HBR]GCBVGB _BVB MTJBYBJG@C
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VM\V@MTJBYBL@VB
Kb rmtr`mxjbvbl`rb sm ukgzbdbfgtubkhmctm mc `frbs pbrb mkh`vghgmct` lm mrrbs, pbrb rmbkgzbrrbhpbs mc s`kbrms, ` pbrb bfrgr surj`slmscbl`s bk pbsbam lm tufmrèbs, jbfkms,lrmcbams, mtj. Bsè j`h` tbhfgçc pbrbprmpbrbr k`s sg`s l`clm sm bsgmctbc k`sjghgmct`s lm k`s mlgijg`s.Kb hâqugcb duclm s`frm mk tmrrmc`ucb jujdbrb j`c kb qum brrbcjb k`shbtmrgbkms qum brrbstrb y lmp`sgtb mc sugctmrg`r.Mk jdbsgs pumlm mstbr h`ctbl` s`frmjblmcbs ` fgmc s`frm cmuhâj`s. Mc mstm ñkh` jbs` mstâc pr`vgstbs lm nbt`s dglrâukgj`s pbrbiabr kb hâqugcb bk sumk`.Kb rmtr`mxjbvbl`rb, b lgmrmcjgb lm kb mxjbvbl`rb r`ctbk, gcjglm s`frm mk tmrrmc` mxjbvbcl` lmbrrgfb dbjgb bfba`. Ms ukgzblb pbrb trbfbabr mk h`vghgmct` lm mrrbs b cgvmk gcmrg`r bk pkbc` lmbp`y`, ` uc p`j` supmrg`r b çstm.
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MTJBYBL@VBZ
Kbs Mxjbvbl`rbs pbrb su pr`puksgúc pumlmc smrh`ctblbs s`frm `runbs ` s`frm kkbctbs cmuhâjbs,sgmcl` kbs hâs j`hucms kbs h`ctblbs s`frm`runbs, ukgzâcl`sm l`clm ms p`sgfkm h`vmr nrbclmsv`kñhmcms sgc cmjmsglbl lm nrbclms lmspkbzbhgmct`s.Kbs Mxjbvbl`rbs s`c mqugp`s qum sm ukgzbc mc ucbbhpkgb vbrgmlbl lm trbfba`s lm mxjbvbjgúc, l`clm mkhbtmrgbk b mxjbvbr sm mcjumctrb fba` mk cgvmk lmk pgs` mcmk qum sm bp`yb kb hâqugcb.Kbs Mxjbvbl`rbs dglrâukgjbs pmqumòbs sumkmc trbfbabrmc bkjbctbrgkkbl`s y kècmb lm bnub. Dbjmc `frbs lm mxjbvbjg`cms pbrb jghmctbjg`cms yurfbcgzbjg`cms.Kbs Mxjbvbl`rbs hâs nrbclms nrbjgbs b su bkjbcjm,pr`uclglbl y pr`lujvglbl sm dbc bfgmrt` pbs` b cumvbsbpkgjbjg`cms mc mxjbvbjg`cms mc nmcmrbk, trbfba`s lmjbctmrbs y hbcma` lm hbtmrgbkms.
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QBCABL@VBZ
mstâc lgsmòblbs pbrb j`rtbr zbcabs rmjtbs ybcn`stbs mc mk sumk` bctms lm tmclmr tufmrèbsmkçjtrgjbs, lm tmkç`c` y jbfkms ` tuf`s lm bnuby nbs. Kbs zbcabl`rbs s`c glmbkms pbrbj`cstrujjgúc rmsglmcjgbk, j`hmrjgbk, bnrèj`kb, lmmlgijg`s, pbrb mk juglbl` lm jçspml yhbctmcghgmct` lm jbhp`s lm n`k.
Zu lgsmò` pmrhgtm j`rtbr zbcabs rmjtbs ybcn`stbs mc mk sumk` bctms lm tmclmr tufmrèbsmkçjtrgjbs, lm tmkç`c` y jbfkms ` tuf`s lmbnub y nbs.
Mk sgstmhb lm hbcl` lgrmjt` mcmh`t`r nmr`t`r lm vmk`jglbl vbrgbfkm y fglgrmjjg`cbk pbrb kb trbjjgúc y pbr úph`s lm kbs jblmcbspbrb k`nrbr hâxgh` rmclghgmct` mc kb bpmrturb lm zbcabs.
Kb jblmcb lurblmrb qum j`ctrbrrmstb mk j`ctrbaumn` l`fkm mstâclbr mkghgcb mk j`ctrbaumn`lm kb jblmcb y nbrbczb qum sm ufgqumc k`s lgmctms mc mk âcnuk` hâs mijgmctm pbrb k`nrbr ucj`rtm ucg`rhm y hby`r vglb ñk lm k`slgmctms.
K ` s l g m c t m s m c ñk pr`k`cnblb mc hujdbs j`clgjg`cms lmsumk`s.
M k j b h f g ` k b t mjmrjb lm mstrujturbs u `fstrujjg`cms.
Z m m c j u m c t r b c zbcabs lm sumk`s y mxjbvbjg`cms mspmjèijbs.
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F]KKL@QMV
]c fukkl`zmr ms uc p` lm hâqugcbh`ctblb s`frm `runbs mqugpblb j`c ucbd`ab rmjtb mc kb pbrtm lmkbctmrb bj`pkblbj`c kb jubk sm mhpuab mk hbtmrgbk dbjgb uckbl`.
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LVBNBKGCB
Kb lrbnbkgcb ms ucbhâqugcb mxjbvbl`rb lm nrbclmslghmcsg`cms, p`r ms` kb j`cstruymc mc mkpr`pg` kunbr mc mk qum vb b smr ukgzblb,mc hgcmrèb y mc gcnmcgmrèb jgvgk pbrb
h`vmr nrbclms jbclblms lm hbtmrgbk.Ms mspmjgbkhmctm ñk mc kunbrmsgcuclbl`s p`r mamhpk` pbrb kbj`cstrujjgúc lm pumrt`s. Zu pms` supmrbâjgkhmctm kbs 6.??? t`cmkblbs dbstbkkmnbr mc bknuc`s jbs`s b kbs 2:.???t`cmkblbs.Kb lrbnbkgcb mstâ `rhblb p`r kbssgnugmctms pbrtms1Kb mstrujturb prgcjgpbk, mc `rhb lmjbab, qum mcm h`vghgmct`r`tbt`rg`. Bquè rmsglm mkh`t`r, lgçsmk ` mkçjtrgj`, y kb jbfgcblm hbcl`.Mk frbz` húvgk ` hâsk qum s`p`rtbkb pbkb jbrnbl`rb.Kb pbkb jbrnbl`rb qum mstâ suamtb vmrjbkhmctm bk frbz` prgcjgpbk y d`rgz`ctbkhmctm b kbmstrujturb prgcjgpbk b trbvçs lm jbfkms y jumrlbs.Jbfkms, jumrlbs y jblmcbs qum pmrhgtmc kb hbcg`frb lmk pr`jms` lm mxjbvbjgúc.\gmcm uc`s pgms hmtâkgj`s lmfgl` b qum kbs rumlbs ` kbs `runbs lm k`s tbcqums sm duclgrèbc.Mc mk pr`jms` lm mxjbvbjgúc kb pbkb jbrnbl`rb sm sgtñb mcjghb lmk kunbr lúclm sm qugmrm mxjbvbrlmstmcsbcl` k`s jbfkms y kbs jumrlbs. Mct`cjms sm brrbstrb kb pbkb pbrb j`nmr kb jbrnb tmcsbcl` kbsjumrlbs d`rgz`ctbkms. ]cb vmz jbrnblb kb pbkb sm sufm tmcsbcl` k`s jbfkms vmrjbkms y kb hâqugcb
sm ngrb dbjgb mk kunbr lm lmsjbrnb. Jubcl` kkmnb bk kunbr lm lmsjbrnb sm sumktbc kbs jumrlbsgcmrg`rms pmrhgmcl` kb jbèlb lmk hbtmrgbk.Mk pr`jms` lm jbrnb y lmsjbrnb b pmsbr lm kb lghmcsgúc lm kb mstrujturb ms rmkbvbhmctm râpgl`. Kbjbclbl lm hbtmrgbk qum pumlm smr rmh`vglb mc jblb jgjk` lm mxjbvbjgúc lmpmclm lmk v`kuhmclm kb pbkb qum pumlm kkmnbr b k`s :? - 9? hmtr`s jñfgj`s. Çstb hâqugcb ms trbcsp`rtblb j`cnrbclms rmh`kqums, yb qum mkkb s`kb s`k` pumlm rmj`rrmr vbrg`s hmtr`s. _`r tbct`, mk j`stm t`tbk smmkmvb p`r mk trbcsp`rtm. Zbkm rmctbfkm s`k` jubcl` cmjmsgtbh`s mxjbvbr hujd`s hmtr`s jñfgj`s lmmrrb mc nrbclms supmrijgms.
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LVBNB
]cb lrbnb ms ucb mhfbrjbjgúc ukgzblb pbrb mxjbvbr hbtmrgbklmfba` lmk cgvmk lmk bnub, y mkmvbr mk hbtmrgbk mxtrbèl` dbstb kbsupmrijgm. Mstbs `pmrbjg`cms sm pumlmc rmbkgzbr mc jbcbkmscbvmnbfkms, mc pumrt`s, lârsmcbs ` mhfbksms.
Kb smkmjjgúc lm kb lrbnb vgmcm gcumcjgblb p`r mk p` lm hbtmrgbk bmxtrbmr, kb jbclbl, kb pr`uclglbl lmk `cl`, mk bjbfbl` qum smqugmrb j`csmnugr y kb mj`c`hèb. Mxgstmc l`s nrbclms nrup`s, kbslrbnbs hmjâcgjbs y kbs lrbnbs lm sujjgúc.
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LVBNBZ HMJÂCGJBZ
Kb lrbnb lm jujdbrb mstâ j`hpumstb p`r ucb nrñb ngrbt`rgb qum vbh`ctblb mcjghb lm uc p`ctúc. Kb nrñb kkmvb ucb jujdbrb fgvbkvb qum pumlm bkjbczbr nrbclmspr`uclglblms (=? hmtr`s) y mxtrbm hbtmrgbkms j`c nrbc prmjgsgúc mc sg`s rmlujgl`s. ]sb ucsgstmhb lm iabjgúc lm
spuls
qum s`c uc`s pgkbrms qum sm dgcjbc mc mk `cl` ` j`c bcjkbs. Mktmrrmc` prmmrgfkm ms mk sumk` nrbcukbr, sumkt` ` bkn` j`dmsgv`s lmfgl` b kb fbab lgs`kujgúc qumpr`v`jbc, blmhâs kb jujdbrb ms gctmrjbhfgbfkm k` qum bjgkgtb kb mxtrbjjgúc lm `tr`s hbtmrgbkms.Zus gcj`cvmcgmctms s`c ucb fbab pr`lujjgúc mc j`hpbrbjgúc j`c `trbs lrbnbs y kb grrmnukbrglbllmk `cl` k` qum ghpkgjb kb cmjmsglbl lm uc s`frmlrbnbl`, ms lmjgr lrbnbr p`r lmfba` lm kb j`tbj`ctrbtblb. \`l` mst` ghpkgjb qum mk j`stm p`r hmtr` jñfgj` mxjbvbl` ms hâs mkmvbl`.Kb lrbnb lm pbkb lm jbrnb r`ctbk mstâ j`cstuglb p`r ucumrtm frbz` qum pumlm rmbkgzbr ucb mxjbvbjgúc r`ctbk,mkmvbr kb jbrnb, ngrbr mk frbz` y lmp`sgtbr mk hbtmrgbk s`frmnâcnugk. Mstb lrbnb sm iab bk `cl` j`c trms spuls, l`s mcpr`b y uc` mc p`pb. Kb jbpbjglbl lmk jbz` `sjgkb mctrm : y= hmtr`s jñfgj`s bucqum mc Mstbl`s ]cgl`s sm bfrgjbcdbstb lm 6? hmtr`s jñfgj`s. Kbs vmctbabs ms qum mxjbvbhuy fgmc r`jbs fkbclbs y brjgkkbs lurbs y blmhâs smnñcmxjbvb sm bfrgmcl` b sè hgshb uc jbcbk.Kb lrbnb rmtr`mxjbvbl`rb `
fbjed`m lrmlnmr
ms mc msmcjgbucb lrbnb h`ctblb s`frm uc p`ctúc qum sm iab bk `cl` yucb rmtr`mxjbvbl`rb mcjghb. Mxjbvbc fgmc hbtmrgbkmslur`s dbstb pr`uclglblms lm 6< hmtr`s. K`srmclghgmct`s s`c hmc`rms pbrb mxjbvbjg`cms lm brmcb.