Plagas de La Cebolla
Plagas de La Cebolla
Plagas de La Cebolla
alliicola
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Carencia de Manganeso
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Las hojas adquieren color gris claro. Alrededor de las venas se forman tiras
amarillas. El follaje se dobla ligeramente y se ondula y cuelga arrugado o
plano. Las plantas de chalotas o cebollas se desarrollan poco y las hojas
aparecen curvadas, amarillentas, con tiras y dobladas.
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Moho Negro - Aspergillus niger
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Polilla de la Cebolla - Acrolepiopsis assectella
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Descripción
Mide de 4 a 5 mm de longitud, de color pardo negro, con pequeñas manchas
blancas en los élitros.
Daños
Las larvas de color blanco destruyen los bulbos
Cultivo de la cebolla:
Plagas, enfermedades y fisiopatías en el cultivo de cebollas
Descripción
Las larvas son de color amarillo; los adultos son coleópteros de unos 7 mm de
longitud, de color rojo cinabrio.
Ciclo biológico
Daños
Producen daños los escarabajos adultos perforando las hojas. Las larvas recortan
bandas paralelas a los nervios de las hojas.
Cultivo de la cebolla:
Plagas, enfermedades y fisiopatías en el cultivo de cebollas
PLAGAS DE LA CEBOLLA
Cultivo de la cebolla: Plagas, enfermedades y fisiopatías en el cultivo de cebollas
Descripción
Las larvas son de color amarillo; los adultos son coleópteros de unos 7 mm de
longitud, de color rojo cinabrio.
Ciclo biológico
Daños
Producen daños los escarabajos adultos perforando las hojas. Las larvas recortan
bandas paralelas a los nervios de las hojas.
Lucha química
6-8 mm. Color gris-amarillento y con 5 líneas oscuras sobre el tórax. Alas
amarillentas. Patas y antenas negras. Avivan a los 20-25 días. Ponen unos 150
huevos.
Ciclo biológico
Daños
Ataca a las flores y órganos verdes. El ápice de la hoja palidece y después muere.
El ataque de las larvas lleva consigo la putrefacción de las partes afectadas de los
bulbos, ya que facilita la penetración de patógenos, dañando el bulbo de forma
irreversible.
Características
Descripción
Ciclo biológico
Las hembras ponen los huevos en hojas a finales de mayo. Tan pronto avivan las
larvas penetran en el interior, produciendo agujeros en las hojas.
Aproximadamente tres semanas después van al suelo, donde pasan el invierno y
realizan la metamorfosis en la primavera siguiente.
Daños
Causan daños al penetrar las orugas por el interior de las vainas de las hojas hasta
el cogollo. Se para el desarrollo de las plantas, amarillean las hojas y puede
terminar pudriéndose la planta, ya que puede dar lugar a infecciones secundarias
causadas por hongos.
Características
Frecuencia de la ocurrencia: Thrips está presente en cebollas sobre una base anual
y los ácaros de la araña son un parásito ocasional.
Acres De los Por ciento Afectados: Thrips puede afectar 100% de la producción de
la cebolla en Tejas. Solamente un porcentaje mínimo es incomodado por los ácaros
de la araña .
Ciclos vitales Del Parásito: Los huevos minuciosos de thrips se insertan en se van o
provienen. Éstos traman en 2 a 10 días y las etapas larvales subsecuentes duran a
partir 5 a 30 días. Las hembras del adulto pueden reproducirse regularmente sin el
acoplamiento con los varones raramente encontrados. Todas las etapas se pueden
encontrar durante el verano pero durante meses más fríos solamente los adultos y
las larvas son evidentes. Es probable que cinco a ocho generaciones ocurren por
año, pero puede haber más en las partes más calientes del estado. Los ácaros de la
araña del adulto ponen los huevos en el superficie inferior de la hoja y hacen girar
telas debajo, donde los huevos traman y ocurre la mayoría de la alimentación del
ácaro. Los ácaros de la araña se reproducen rápidamente durante el tiempo
caliente, seco.
Sincronización del control: Se hace el primer uso químico cuando un thrip por la
planta se observa. Los usos subsecuentes deben ser hechos cuando 5 thrips por la
planta se cuentan, sin embargo, los usos para controlar ácaros de la araña no se
justifican generalmente a menos que las poblaciones sean extremadamente altas.
Percent Acres Affected: An estimated 40% of the state's onion acres experience
cutworm problems and 12% have wireworm damage. White grubs and onion
maggots seldom cause economic loss.
Acres de Por ciento Afectados: El 40 % estimado de los acres de cebolla del estado
experimenta problemas cutworm y el 12 % tiene el daño de wireworm. Comidas
blancas y gusanos de cebolla raras veces causan la pérdida económica
Chewing Insects
Acres de Por ciento Afectados: Sólo una pequeña parte del área cultivada de
cebolla de Texas es afectada por masticando insectos.
Weeds
Hierbajos Broadleaf hierbajos lambsquarter (Chenopodium álbum), pigweed
(amaranthus spp.), purslane (Portulaca oleracea), cohete de Londres (Sisymbrium
irio), mostaza salvaje (Brassica kaber), nightshade (Solanum spp.), ambrosía
(Ambrosía spp.), el girasol (Helianthus annuus), siembra el cardo (Pyrrhopappus
spp.), margarita de corral (Verbesina encelioidoes), croton (Croton capitatus),
ironweed (Vernonia spp.), spurge postrado Euphorbia prostrata),
manchado(descubierto) spurge (Euphorbia maculata), muele la cereza (Physalis
spp.), henbit (Lamium amplexicaule), y enredadera de campaña (Convolvulus
arvensis)
Frequency of Occurrence: Broadleaf weeds are present in onion fields every year.
Damage Caused: Onions are very sensitive to competition from weeds and require
almost 100% weed control for commercial production. Yield and bulb size are
reduced due to weed competition for moisture, fertility, and sunlight. When grown
from seed, onions are very slow to emerge, which gives weed seedlings a chance to
become established before the crop emerges and weed pressure before bulb
formation significantly reduces yields. Later in the season, weeds may shade the
bulbs and keep onions from properly drying. Weeds that germinate later in the
season have less impact on yield but can interfere with mechanical harvesting
equipment.
Percent Acres Affected: One hundred percent of onion fields are affected by
broadleaf weeds.
Pest Life Cycles: Seeds can germinate throughout the season if adequate moisture
is present. In the absence of regular moisture, flushes of seed germination often
coincide with rainfall events or irrigation. Winter freezes help control freeze-
sensitive broadleaf weeds in the Winter Garden region. Pigweed (Amaranthus spp.)
is a vigorous annual that produces a very large number of seeds that can survive in
the soil for up to 40 years. Within the pigweed group, the most serious species is
redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus). Fields with a history of redroot pigweed
should be treated with pre-emergence or early post-emergence herbicides.
Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) is a very adaptable weed that sets thousands
of seeds and, like pigweed, can remain in the soil for many years. Most seeds
germinate early in the growing season and control should be targeted for this time.
Dense stands can smother onion seedlings. Spurges (Euphorbia spp.) are annual
broadleafs that also present a large problem in onion fields. They have low growth
habits and can go unnoticed until seed set has occurred. Mature plants may
smother onion plants and pose a harvest problem. Purslane, sunflower, sow thistle,
barnyard daisy, croton, and ragweed are annual warm season weeds native to Texas.
London rocket, henbit, and wild mustard are annual cool season weeds introduced
to Texas. Nightshade is a warm season weed native and introduced to Texas, annual
and perennial. Ironweed, ground cherry, and field bindweed are perennial warm
season native weeds.
Yield Losses: When the following weeds are present in the onion field and no effort
is made to control them onion yields are estimated to suffer the indicated percent
losses: lambsquarter 55%, pigweed 75%, purslane 80%, London rocket 40%, wild
mustard 50%, nightshade 10%, ragweed 100%, sunflower 90%, sow thistle 30%,
barnyard daisy, 20%, croton 40%, ironweed 50%, prostate spurge 50%, spotted
spurge 25%, ground cherry 40%, henbit 20%, and field bindweed 5%.
Regional Differences: In the lower Rio Grande Valley common broadleaf weeds in
onions include pigweed, ironweed, lambsquarter, purslane, sow thistle, wild
mustard, ragweed, sunflower, London rocket, nightshade, barnyard daisy, croton,
henbit, prostrate spurge, spotted spurge, ground cherry, and field bindweed. The
Winter Garden area's prominent weeds include lambsquarter, pigweed, purslane,
wild mustard, ragweed, sunflower, sow thistle, and henbit. Pigweed and ironweed
are problem broadleaf weeds in onions on the Texas Plains.
Other Issues: A 1992 report relying on 1989, 1990, and 1991 data gives estimates of
crop losses due to weeds. According to the report weeds reduce onion yields in
Texas an estimated 15% under best management practices. If no herbicides are
applied it is estimated that yields would be reduced by 50%.
Alternative chemicals: Sulfuric acid, 5 gal of 94% SA solution, will kill weeds with
little onion damage.
Frequency of Occurrence: Grass and sedge weeds are present in onion fields every
year.
Damage Caused: Grass and sedge weeds reduce yield and bulb size due to
competition for moisture, fertility, and sunlight.
Percent Acres Affected: One hundred percent of onion fields are affected by grass
and sedge weeds.
Pest Life Cycles: Grasses (Gramineae family) are serious pests in onion fields
because of their vigorous growth and ability to produce copious amounts of seed.
This group of weeds poses the greatest competition to onions. They are also very
tolerant to moisture and temperature extremes once they are established. All
annual grasses should be controlled before they set seed. Winter freezes help
control annual grass weeds in the Winter Garden.
Yellow and Purple Putsedge (Cyperus esculentus and Cyperus rofundus) are
extremely serious onion weed pests. Nutsedges are perennial monocots with grass-
like foliage, but are not controlled with grass selective herbicides. Even light
infestations can reduce onion growth and bulb size, and heavy infestations can
force a producer to abandon entire fields. The plant reproduces by underground
tubers called nutlets. These tubers can overwinter during rotations and survive soil
temperatures of 20o F. The nutlets sprout from May to late July and each sprouting
tuber is capable of producing numerous plants. Johnsongrass and bermudagrass
are warm season perennial grasses introduced to Texas. Texas panicum is a warm
season annual grass native to the state.
Timing of Control: Both pre-emergent and post-emergent herbicides are used to
control grasses and sedges. It is best to apply the herbicides when the weeds are
small and more vulnerable.
Yield Losses: When present and not controlled johnsongrass can depress yields by
45%, bermudagrass by 40%, Texas panicum by 33%, yellow nutsedge by 25%, and
purple nutsedge by 25%.
Diseases
Botrytis Leaf Blight (Botrytis squamosa)
Downy Mildew (Peronospora destructor)
Purple Blotch (Alternaria porri)
Frequency of Occurrence: Botrytis leaf blight occurs every year on most Texas
onion acres. Infestation ranges from very low to severe depending upon weather
conditions and management. Purple blotch occurrence can be predicted by
counting the number of hours that free moisture is present on the leaf surface.
When 10 to 12 continuous leaf-wetness hours occur, purple blotch will develop.
Downy mildew occurs sporadically but is serious when epidemics occur. It becomes
less active as the season progresses into warmer weather.
Damage Caused: Botrytis leaf blight is frequently associated with small whitish
spots occurring along the entire length of an infected leaf. Most spots have greenish
halos that at times appear to be water soaked. When the spots are numerous, the
tip of the leaf may die back, giving the field a blasted appearance. Purple blotch
affects leaves, stems and bulbs appearing at first, as small whitish, sunken lesions
with purple centers. These spots later enlarge and eventually encircle the leaf
progressing to darkened zones that sometimes retain the characteristic purple
color. Bulbs can be infected during harvest, curing, storage and transit and the
disease can spread rapidly to other bulbs causing extensive damage. The bulb rot is
semi-watery and yellow at first with the color gradually turning wine-red and
finally to a dark brown or black. Downy mildew infection, that may be systemic,
generally occurs on leaves greater than 10 inches in length producing local lesions.
The older, outer leaves often become infected first with the disease, appearing as
pale-green, oval to elongate slightly sunken lesions on leaves and seed stalks. In
moist weather, these areas may be covered with a fuzzy, pale, purplish mold. Later
the whole leaf may turn a dull pale green and then yellow. Bulbs produced by
affected plants are often smaller than normal.
Percent Acres Affected: Botrytis leaf blight and purple blotch affect 100 % of the
state's onion acreage and downy mildew 8%.
Pest Life Cycles: The Botrytis fungus survives on plant refuse as mycelium and in
the soil as small black bodies called sclerotia. During cool, humid weather plant
debris and sclerotia give rise to air-borne spores that lodge on wet onion foliage,
germinate, and enter the plants. Foliage may be severely damaged with substantial
reductions in yield. Onions appear to be highly susceptible to leaf blight during the
early stages of bulbing. Botrytis can proliferate in storage and cause Botrytis neck
rot. The Purple blotch fungus over winters as mycelium in diseased plant debris
and produces spores under favorable conditions in the winter and spring. Onions
may be infected at harvest or in storage through the bulb neck or through wounds
in the bulb scales. Downy mildew is a potentially serious disease of onions,
particularly when onions are grown under cool, moist, and humid conditions. The
fungus over summers as mycelium in infected onion bulbs left in the field after
harvest and in cull piles. It may also persist in the soil to infect seedlings planted in
the following season. Spores produced during the winter are carried by wind to
infect new plants. Infection can spread very rapidly under cool, damp conditions.
Timing of Control: Treat for Botrytis leaf blight and purple blotch throughout the
season. Begin applications when 10 - 12 continuous leaf-wetness hours occur.
Fungicide applications should begin for downy mildew when weather conditions are
favorable.
Yield Losses: Estimated yield loss is 45%, 55%, and 65% from Botrytis leaf blight,
purple blotch, and downy mildew damage, respectively when present and not
controlled
Post-Harvest Control Practices: Curing onions will help reduce purple blotch rots
in storage. Remove onion debris and host plants that may harbor the fungus after
harvest.
Other Issues: It is important to correctly identify the disease and know what you
are treating for.
Pink Root
Phoma terrestris
Damage Caused: Pink root is a root disease resulting from soil-borne pathogens. The
disease turns roots pink which will eventually shrivel and die. Affected plants are
usually not killed, but will have small, poor quality bulbs. The disease affects only
roots. Infected plants often develop leaf tip die back and have a higher incidence of
Fusarium basal rot.
Percent Acres Affected: An estimated 100% of Texas onion acres are affected by pink
root.
Pest Life Cycles: The Pink root fungus is present in cultivated soils due to a wide host
range including pepper, tomato, oats, wheat, squash, cantaloupe, cucumber, corn,
sorghum, spinach, and carrot. The fungus remains in the soil indefinitely. Soil
fumigation has been shown to be effective for the control of this disease. The cost,
however, is high.
Timing of Control: Apply fumigant to control pink root before planting if cost
effective. Fungicide soil and seed treatments are ineffective. Soil steaming and soil
sterilization before planting reduce losses.
Yield Losses: Estimated yield loss as a result of pink root is 10% in severe problem
fields.
Regional Differences: Pink root is more of a problem in the Lower Rio Grande Valley
and the Winter Garden than in the Texas Plains.
Cultural Control Practices: The use of onion varieties resistant to pink root is the best
control for this disease. Crop rotation (3-6 years) will also reduce losses. Avoid planting
when soil temperatures are greater than 750 F. Avoid plant stress.
Nematodes
Frequency of Occurrence: Occurrence is variable among fields within a region and
between production areas, but increasing in frequency and severity.
Damage Caused: Nematodes feed on plant roots or injure the bulb. Yields may be
reduced and plant growth slowed. Maturity may be delayed, causing storage and other
disease problems. Damage is especially apparent during dry periods when injured plants
wilt prematurely. Damage can be severe but patchy.
Pest Life Cycles: Nematode species pathogenic to onions include the root knot
nematode (Meloidogyne spp.), onion bloat nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci), root lesion
nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans), and stubby root nematode (Paratrichodorus spp.).
The root knot and lesion nematodes are most important but low soil temperatures in
winter limit nematode activity and reproduction. Root knot nematodes feed on and/or in
roots of a wide range of plants. Nematodes can over summer in a dormant state in the
soil and maintain populations on susceptible crops and weeds. They cannot travel
through the soil to any extent, but are rapidly spread by running water and contaminated
equipment, transplants, sets, and bulbs. The mature female root knot nematode is
immobile (inside the root). Mature females lay eggs outside their body in a gelatinous
matrix. The onion bloat nematode also has a wide host range but is rare in Texas. They
are spread in a similar manner to root knot nematodes. Onion bloat nematodes grow and
develop in the leaf, neck, and bulb tissues. They grow to maturity within three to four
weeks and several generations may occur each season.
Yield Losses: Nematodes, when they are present, can cause yields to decline as much as
10% if not controlled.
Regional Differences: Nematodes are more of a problem in the Winter Garden and the
Lower Rio Grande Valley than in the Plains.
Cultural Control Practices: Rotation with poor-host crops (principally grain crops) for
two years; and avoiding the introduction of nematodes to clean fields on infected bulbs
or infested soil on equipment aid in disease management.
Chemical Controls: Dichloropropene chloropicrin (Telone C-17).
Juan Anciso
Extension Horticulturist
Texas Cooperative Extension
Weslaco, Texas
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peronospora destructor
Aspergillus Níger
Erwinia carotovora
Botrytis
Bremia lactucae
Pythium
Stemphylium vesicarium
Verticillium
Fusarium