تصميم الأساسات المشتركة PDF
تصميم الأساسات المشتركة PDF
تصميم الأساسات المشتركة PDF
new model
Arnulfo Luévanos-Rojas
University of Durango State, Gómez Palacio, Durango, México. [email protected]
Received: January 28th, 2014. Received in revised form: August 6th, 2014. Accepted: August 11th, 2014.
Abstract
This paper presents the design of boundary combined footings of rectangular shape using a new model to consider real soil pressure
acting on the contact surface of the footing; such pressure is presented in terms of an axial load, moment around the “X” axis and
moment around the “Y” axis to each column. The classic model considers an axial load and moment around the transverse axis applied in
each column, and when the moments in two directions are taken into account, the maximum pressure throughout the contact surface of
the footing is considered the same. The main part of this research is that the proposed model considers real soil pressure and the classic
model takes into account the maximum pressure and uniform is considered. It is concluded that the proposed model is more suited to the
real conditions and is more economical.
Keywords: boundary combined footings; resultant force; center of gravity; bending moment; bending shear; punching shear.
Palabras clave: zapatas combinadas de lindero; Fuerza resultante; Centro de gravedad; Momento flexionante; Fuerza cortante por
flexión; Fuerza cortante por penetración.
a2’-a2’ with a width “b2” that are parallel to axis “Y-Y”, and
moments around of an axis b’-b’, c’-c’, d’-d’ and e’-e’ that
are parallel to axis “X-X”; 2) Bending shear; 3) Punching
shear for footings which support a boundary column and
other inner column subject to axial load and moment in two
directions (bidirectional bending), where pressures are
different in the four corners, these pressures are presented in
Figure 1. Pressure distribution under footing: (a) footing on sand; (b) terms of the mechanical elements (axial load, moment
footing on clay; (c) equivalent uniform distribution. around the axis “X-X” and moment around the axis “Y-Y”).
Source: Bowles, 1996
2. Methodology
The pressure distribution will be uniform if the centroid of
2.2. General conditions
the footing coincides with the resultant of the applied loads,
as shown in Fig. 1(c) [1].
According to Building Code Requirements for Structural
In the design of superficial foundations, in the specific
Concrete (ACI 318-13) and Commentary the critical
case of isolated footings, there are of three types in terms of
sections are: 1) the maximum moment is located in face of
the application of loads: 1) The footings subjected to
column, pedestal, or wall, for footings supporting a concrete
concentric axial load, 2) The footings subjected to axial load
column, pedestal, or wall; 2) bending shear is presented at a
and moment in one direction (unidirectional bending), 3)
distance “d” (distance from extreme compression fiber to
The footings subjected to axial load and moment in two
centroid of longitudinal tension reinforcement) shall be
directions (bidirectional bending) [1,2,5,6].
measured from face of column, pedestal, or wall, for
The hypothesis used in the classical model considers the
footings supporting a column, pedestal, or wall; 3) punching
axial load and moment around an axis transverse to the
shear is localized so that its perimeter “bo” is a minimum
combined footing for the geometric proportions and shape
but need not approach closer than “d/2” to: (a) Edges or
are so fixed that the centroid of the footing area coincides
corners of columns, concentrated loads, or reaction areas;
with the resultant of the column loads. This results in
and (b) Changes in slab thickness such as edges of capitals,
uniform pressure below all the contact area of the footing.
drop panels, or shear caps [18].
Then the equation of the bidirectional bending is used to
The general equation for any type of footings subjected
obtain the stresses acting on the contact surface of the
to bidirectional bending [14-17, 19-21]:
combined footings, which must meet the following
conditions: 1) The minimum stress should be equal to or
greater than zero, because the soil is not capable of (1)
withstand tensile stresses, 2) The maximum stress must be
equal or less than the allowable capacity that can withstand
the soil [1,2,5,6]. where: σ is the stress exerted by the soil on the footing
A combined footing is a long footing supporting two or (soil pressure), A is the contact area of the footing, P is the
more columns in (typically two) one row. The combined axial load applied at the center of gravity of the footing, Mx
footing may be rectangular, trapezoidal or Tee-shaped in is the moment around the axis “X”, My is the moment
plan. Rectangular footing is provided when one of the around the axis “Y”, Cx is the distance in the direction “X”
projections of the footing is restricted or the width of the measured from the axis “Y” up to the farthest end, Cy is the
footing is restricted. Trapezoidal footing is provided when distance in direction “Y” measured from the axis “X” up to
one column load is much more than the other. As a result, the farthest end, Iy is the moment of inertia around the axis
both projections of the footing beyond the faces of the “Y” and Ix is the moment of inertia around the axis “X”.
columns will be restricted [7-9].
Some papers present the use of load testing on 2.2. New model
foundations: Non-destructive load test in pilots [10];
Evaluation of the integrity of deep foundations: analysis and Fig. 2 shows a combined footing supporting two
in situ verification [11]; Other, shows the use of static load rectangular columns of different dimensions (a boundary
tests in the geotechnical design of foundations [12]; column and other inner column) subject to axial load and
Comparison between resonant-column and bender element moments in two directions in each column.
test on three types of soils [13]. Fig. 3 presents a combined footing due to the equivalent
Mathematical models have been developed to obtain the loads. The mechanical elements of the components P1, Mx1,
dimensions of rectangular, square and circular isolated My1 are equivalent to a normal force “P1” acting on the point
footings subjected to axial load and moments in two with coordinates (ex1, ey1), and for the components of P2,
directions (bidirectional bending) [14-16]. Also, a Mx2, My2 are equivalent to a normal force “P2” acting on the
mathematical model was presented for design of isolated point with coordinates (ex2, ey2).
footings of rectangular shape using a new model [17]. The general equation of the bidirectional bending is:
This paper presents a full mathematical model for the
design of boundary combined footings to obtain: 1) (2)
Moments around of an axis a1’-a1’ with a width “b1” and
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(7)
(3)
where: b1 = c1+d/2 is the width of the failure surface, b2
Substituting equation (3) into equation (2) is = c3+d.
transformed into a unidirectional bending system as follows:
2.2.1. Model to obtain the bending moments
(4)
Critical sections for bending moments are shown in Fig.
6, these are presented in sections a1’-a1’, a2’-a2’, b’-b’, c’-
Fig. 4 shows pressure diagram for combined footings c’, d’-d’ and e’-e’.
subject to axial load and moment in one direction
(unidirectional bending) in each column, where the 2.2.1.1. Moment around the axis a1’-a1’
pressures are presented at two different corners varying
linearly along the contact surface, because there is not The resultant force “FRa1’” is found through the volume
moment around the axis “X”.
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/
/
/
/
/
/
/
(13)
/
(14)
Figure 6. Critical sections for bending moments. Substituting the equation (12) and (13) into equation
Source: Prepared by the author. (14) is obtained:
of pressure the area formed by the axis a1’-a1’ with a width (15)
“b1 = c1+d/2” and the free end of the rectangular footing,
where the higher pressure is presented:
2.2.1.3. Moment around the axis b’-b’
/ /
The resultant force “FRb’” is the force “P1” acting on
/ / (8) column 1 less the volume of pressure the area formed by the
axis b'-b’ and the corners 1 and 2 to the left of the footing,
this is presented of the follows:
/
/
/ / (16)
/
/
/
/
/
(9) The center of gravity “ycb’” with respect to axis b’-b’ is:
/
(17)
The moment around the axis a1’-a1’ is: The moment around the axis b’-b’ is:
(10) (18)
Substituting the equation (8) and (9) into equation (10) Substituting the equation (16) and (17) into equation
is obtained: (18) is obtained:
(11) (19)
2.2.1.2. Moment around the axis a2’-a2’ 2.2.1.4. Moment around the axis c’-c’
The resultant force “FRa2’’” is obtained through the First, the position of the axis c’-c’ must be localized,
volume of pressure the area formed by the axis a2’-a2’ with which is where the maximum moment is located.
a width “b2 = c3+d” and the free end of the rectangular When the shear force is zero, the moment should be the
footing, where the higher pressure is presented: maximum, then the shear force is presented at a distance
“ym”, this is shown as follows:
/ /
/ /
/ / (12)
/ (20)
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(21)
(22)
(23)
⁄ / (24) / /
(28)
The moment around the axis e’-e’ is: 2.2.2.3. Bending shear in axis g’-g’
2.2.2.1. Bending shear in axis f1’-f1’ 2.2.2.4. Bending shear in axis h’-h’
Bending shear acting on the axis f1’-f1’ of the footing Bending shear acting on the axis h’-h’ of the footing
“Vff1’” is obtained through the volume of pressure the area “Vfh’” is the force “P1” acting in column 1 less the volume
formed by the axis f1’-f1’ with a width “b1 = c1+d/2” and the of pressure the area formed by the axis h'-h’ and the corners
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⁄ ⁄
2.3.1. Model to obtain the moments
⁄ ⁄ (33)
Critical sections for bending moments are shown in Fig.
6, these are presented in sections a1’-a1’, a2’-a2’, b’-b’, c’-c’,
d’-d’ and e’-e’. The bending moment in each section is:
2.2.3.2. Punching shear for inner column
(38)
The critical section for the punching shear is presented
in rectangular section formed by points 7, 8, 9 and 10, as
shown in Fig. 8. Punching shear acting on the footing “Vp2” (39)
is the force “P2” which acting on column 2 less the volume
of pressure the area formed by the points 7, 8, 9 and 10:
⁄ ⁄
(40)
⁄ ⁄ (34)
(41)
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2.3.3. Model to obtain the punching shear
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(59)
(60)
(61) 500 kN; MDx2 = 280 kN-m; MLx2 = 200 kN-m; MDy2 = 240
kN-m; MLy2 = 160 kN-m; PD2 = 1400 kN; PL2 = 1000 kN;
(62) f’c = 21 MPa; fy = 420 MPa; qa = 220 kN/m2; γppz = 24
kN/m3; γpps = 15 kN/m3.
Where: H is the depth of the footing, PD is the dead load, PL
The reinforcement steel by temperature is found [18]: is the live load, MDx is the moment around the axis “X-X” of the
dead load, MLx is the moment around the axis “X-X” of the live
(63) load, MDy is the moment around the axis “Y-Y” of the dead
load, MLy is the moment around the axis “Y-Y” of the live load.
where: t is the total thickness of the footing. Step 1: The loads and moments acting on soil: P1 =
Step 10: The development length in tension of deformed 1200 kN; Mx1 = 240 kN-m; My1 = 200 kN-m; P2 = 2400 kN;
bars “ld” is expressed [18]: Mx2 = 480 kN-m; My2 = 400 kN-m.
Steel reinforcement in the top: Step 2: The available load capacity the soil: The thickness
“t” of the footing is proposed, the first proposal is the minimum
thickness of 25 cm marking regulations, subsequently the
(64) thickness is revised to meet the following conditions: moments,
bending shear and punching shear. If such conditions are not
satisfied is proposed a greater thickness until it fulfills the three
Steel reinforcement in the bottom:
conditions mentioned. The thickness of the footing that fulfills
the three conditions listed above is 95 cm for new model and for
(65) classic model is 120 cm. Using the equation (51) is obtained the
available load capacity of the soil “σadm” is 188.95 kN/m2 (new
model) and 186.70 kN/m2 (classic model).
where: ψt is the traditional reinforcement location factor Step 3: The value of “a” by equation (52) is obtained: a
to reflect the adverse effects of the top reinforcement = 8.00 m. The value of “b” by equation (53) is found: b =
casting position, ψe is a coating factor reflecting the effects 3.20 m. These values are for the two models. This value of
of epoxy coating, db is the diameter of the bars, λ is “b” is verified to xR ≤ b/6 and meets.
modification factor reflecting the reduced mechanical Step 4: The mechanical elements (P, Mx, My) acting on the
properties of lightweight concrete, all relative to footing is factored: Pu1 = 1640 kN; Mux1 = 328 kN-m; Muy1 =
normalweight concrete of the same compressive strength. 272 kN-m; Pu2 = 3280 kN; Mux2 = 656 kN-m; Muy2 = 544 kN-m.
The development length for deformed bars “ld” is Step 5: The bending moments acting on the footing of
compared vs. the available length of the footing “la” and the two models are presented in Table 1.
must comply with the following expression [18]:
Table 1.
Bending moments
(66) Moments New model (kN-m) Classic model (kN-m)
Parallel to axis “Y-Y”
3. Application 612.88 658.44
1225.77 1316.88
The design of a boundary combined footing supporting Parallel to axis “X-X”
two square columns is presented in Fig. 9, with the basic 278.80 263.50
information following: c1 = 40x40 cm; c2 = 40x40 cm; L = 1858.67 1338.33
6.00 m; H = 1.5 m; MDx1 = 140 kN-m; MLx1 = 100 kN-m; ‒1558.00 ‒5000.32
‒1771.20 ‒6343.80
MDy1 = 120 kN-m; MLy1 = 80 kN-m; PD1 = 700 kN; PL1 = Source: Prepared by the author.
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Table 2. Table 5.
Dimensions Reinforcement steel
Concept New model (cm) Classic model (cm) Reinforcement steel New model Classic model
Parallel to axis “Y-Y” 44.35 42.02 cm2 cm2
Parallel to axis “X-X” 34.41 63.57 Longitudinal reinforcement steel (direction of axis “Y”)
Effective depth after 87 112
performing different proposals Steel at the Main steel 57.94 31.95
Coating 8 8 top
Total thickness 95 120 Minimum steel 92.71 119.35
Source: Prepared by the author.
Steel proposed 96.27(19Ø1”) 121.61(24Ø1”)
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Figure 10. Final design of the boundary combined footing: (a) New model; (b) Classic model.
Source: Prepared by the author.
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