuntar, tomar nota take off despegar take (something) over encargarse de algo o tomar el control take up ocupar, empezar una aficin tell (someone) off regaar a alguin throw out (someone) echar a alguin de tu casa watch out tener cuidado

CONJUNCIONES SIMPLES

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After despus (de) que Although aunque, si bien And y, e As cuando, mientras, a medida que, como, pues Because porque Before antes que But pero, sino Except excepto, salvo For ya que, pues Furthermore adems However sin embargo If si Lest para que no, por temor de que Moreover adems, por otra parte Namely a saber Nevertheless sin embargo, no obstante Notwithstanding no obstante, con todo Or o, u Otherwhise de otra manera, si no Provided a condicin de que, con tal de que Since puesto que, ya que, desde que Still sin embargo, no obstante Therefore por lo tanto, por eso Though aunque Till mientras no, hasta que Unless a menos que Until hasta que Whenever cada vez que, siempre que Whereas visto que, mientras que Whether si While mientras, mientras que, aunque Why por qu Yet sin embargo, no obstante

CONJUNCIONES COMPUESTAS

According to As if As long as As often as As soon as As though As well as As..as Because of Both...and

de acuerdo a, segn como si siempre que, con tal de que cada vez que, siempre que en cuanto, tan pronto como como si tan... como, tanto... como tan ... como debido a tanto...como

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Even if aun si, aunque Even when aun cuando In case en caso In case of en caso de In consequence por consiguiente In order that para que, a fin de que In order to para In proportion as a medida que In such a way as de modo que Neither... nor ni... ni Not only ... but no slo... sino Of course por supuesto Or else o bien, sino Seeing that puesto que, en vista de que So as not to para no So as to para So that para que So then as pues Whether... or si... o

QUESTIONS

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Do you travel abroad very often? How many tourist visit the city every year? What do they say? How long ago did you leave your last work? Did you go to the cinema this weekend? Who hates you ? Who do you hate? Why will she visit him soon? Did you take many photos when you went abroad? Have you got any luggage? How much money do you have?

WHAT (Que?, Cual?, Cuales?) -What time is it? Qu hora es? -What is your mother's name? Cul es el nombre de tu madre? -What are your favorite films? Cules son tus pelculas favoritas? WHICH (Que?, Cual?, Cuales?) -Which actor do you prefer? Qu actor prefieres? -Which is the last book writed by Joseph Conrad? Cul es el ultimo libro escrito por Joseph Conrad? -Which are the main actors of the film? Cules son los actores principales de la pelcula? WHERE (Donde?) -Where is your new car? Dnde est tu nuevo coche? -Where are you going in Christmas? Dnde vas en navidades? WHEN (Cuando?) -When are Tom and Maria coming to Spain to visit us? Cundo vienen Ton y Maria a Espaa a visitarnos? -When is your birthday? Cundo es tu cumpleaos?

WHY (Por que?)

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-Why is this house so expensive? Por qu es esta casa tan cara? -Why do you use this car? Por qu utilizas ese coche? WHO (Quien? Quienes?) -Who is the man in white? Quin es el hombre vestido de blanco? -Who are the guys playing with Michael? Quines son los muchachos que juegan con Michael? HOW (Como?) -How old are you? Qu edad tienes? -How long is Sarah birthday's dress? Cmo de largo es el traje de cumpleaos de Sarah?

ASKING FOR INFORMATION

Could you tell me the way to the station? Podra decirme el camino para ir a la estacin? Which way is the Eiffel tower from here? Cmo se va a la torre Eiffel desde aqu? Could you tell me where is the Museum? Podra decirme dnde est el museo? Where is the nearest bus-stop? Dnde est la parada de bus ms cercana? Excuse me, could you tell me how to get to Round Street, please? Disculpe, podra decirme cmo llegar a Round Street, por favor?

DIRECTIONS
turn right / go right: girar a la derecha turn left : girar a la izquierda take the first left / take the first on your left: girar la primera a la izquierda take the second left: girar la segunda a la izquierda go straight on / carry on / walk along there: seguir recto, caminar recto

Which way do we go? Por dnde tenemos que ir?

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Turn right out of the hotel and carry straight on for about 150 metres. Salga del hotel y gire a la derecha y siga recto unos 150 metros. Then you come to a roundabout. Take the first exit. Entonces entrar en una rotonda. Tome la primera salida. Then you walk along there for about another 200 metres and then you'll find the station. Entonces siga recto alrededor de otros 200 metros y encontrar la estacin.

AT THE AIRPORT
airhostess (uk) / air stewardess (us): azafata boarding card /pass: tarjeta de embarque check-in: facturacin (del equipaje) departure lounge: sala de embarque to land: aterrizar to take off: despegar Could I have your ticket, please? Podra darme su billete, por favor? Do you have any baggage? Tiene equipaje? Yes, this suitcase and this briefcase. Si, esta maleta y este maletin Here's your boarding pass. Have a nice flight. Aqu tiene su tarjeta de embarque. Que tenga un buen vuelo. Good morning. Can I see your passport? Buenos das. Puedo ver su pasaporte? Are you a tourist or on business? Viaja como turista o va de negocios? Which boarding gate must we go to? A qu puerta de embarque tenemos que ir? At what time does our plane take off? A qu hora despega nuestro avin? The plane is delayed. El avin est demorado

AT THE HOTEL

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to check in: registrarse to check out: pagar e irse del hotel full board: pensin completa half board: media pensin single /double bed: cama individual / doble single / double room: habitacin individual / doble to book a room: reservar una habitacin no vacancies: completo vacancies: habitaciones libres

I'd like a room for the night. Quisiera una habitacin para la noche Would you like a single room, or a double room? Quiere una habitacin individual o doble? How much is the room? Cunto cuesta la habitacin? Here's your key. Your room number is 101. Aqu est su llave. Su habitacin es la 101. If you need anything, dial 0 for the reception area. Si necesita cualquier cosa, marque el 0 para contactar con recepcin

AT THE SHOP
discount: descuento cut-price: de oferta bargain: ocasin, ganga cash desk / checkout: caja reduction: descuento shop assistant (uk) / salesperson (us): dependiente/a to wrap up: envolver receipt: recibo How would you like to pay? Cmo quiere pagar? Do you take credit cards? Aceptan tarjetas de crdito? What's its price? Qu precio tiene? I'll try it on. Me lo probar.

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How much is altogether? Cunto es todo?

AT THE RESTAURANT
Dish of the day: plato del da House wine: vino de la casa Set meat: men del da Dessert: postre Lunch: almuerzo, comida Starter: primer plato, entrante Main course / dish: segundo plato, plato principal Meal: comida Side dish: acompaamiento Rare / Medium / well-done: poco hecho / al punto / muy hecho Can I see a menu, please? Puedo ver el men, por favor? What's today's special? Cul es el plato especial de hoy? Would you like something to drink? Quiere algo de beber? Yes, I'd like a coke. Si, quisiera una coca cola I'd like the check (bill <uk>), please. Quisiera la cuenta, por favor Waiter, the bill, please. Camarero, traiga la cuenta por favor.

TRANSPORTE
Cab, taxi: taxi Taxi rank, Cab rank (us): parada de taxis Bus: autobs Bus-station: estacin de autobuses Bus-stop: parada de autobs Tube, Underground (uk), Subway (us): metro Railway station (uk), railroad station (us): estacin de ferrocarril Luggage rack: portaequipajes

Are you free?

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Est libre? Take me to the station. Llveme a la estacin What is the fare? Cunto es el trayecto? How much is one card? Cunto cuesta una tarjeta? Could you tell me when we get there? Me podra avisar cuando lleguemos? Where does this bus go to? A dnde va este autobs?

EXPRESIONES
Buenos das Good morning Buenas tardes Good afternoon Buenas noches Good evening Buenas noches Good night Adios! Bye, Good bye Hasta luego! See you later! Hasta pronto! See you (soon)! Hasta maana! See you tomorrow! Hola! Hi! Hello! (tambin en ingls americano: howdy! hiya!) Cmo ests? How are you?

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Qu tal? How are things? What's going on? Qu tal? How are you getting on? Bien, gracias Fine, thanks A qu te dedicas? What do you do? Cmo te llamas? What's your name? Puedo presentarme? May I introduce myself? Quisiera que conociese a... I'd like you to meet... Le presento a ... Let me introduce you to ... Encantado, Mucho gusto. Nice / pleased to meet you. Mucho gusto! / Cmo les va? How do you do? Cmo est tu familia? How's your family? Tu familia est bien? Is your family well? Saldalos en mi nombre. Give them my kindest regards. Buena suerte! All the best! Estoy a tu disposicin. I am at your disposal. Recuerdos a todos. Kind regards to everybody. Recuerdos! / Mis mejores deseos! Best wishes!

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VOCABULARY
Los das de la semana son : Sunday - domingo Monday - lunes Tuesday - martes Wednesday - mircoles Thursday - jueves Friday - viernes Saturday - sbado Meses del ao: January - enero February - febrero March - marzo April - abril May - mayo June - junio July - julio August - agosto September - septiembre October - octubre November - noviembre December - diciembre Estaciones del ao: spring - primavera summer - verano autumn (UK) fall (USA) - otoo winter - invierno Month - Mes Monthly - Mensual Today - Hoy Daily - Diario Tomorrow - Maana Tonight - Esta noche Yesterday - Ayer Week - Semana Weekend - Fin de semana Weekly - Semanal Year - Ao Century - Siglo Decade - Dcada

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Das festivos: Easter - Pascua Halloween - Vspera de Todos los Santos - Noche de Brujas Thanksgiving - Da de Accin de Gracias Independence day - Da de la Independencia Christmas - Navidad New year's day - Da de ao nuevo New year's eve - Vspera de ao nuevo CIUDAD area zona / rea avenue avenida bridge puente building edificio building site obra busy concurrido castle castillo cementery cementerio centre centro church iglesia city ciudad corner esquina district distrito / barrio fountain fuente graffiti pintadas the high street la calle principal (uk) main street la calle principal (usa) inhabitant habitante kerb bordillo lamppost farola lane carril / camino neighbour vecino / vecina park parque pavement acera (uk) sidewalk acera (usa) residential residencial road carretera shopping centre centro comercial side street callejn / pasaje slums barrio bajo square plaza statue estatua street calle street light farola tower torre town hall ayuntamiento traffic trfico

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village HOSPITAL

pueblo

Call a doctor, please Where does it hurt? I have a pain here I have a temperature I am allergic Take one of these pills every four hours Breathe, exhale, put out your tongue... Have you ever been to the Emergency Ward? What do doctors do in the hospital? Which ward is he in? Is it serious, doctor? They operated on his leg to save it. I had a general anaesthetic. The doctors visit the patients very often. The doctor takes the temperature of the patient. Nurses are very busy during the night. anesthetic anestesia ambulance ambulancia blood transfusion transfusin de sangre crutch muleta doctor doctor / mdico nurse enfermera operation operacin surgeon cirujano patient paciente surgery ciruja stretcher camilla prescription receta mdica pain killer calmante wound herida temperature fiebre shivers escalofros

FORMA Y TAMAOS big grande circle crculo curved curvo deep profundo enormous enorme flat plano giant gigante gigantic gigantesco high alto huge inmenso

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large grande little pequeo long largo low bajo massive enorme medium mediano narrow estrecho oval ovalado pointed puntiagudo rectangle rectngulo round redondo shape forma short corto size tamao / talla small pequeo square cuadrado straight recto tall alto thick grueso / gordo thin delgado / fino tiny diminuto triangle tringulo wide ancho TIEMPO Atmosphere Atmsfera Breeze Brisa Bright Despejado Cloud Nube Cloudy Nuboso-Nublado Cool Fresco Cyclone Cicln Damp Hmedo Dry Seco Freeze Helada Fog Niebla Mist Neblina Frost Escarcha Hail Granizo Heat Calor Heat wave Ola de calor Humidity Humedad Hurricane Huracn Lightning Relmpago Temperate Templado Rain Lluvia Rainbow Arco iris Shower Chubasco Snow Nieve

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Snowy Nevado Snowfall Nevada Sunny Soleado Thunder Trueno Thunderbolt Rayo Thunderstorm Tormenta Typhoon Tifn Wind Viento Windy Ventoso FRASES It's raining It's cold It's sunny It's hot LA FAMILIA adopted adoptado aunt ta brother hermano cousin primo/a dad papi daughter hija daughter-in-law nuera elder el/la mayor family familia father padre father-in-law suegro foster parents familia de acogida godfather padrino godmother madrina grandchild nieto/a grandchildren nietos granddad abuelito granddaughter nieta grandfather abuelo grandma abuelita grandmother abuela grandpa abuelito grandparents abuelos grandson nieto great-grandfather bisabuelo great-grandmother bisabuela husband marido mother madre mother-in-law suegra mum mam nephew sobrino Est lloviendo Hace fro Hace sol Hace calor

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niece older only child orphan parents single parent sister son son-in-law stepdaughter stepfather stepmother stepson twins uncle wife

sobrina mayor hijo/a nico/a hurfano padres padre/madre soltero hermana hijo yerno hijastra padrastro madrastra hijastro gemelos to esposa

REPORTED SPEECH El Estilo indirecto o Reported speech es una estructura que se emplea cuando queremos decir o hacer mencin sobre algo que alguien ha dicho previamente. "I always drink coffee". She said. "Yo siempre bebo caf." Ella dijo. She said that she always drank coffee. Ella dijo que ella siempre beba caf. Para hacer mencin sobre lo que alguien ha dicho usamos verbos como explain, promise, say, tell, suggest... Aunque los ms utilizados son say y tell. No es necesario cambiar el tiempo del verbo si el verbo de la oracin principal est en presente. En el ejemplo anterior podramos decir: She said that she always drinks coffee. Para introducir lo que ha dicho, usamos that aunque muchas veces se puede omitir esta palabra. Al convertir una oracin de "Direct Speech" a "Reported Speech" tenemos en cuenta que el verbo principal retrocede un tiempo verbal. Tabla de cambios que sufre el verbo: Direct speech Reported speech present simple I am happy I sleep past simple He said he was happy

14

He said he slept present continuos I am feeling happy I am sleeping past continuos He said he was feeling happy He said he was sleeping past simple I was happy I slept past perfect He said he had been happy He said he had slept

present perfect I have been happy I have slept past perfect He said he had been happy He said he had slept present perfect continuos I have been feeling happy I have been sleeping past perfect continuos He said he had been feeling happy He said he had been sleeping future I will be happy I will sleep simple conditional He said he would be happy He said he would sleep future perfect I will have been happy I will have sleep simple conditional perfect He said he would have been happy He said he would have slept VERBOS MODALES Direct speech Reported speech CAN

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I can sleep COULD He said he could sleep MAY I may sleep MIGHT He said he might sleep

WILL I will sleep WOULD He said he would sleep

MUST I must sleep HAD TO He said he had to sleep Cambios que pueden sufrir algunas partculas de lugar y tiempo: now tonight today last night this morning this week next week next year here at that moment, then that night that day the night before that morning that week the following week the year after there

Reported Speech: questions

En las oraciones interrogativas usamos el mismo orden gramatical: el sujeto va despus del verbo pero no es necesario usar el auxiliar "do" o "did". "Where do Susan and Ann work? " He asked me where Susan and Ann worked. "Dnde trabajan Susan y Ann?" l me pregunt dnde trabajaban Mary y Tom.

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CONJUGACIN DEL VERBO DO (HACER)

infinitivo: to do presente: do / does pasado: did participio: done Modo indicativo Presente (present simple): yo hago, t haces, l hace.. sintaxis: sujeto + presente I do It does You do We do He does You do She does They do Pretrito imperfecto /pasado simple (past simple): yo haca, t hacas, l haca... sintaxis: sujeto + pasado del verbo I did It did You did We did He did You did She did They did Pretrito perfecto compuesto (present perfect): yo he hecho, t has hecho, l ha hecho... sintaxis: sujeto + have / has + participio del verbo I have done It has done You have done We have done He has done You have done She has done They have done Pluscuamperfecto (past perfect): yo haba / hube hecho, t habas /hubiste hecho, l haba /hubo hecho... sintaxis: sujeto + had + participio del verbo

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I had done You had done He had done She had done

It had done We had done You had done They had done

Futuro (future): yo har, t hars, l har... sintaxis: sujeto + will + verbo en infinitivo I will do It will do You will do We will do He will do You will do She will do They will do Futuro perfecto (future perfect): yo habr hecho, t habras hecho, l habr hecho... sintaxis: sujeto + will have + participio del verbo I will have done It will have done You will have done We will have done He will have done You will have done She will have done They will have done Condicional (conditional): yo hara, t haras, l hara... sintaxis: sujeto + would/should + modo infinitivo del verbo I would do It would do You would do We would do He would do You would do She would do They would do Condicional perfecto (past conditional): yo habra o hubiera hecho, t habras o hubieras hecho... sintaxis: sujeto + would + have + participio del verbo I would have done It would have done You would have done We would have done He would have done You would have done She would have done They would have done

Modo Subjuntivo Presente subjuntivo: Yo haga, t hagas, l haga... sintaxis: sujeto + infinitivo I do It do You do We do He do You do She do They do Pretrito imperfecto: yo hiciera, t hicieras, l hiciera... sintaxis: sujeto + pasado del verbo I did It did You did We did He did You did She did They did

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Pluscuamperfecto: yo hubiera hecho, t hubieras hecho, l hubiera hecho... sintaxis: sujeto +had + participio del verbo I had done It had done You had done We had done He had done You had done She had done They had done

CONJUGACIN VERBO TO BE (SER/ESTAR)

infinitivo: to be presente: am / is / are pasado: was / were participio: been Modo indicativo Presente (present): yo soy, t eres, l es ... sintaxis: sujeto + presente I am It is You are We are He is You are She is They are Pretrito imperfecto /pasado simple (past simple): yo era, t eras, l era... sintaxis: sujeto + pasado del verbo I was It was You were We were He was You were She was They were Pretrito perfecto compuesto (present perfect): yo he sido, t has sido, l ha sido... sintaxis: sujeto + have / has + participio del verbo I have been It has been You have been We have been He has been You have been She has been They have been Pluscuamperfecto (past perfect): yo haba / hube sido, t habas /hubiste sido, l haba /hubo sido...

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sintaxis: sujeto + had + participio del verbo I had been It had been You had been We had been He had been You had been She had been They had been Futuro (future): yo ser, t sers, l ser... sintaxis: sujeto + will + verbo en infinitivo I will be It will be You will be We will be He will be You will be She will be They will be Futuro perfecto (future perfect): yo habr sido, t habras sido, l habr sido... sintaxis: sujeto + will have + participio del verbo I will have been It will have been You will have been We will have been He will have been You will have been She will have been They will have been Condicional (conditional): yo sera, t seras, l sera... sintaxis: sujeto + would/should + modo infinitivo del verbo I would be It would be You would be We would be He would be You would be She would be They would be Condicional perfecto (past conditional): yo habra o hubiera sido, t habras o hubieras sido... sintaxis: sujeto + would + have + participio del verbo I would have been It would have been You would have been We would have been He would have been You would have been She would have been They would have been Modo Subjuntivo Presente subjuntivo: Yo sea, t seas, l sea... sintaxis: sujeto + infinitivo I be It be You be We be He be You be She be They be Pretrito imperfecto: yo fuera, t fueras, l fuera... sintaxis: sujeto + pasado del verbo I were It were You were We were He were You were She were They were

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Pluscuamperfecto: yo hubiera sido, t hubieras sido, l hubiera sido... sintaxis: sujeto +had + participio del verbo I had been It had been You had been We had been He had been You had been She had been They had been

CONJUGACIN DEL VERBO HAVE (TENER)

infinitivo: to have presente: have / has pasado: had participio: had

Modo indicativo Presente (Present simple): yo tengo, t tienes, l tiene ... sintaxis: sujeto + presente I have It has You have We have He has You have She has They have Pretrito imperfecto / pasado simple (past simple): yo tena, l tena, t tenas... sintaxis: sujeto + pasado del verbo I had It had You had We had He had You had She had They had Pretrito perfecto compuesto (present perfect): yo he tenido, t has tenido, l ha tenido... sintaxis: sujeto + have / has + participio del verbo I have had It has had You have had We have had He has had You have had She has had They have had Pluscuamperfecto (past perfect): yo haba / hube tenido, t habas / hubiste tenido, l haba / hubo tenido...

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sintaxis: sujeto + had + participio del verbo I had had It had had You had had We had had He had had You had had She had had They had had Futuro (future): yo tendr, t tendrs, l tendr... sintaxis: sujeto + will + verbo en infinitivo I will have It will have You will have We will have He will have You will have She will have They will have Futuro perfecto (future perfect): yo habr tenido, t habras tenido, l habr tenido... sintaxis: sujeto + will have + participio del verbo I will have had It will have had You will have had We will have had He will have had You will have had She will have had They will have had Condicional (conditional): yo tendra, t tendras, l tendra... sintaxis: sujeto + would/should + modo infinitivo del verbo I would have It would have You would have We would have He would have You would have She would have They would have Condicional perfecto (past conditional): yo habra o hubiera tenido, t habras o hubieras tenido... sintaxis: sujeto + would + have + participio del verbo I would have had It would have had You would have had We would have had He would have had You would have had She would have had They would have had

Modo Subjuntivo Presente subjuntivo: Yo tenga, t tengas, l tenga... sintaxis: sujeto + infinitivo I have It have You have We have He have You have She have They have Pretrito imperfecto: yo tuviera, t tuvieras, l tuviera... sintaxis: sujeto + pasado del verbo I had It had You had We had He had You had She had They had

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Pluscuamperfecto: yo hubiera tenido, t hubieras tenido, l hubiera tenido... sintaxis: sujeto +had + participio del verbo I had had It had had You had had We had had He had had You had had She had had They had had

INFINITIVO PASADO SIMPLE PARTICIPIO PASADO Arise Awake Bear Beat Become Begin Bend Bet Bind Bid Bite Bleed Blow Break Breed Bring Broadcast Build Burn Arose Awoke Bore Beat Became Began Bent Bet Bound Bid Bit Bled Blew Broke Bred Brought Broadcast Built Burnt /Burned Arisen Awoken Been Borne / Born Beaten Become Begun Bent Bet Bound Bid Bitten Bled Blown Broken Bred Brought Broadcast Built Burnt / Burned

TRADUCCIN Surgir, Levantarse Despertarse Ser / Estar Soportar, dar a luz Golpear Llegar a Ser Empezar Doblar Apostar Atar, encuadernar Pujar Morder Sangrar Soplar Romper Criar Traer Llevar Radiar Edificar Quemar

Be/ am, are, is Was / Were

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Burst Buy Cast Catch Come Cost Cut Choose Cling Creep Deal Dig Do (Does) Draw Dream Drink Drive Eat Fall Feed Feel Fight Find Flee Fly Forbid Forget Forgive Freeze Get Give Go (Goes) Grow Grind Hang

Burst Bought Cast Caught Came Cost Cut Chose Clung Crept Dealt Dug Did Drew Drank Drove Ate Fell Fed Felt Fought Found Fled Flew Forbade Forgot Forgave Froze Got Gave Went Grew Ground Hung

Burst Bought Cast Caught Come Cost Cut Chosen Clung Crept Dealt Dug Done Drawn Drunk Driven Eaten Fallen Fed Felt Fought Found Fled Flown Forbidden Forgotten Forgiven Frozen Got / Gotten Given Gone Grown Ground Hung

Reventar Comprar Arrojar Coger Venir Costar Cortar Elegir Agarrarse Arrastrarse Tratar Cavar Hacer Dibujar Soar Beber Conducir Comer Caer Alimentar Sentir Luchar Encontrar Huir Volar Prohibir Olvidar Perdonar Helar Obtener Dar Ir Crecer Moler Colgar

Dreamt / Dreamed Dreamt / Dreamed

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Have Hear Hide Hit Hold Hurt Keep Know Kneel Knit Lay Lead Lean Leap Learn Leave Lend Let Lie Light Lose Make Mean Meet Mistake Overcome Pay Put Read Ride Ring Rise Run Say See

Had Heard Hid Hit Held Hurt Kept Knew Knelt Knit Laid Led Leant Leapt Learnt / Learned Left Lent Let Lay Lit Lost Made Meant Met Mistook Overcame Paid Put Read Rode Rang Rose Ran Said Saw

Had Heard Hidden Hit Held Hurt Kept Known Knelt Knit Laid Led Leant Leapt Learnt / Learned Left Lent Let Lain Lit Lost Made Meant Met Mistaken Overcome Paid Put Read Ridden Rung Risen Run Said Seen

Haber o Tener Oir Ocultar Golpear Agarrar Celebrar Herir Conservar Saber Conocer Arrodillarse Hacer punto Poner Conducir Apoyarse Brincar Aprender Dejar Prestar Permitir Echarse Encender Perder Hacer Significar Encontrar Equivocar Vencer Pagar Poner Leer Montar Llamar Levantarse Correr Decir Ver

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Seek Sell Send Set Sew Shake Shear Shine Shoot Show Shrink Shut Sing Sink Sit Sleep Slide Smell Sow Speak Speed Spell Spend Spill Spin Spit Split Spoil Spread Spring Stand Steal Stick Sting Stink

Sought Sold Sent Set Sewed Shook Shore Shone Shot Showed Shrank Shut Sang Sank Sat Slept Slid Smelt Sowed Spoke Sped Spelt Spent Spilt / Spilled Spun Spat Split Spoilt / Spoiled Spread Sprang Stood Stole Stuck Stung Stank/Stunk

Sought Sold Sent Set Sewed / Sewn Shaken Shorn Shone Shot Shown Shrunk Shut Sung Sunk Sat Slept Slid Smelt Sowed / Sown Spoken Sped Spelt Spent Spilt / Spilled Spun Spat Split Spoilt / Spoiled Spread Sprung Stood Stolen Stuck Stung Stunk

Buscar Vender Enviar Poner(se) Coser Sacudir Esquilar Brillar Disparar Mostrar Encogerse Cerrar Cantar Hundir Sentarse Dormir Resbalar Oler Sembrar Hablar Acelerar Deletrear Gastar Derramar Hilar Escupir Hender / partir / rajar Estropear Extender Saltar Estar en pie Robar Pegar Engomar Picar Apestar

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Stride Strike Swear Sweat Sweep Swell Swim Swing Take Teach Tear Tell Think Throw Thrust Tread Understand Undergo Undertake Wake Wear Weave Weep Wet Win Wind Withdraw Wring Write

Strode Struck Swore Sweat Swept Swelled Swam Swung Took Taught Tore Told Thought Threw Thrust Trod Understood Underwent Undertook Woke Wore Wove Wept Wet Won Wound Withdrew Wrung Wrote

Stridden Struck Sworn Sweat Swept Swollen Swum Swung Taken Taught Torn Told Thought Thrown Thrust Trodden Understood Undergone Undertaken Woken Worn Woven Wept Wet Won Wound Withdrawn Wrung Written

Dar zancadas Golpear Jurar Sudar Barrer Hinchar Nadar Columpiarse Coger Ensear Rasgar Decir Pensar Arrojar Tirar Introducir Pisar, hollar Entender Sufrir Emprender Despertarse Llevar puesto Tejer Llorar Mojar Ganar Enrollar Retirarse Torcer Escribir

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