NELSON 2006

PHYLUM CHORDATA15
Subphylum Craniata 18
Superclass Myxinomorphi to Osteostracomorphi 21–33
Superclass Gnathostomata 34
Class Placodermi, 35
Class Chondrichthyes, 39
Subclass Holocephali, 42
Order Chimaeriformes, 45
Subclass Elasmobranchii, 47
Order Heterodontiformes, 54
Order Orectolobiformes, 54
Order Lamniformes, 57
Order Carcharhiniformes, 60
Order Hexanchiformes, 64
Order Echinorhiniformes, 65
Order Squaliformes, 66
Order Squatiniformes, 68
Order Pristiophoriformes, 69
Order Torpediniformes, 71
Order Pristiformes, 73
Order Rajiformes, 73
Order Myliobatiformes, 76
Class Acanthodii, 83
Class Actinopterygii, 87
Subclass Cladistia, 88
Order Polypteriformes, 88
Subclass Chrondrostei, 90
Order Acipenseriformes, 92
Subclass Neopterygii, 95
Order Lepisosteiformes, 97
Order Amiiformes, 98
Division Teleostei, 100
Subdivision Osteoglossomorpha, 102
Order Hiodontiformes, 103
Order Osteoglossiformes, 104
Subdivision Elopomorpha, 108
Order Elopiformes, 110
Order Albuliformes, 111
Order Anguilliformes, 114
 Order Saccopharyngiformes, 124-------- Sale del Clado en Willey 2006
Subdivision Ostarioclupeomorpha (= Otocephala), 126
Superorder Clupeomorpha, 127
Order Clupeiformes, 128
Superorder Ostariophysi, 134
Order Gonorynchiformes, 135
Order Cypriniformes, 139
Order Characiformes, 148
Order Siluriformes, 162
Order Gymnotiformes, 186
Subdivision Euteleostei, 189------- cambia a Cohort Euteleosteomorpha
Superorder Protacanthopterygii, 189
Order Argentiniformes, 190
Order Osmeriformes, 194
Order Salmoniformes, 199
Order Esociformes, 204
Superorder Stenopterygii, 207 ---- desaparece en willey
Order Stomiiformes, 207
Superorder Ateleopodomorpha, 212
Order Ateleopodiformes, 212
Superorder Cyclosquamata, 214
Order Aulopiformes, 214
Superorder Scopelomorpha, 223
Order Myctophiformes, 223
Superorder Lampriomorpha, 226
Order Lampriformes, 226
Superorder Polymixiomorpha, 230
Order Polymixiiformes, 230
Superorder Paracanthopterygii, 231
Order Percopsiformes, 233
Order Gadiformes, 235
Order Ophidiiformes, 243
Order Batrachoidiformes, 248
Order Lophiiformes, 250
Superorder Acanthopterygii, 260
Series Mugilomorpha, 262
Order Mugiliformes, 262
Series Atherinomorpha, 263
Order Atheriniformes, 266
Order Beloniformes, 276
Order Cyprinodontiformes, 282
Series Percomorpha, 293
 Order Stephanoberyciformes, 294
Order Beryciformes, 299
Order Zeiformes, 304
Order Gasterosteiformes, 308
Order Synbranchiformes, 316
Order Scorpaeniformes, 318
Order Perciformes, 339
Order Pleuronectiformes, 442
Order Tetraodontiformes, 451
Class Sarcopterygii, 459
Subclass Coelacanthimorpha, 459
Order Coelacanthiformes, 459
Subclass Dipnotetrapodomorpha, 461
Order Ceratodontiformes, 464
Unranked Tetrapodomorpha, 465
Infraclass Tetrapoda, 466
 Willey 2012

The Classifi cation

Below, we summarize our classifi cation of Teleostei, grounded within Actinopterygii. We follow this overview
with detailed diagnoses of each clade and call attention to groups that lack confi rmation of their monophyletic
nature. The classifi cation follows the Annotated Linnaean system of Wiley (1979, 1981), which includes the
listing convention of Nelson (1972) and the sedis mutabilis convention of Wiley (1979) to indicate polytomies in
a list. We have taken the liberty of defaulting to two clades of neopterygians, Holostei and Teleostei, in
anticipation of analyses by Lance Grande (Field Museum), but do not attempt to justify this decision herein.

Class Actinopterygii
Subclass Cladistia
Subclass Chondrostei
Subclass Neopterygii
Infraclass Holostei
Infraclass Teleostei
Supercohort Teleocephala ----organismos vivos
Cohort Elopomorpha
Order Elopiformes
Cambia la agrupación de Order Albuliformes
desendencia con Order Notacanthiformes ----------Orden Nuevo
respecto a Nelson 2006 Order Anguilliformes
Cohort Osteoglossomorpha
Order Hiodontiformes
Order Osteoglossiformes
Cohort Otomorpha (= Otocephala, Ostarioclupeomorpha)
Subcohort Clupei
Order Clupeiformes
Subcohort Ostariophysi
Section Anotophysa Se incluyen secciones que separan
Order Gonorynchiformes los órdenes dentro de la
Section Otophysa subcohorte.
Superorder Cyprinae
Order Cypriniformes
Superorder Characiphysae
Order Characiformes
Order Siluriformes
Order Gymnotiformes
Cohort Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohort Protacanthopterygii
 Order Argentiniformes
Suborder Argentinoidei----------------- Aparecen Subordenes
Suborder Alepocephaloidei
Order Salmoniformes
Son clasificadas nuevamente como
Suborder Esocoidei, sedis mutabilis------------------
subórdenes, (son orden en Nelson
Suborder Osmeroidei, sedis mutabilis
2006)
Suborder Salmonoidei, sedis mutabilis

Subcohort Neoteleostei
Neoteleostei incertae sedis Order Ateleopodiformes
Infracohort Stomiatia
Order Stomiatiformes
Infracohort Eurypterygia
Section Aulopa
Order Aulopiformes
Suborder Synodontoidei
Suborder Chlorophthalmoidei
Suborder Alepisauroidei
Suborder Giganturoidei
Section Ctenosquamata
Subsection Myctophata
Order Myctophiformes
Subsection Acanthomorphata
Division Lampridacea
Order Lampridiformes
Division Polymixiacea
Order Polymixiiformes
Division Percopsacea---- se convierte en serie Percopsaria
Order Percopsiformes
Division Gadacea
Order Gadiformes
Suborder Melanonoidei----- Desaparece en Betancurt, 2013
Suborder Macrouroidei
Suborder Gadoidei
Division Stephanoberycacea
Order Stephanoberyciformes
Division Zeacea
Order Zeiformes
Division Berycacea
Order Beryciformes
Division Percomorphacea
 Series Smegmamorpharia
Incertae sedis in Smegmamorpharia:
Order Elassomatiformes
Order Mugiliformes
Order Synbranchiformes
Suborder Mastacembeloidei
Suborder Synbranchoidei
Order Gasterosteiformes
Suborder Gasterosteoidei
Suborder Syngnathoidei
Superorder Atherinomorphae
Order Atheriniformes
Order Beloniformes
Suborder Adrianichthyoidei
Suborder Exocoetoidei
Order Cyprinodontiformes
Suborder Aplocheiloidei
Suborder Cyprinodontoidei
Percomorphacea incertae sedis:
Order Acanthuriformes
Order Anabantiformes
Suborder Anabantoidei
Suborder Channoidei
Order Batrachoidiformes
Order Blenniiformes
Order “Caproiformes”
Order Carangiformes
Order Cottiformes
Suborder Cottoidei
Suborder Zoarcoidei
Order Dactylopteriformes
Order Gobiesociformes
Suborder Gobiesocoidei
Suborder Callionymoidei
Order Gobiiformes
Order Icosteiformes
Order Labriformes
Order Lophiiformes
Suborder Lophioidei
Suborder Antennarioidei
Suborder Chaunacoidei
Suborder Ogcocephaloidei
 Suborder Ceratioidei
Order Nototheniiformes
Order “Ophidiiformes”
Suborder “Ophidioidei”
Suborder Bythitoidei
Order “Perciformes”
Order Pholidichthyiformes
Order Pleuronectiformes
Suborder Psettodoidei
Suborder Pleuronectoidei
Order Scombriformes
Order Scorpaeniformes new usage
Suborder Scorpaenoidei
Suborder Serranoidei
Order Stromateiformes
Order Tetraodontiformes
Order “Trachiniformes”

BETANCURT 2013

Classification for Bony Fishes (version 2)

 
Megaclass Osteichthyes (=Euteleostomi, =Euosteichthyes)
Superclass Actinopterygii (100%)
Class Cladistia (100%)
Order Polypteriformes
      Polypteridae
Class Actinopteri (100%)
Subclass Chondrostei, (100%)
Order Acipenseriformes
Acipenseridae
Polyodontidae
Subclass Neopterygii (100%)
Infraclass Holostei (100%)
Order Amiiformes
      Amiidae
Order Lepisosteiformes (100%)           
      Lepisosteidae
Infraclass Teleostei (100%)
Megacohort Elopocephalai sensu Arratia (1999) (100%)
Supercohort Elopocephala (100%)
Cohort Elopomorpha (100%)
Order Elopiformes (100%)
Elopidae
Megalopidae
Order Albuliformes (100%)
Albulidae
Order Notacanthiformes (100%)
Halosauridae
Notacanthidae
Order Anguilliformes (100%)
Anguillidae
Congridae
Eurypharyngidae
Muraenesocidae
Muraenidae
Nemichthyidae
Ophichthidae
Saccopharyngidae
Serrivomeridae
Not
examined: Chlopsidae, Colocongridae, Cyematidae, Derichthyidae, H
eterenchelyidae, Monognathidae, Moringuidae, Myrocongridae, Netta
stomatidae, Protanguillidae, Synaphobranchidae.
Comment: Suborders recognized in Wiley and Johnson (2010)  based on
previous work cited therein are significantly incongruent with the clades
obtained in this analysis; thus, no subordinal classification is proposed.
Megacohort Osteoglossocephalai sensu Arratia (1999) (38%)
Supercohort Osteoglossocephala sensu Arratia (1999) (99%)
Cohort Osteoglossomorpha
Order Hiodontiformes (100%)
Hiodontidae
Order Osteoglossiformes (100%)
Arapaimidae
Gymnarchidae
Mormyridae
Notopteridae
Osteoglossidae
Pantodontidae
Supercohort Clupeocephala sensu Arratia (2010) (100%)
Cohort Otomorpha (=Otocephala, Ostarioclupeomorpha) (100%)
Subcohort Clupei (87%)
Order Clupeiformes
Suborder Denticipitoidei
Denticipitidae
Suborder Clupeoidei (100%)
Chirocentridae
Clupeidae (not monophyletic)
Engraulidae
Pristigasteridae
Not examined: Dussumieriidae, Sundasalangidae.
Comment: family-level groupings may require major revision;
Pristigasteridae, Chirocentridae and Engraulidae are supported
by other molecular studies, but not Clupeidae (Li and Ortí,
2007;Lavoué et al., 2013) ; five well-supported lineages identified
by Lavoué et al., (2013) could become new families.
Subcohort Alepocephali (100%)
Order Alepocephaliformes
Alepocephalidae (not monophyletic)
Platytroctidae
Not examined: Leptochilichthyidae.
Subcohort Ostariophysi (100%)
Section Anotophysa (97%)
Order Gonorynchiformes
Suborder Gonorynchoidei
Gonorynchidae
Suborder Chanoidei
Chanidae
Suborder Knerioidei (100%)
Kneriidae
Section Otophysa (100%)
Superorder Cypriniphysae (100%)
Order Cypriniformes
Botiidae
Catostomidae
Cobitidae
Cyprinidae
Gyrinocheilidae
Nemacheilidae
Not
examined: Balitoridae, Barbuccidae, Ellopostomatid
 ae, Psilorhynchidae, Serpenticobitidae, Vaillantellid
ae.
Superorder Characiphysae (100%)
Order Gymnotiformes (100%)
Suborder Gymnotoidei (not monophyletic)
Gymnotidae (not monophyletic)
Suborder Sternopygoidei (not monophyletic)
Apteronotidae
Rhamphichthyidae
Sternopygidae (not monophyletic)
Not examined: Hypopomidae.
Comment: Although not monophyletic here, the monophyly
gymnotiform suborders is corroborated by Albert and
Crampton (2005).
Order Characiformes (100%)
Suborder Citharinoidei (not monophyletic)
Citharinidae
Distichodontidae
Suborder Characoidei (not monophyletic)
Acestrorhynchidae
Alestidae
Bryconidae
Chalceidae
Characidae
Chilodontidae
Crenuchidae
Ctenoluciidae
Cynodontidae
Erythrinidae
Gasteropelecidae
Hemiodontidae
Hepsetidae
Lebiasinidae
Parodontidae
Prochilodontidae
Serrasalmidae
Triportheidae
Not
examined: Anostomidae, Curimatidae, Iguanodectid
ae.
Comment: Although not monophyletic in this analysis, the
monophyly of characiform suborders has been corroborated
by other molecular studies (Calcagnotto et al., 2005).
Order Siluriformes (100%)
Suborder Loricaroidei (93%)
Astroblepidae
Callichthyidae
Loricariidae
Nematogenyidae
Trichomycteridae
Suborder Diplomystoidei
Diplomystidae
Suborder Siluroidei (100%)
Akysidae
Amblycipitidae
Amphiliidae
Anchariidae
Ariidae
Auchenipteridae
Bagridae
Cetopsidae
Chacidae
Clariidae
Claroteidae
Cranoglanididae
Doradidae
Heptapteridae
Heteropneustidae
Horabagridae
Ictaluridae
Malapteruridae
Mochokidae
Pangasiidae
Pimelodidae
Plotosidae
Pseudopimelodidae
Schilbeidae
Siluridae
Sisoridae
Not
examined: Aspredinidae, Austroglanididae, Erethisti
dae, Lacantuniidae, Olyridae, Scoloplacidae. 
Supercohort Clupeocephala (cont.)
Cohort Euteleosteomorpha (100%)
Subcohort Lepidogalaxii
Order Lepidogalaxiiformes
Lepidogalaxiidae
Subcohort Protacanthopterygii sedis mutabilis (37%)
Order Galaxiiformes (100%)
Galaxiidae
Order Argentiniformes (100%)
Argentinidae
Bathylagidae
Microstomatidae
Opisthoproctidae
Order Salmoniformes (100%)
Salmonidae
Order Esociformes (100%)
Esocidae
Umbridae
Subcohort Stomiatii (73%)
Order Stomiatiformes (=Stomiiformes) (100%)
Diplophidae
Gonostomatidae
Phosichthyidae (not monophyletic)
Sternoptychidae
Stomiidae
Order Osmeriformes (100%)
Osmeridae
Plecoglossidae
Retropinnidae
Salangidae
Subcohort Neoteleostei (100%)
Infracohort Ateleopodia (100%)
Order Ateleopodiformes
Ateleopodidae
Infracohort Eurypterygia (96%)
Section Aulopa (100%)
Order Aulopiformes
                                                Suborder Aulopoidei (not monophyletic)
Aulopidae
Pseudotrichonotidae
Synodontidae (not monophyletic)
                                                Suborder Paraulopoidei
 Paraulopidae
Suborder Alepisauroidei (not monophyletic)
Alepisauridae
Bathysauridae
Chlorophthalmidae (not monophyletic)
Evermannellidae
Giganturidae
Ipnopidae (not monophyletic)
Notosudidae
Paralepididae (not monophyletic)
Scopelarchidae (not monophyletic)
Sudidae
Not examined: Bathysauroididae, Bathysauropsidae.
Comment: Suborders and families listed are as in (2010). Although not
monophyletic herein, the monophyly aulopiform suborders is supported
by Davis (2010).
Section Ctenosquamata (97%)
Subsection Myctophata (100%)
Order Myctophiformes
Myctophidae
Neoscopelidae
Subsection Acanthomorphata (97%)
Division Lampridacea (100%)
Order Lampridiformes
Lamprididae
Lophotidae
Regalecidae
Trachipteridae
Not examined: Radiicephalidae, Veliferidae.
Division Paracanthomorphacea sensu Grande et al. (2013) (93%)
Series Percopsaria (100%)
Order Percopsiformes
Amblyopsidae
Aphredoderidae
Percopsidae
Se incluye la serie Series Zeiogadaria (=Zeiogadiformes sensu Li et al., 2009) (98%)
Subseries Zeariae (100%)
Order Zeiformes
Parazenidae
Zeidae
Zenionidae
 Not
examined: Cyttidae, Grammicolepidid
ae, Oreosomatidae.
Subseries Gadariae (100%)
Order Stylephoriformes  (sensu Miya et al.,
2007)-----Nuevo Orden

Stylephoridae
Order Gadiformes (100%)
                                                                                                Suborder Macrouroidei
Macrouridae (not
monophyletic)
Steindachneriidae
Suborder Gadoidei (not monophyletic)
Gadidae
Lotidae (not monophyletic)
Merlucciidae
Moridae
Phycidae
Not
examined: Bregmacerotidae, 
Euclichthyidae, Melanonidae.
Suborder Muraenolepidoidei----- Nuevo Orden
Muraenolepididae
Comment: The subordinal classification
follows Roa-Varón and Orti (2009): fig. 6.
Division Polymixiacea (100%) Cambia la agrupación de
Order Polymixiiformes descendencia.
Polymixiidae

Division Euacanthomorphacea sensu Johnson and Patterson

(1993) (99%)
Subdivision Berycimorphaceae (87%)
Order Beryciformes (similar to
Trachichthyiformes sensu Moore, 1993)
Anomalopidae
Anoplogastridae
Barbourisiidae
Berycidae
Cetomimidae
Diretmidae
 Melamphaidae
Monocentridae
Rondeletiidae
Stephanoberycidae
Trachichthyidae (not monophyletic)
Not
examined: Gibberichthyidae, Hispidoberycidae (expecte
d affinity following Moore, 1993).
Subdivision Holocentrimorphaceae (100%)
Order Holocentriformes
Holocentridae
Comment: Moore (1993) and Stiassny and Moore
(1992) provide morphological evidence supporting a sister-
group relationship between holocentrids and percomorphs,
which further guarantees placement of this family in its own
order. 
Subdivision Percomorphaceae (="Percomorpha" sensu Miya et
al. (2003) and Miya et al. (2005)).
Subdivision Percomorphaceae (cont.)
Series Ophidiimorpharia (100%)
Order Ophidiiformes
Suborder Ophidioidei
Carapidae (not monophyletic)
Ophidiidae
Suborder Bythitoidei
Aphyonidae
Bythitidae (not monophyletic)
Not examined: Parabrotulidae
Series Batrachoidimorpharia (100%)
Order Batrachoidiformes
Batrachoididae
Series Gobiomorpharia (see also Thacker, 2009; Chakrabarty et al., 2012) (100%)
Comment: In addition to the well-supported molecular circumscription of this group, kurtids, apogonids and
gobioids are characterized by the presence of sensory papillae rows on the head and body (Thacker, 2009).
Order Kurtiformes (98%)
Suborder Kurtoidei
Kurtidae
Suborder Apogonoidei
Apogonidae
Comment: Johnson (1993) noted that the configuration of the dorsal gill-arch elements may be
homologous in Kurtus and apogonids.
Order Gobiiformes (100%)
 Suborder Odontobutoidei (100%)
Odontobutidae
Suborder Eleotroidei (97%)
Eleotridae
Suborder Gobioidei (100%)
Gobiidae (not monophyletic)
Microdesmidae
Not
examined: Kraemeriidae, Rhyacichthyidae, Schindleriidae, Thalasseleotrididae, Xe
nisthmidae.
Series Syngnathimorpharia, new (96%)         
Order Syngnathiformes
Suborder-level  incertae sedis in Syngnathiformes
Aulostomidae
Centriscidae
Fistulariidae
Suborder Syngnathoidei (92%)
Syngnathidae
Pegasidae
Not examined: Solenostomidae (assumed affinity with Syngnathidae)
Suborder Dactylopteroidei (100%)
Dactylopteridae
Suborder Callionymoidei (100%)
Callionymidae
Not examined: Draconettidae (assumed affinity with Callionymidae).
Suborder Mulloidei (92%)
Mullidae
Series Pelagimorpharia, new name and circumscription (=Stromateoidei sensu Li et al. (2009); =
Pelagia sensu Miya et al. (2013)) (100%)          
Order Scombriformes
Ariommatidae
Arripidae (not examined, included here following Yagishita et al., 2009; Miya et al., 2013)
Bramidae
Caristiidae
Centrolophidae
Chiasmodontidae
Gempylidae (not monophyletic)
Icosteidae
Nomeidae
Pomatomidae
Scombridae (not monophyletic)
Scombrolabracidae
 Stromateidae
Tetragonuridae (not examined, included here following Miya et al., 2013)
Trichiuridae
Other “Stromateoid” families not examined: Amarsipidae, Scombropidae (Doiuchi et al.,
2004; Miya et al., 2013)
Comment: interfamilial resolution in Scombriformes is tenuous; circumscription of scombriform
families into suborders (e.g., Scombroidei, Stromateoidei, Icostoidei) or new orders requires further
work.
Series Anabantomorpharia (=Anabantiformes sensu Li et al., 2009) (99%)
Order Synbranchiformes (98%)
Suborder Indostomoidei
            Indostomidae
Suborder Synbranchoidei
Synbranchidae
Suborder Mastacembeloidei
Mastacembelidae
Not examined: Chaudhuriidae.
Order Anabantiformes (=Labyrinthici) (100%)
Suborder Anabantoidei (95%)
Anabantidae
Helostomatidae
Osphronemidae
Badidae
Pristolepididae
Suborder Channoidei (85%)
Channidae
Nandidae
Series Carangimorphariae (=Carangimorpha sensu Li et al. (2009)) (100%)
Order-level  incertae sedis  in Carangimorphariae
Centropomidae (sensu Greenwood)
Leptobramidae
Menidae
Polynemidae
Sphyraenidae
Toxotidae
Not examined: Lactariidae (included in Carangimorphariae according to Campbell et al.,
2013)
Order Istiophoriformes (100%)
Istiophoridae
Xiphiidae
Order Carangiformes sedis mutabilis (not monophyletic)
Carangidae
 Coryphaenidae
Echeneidae
Nematistiidae
Rachycentridae
Comment: Monophyly of Carangiformes is not significantly rejected by the data (see Betancur-R. et
al., 2013b).
Order Pleuronectiformes sedis mutabilis (not monophyletic)
Suborder Psettodoidei (100%)
Psettodidae
Suborder Pleuronectoidei (100%)
Achiridae
Achiropsettidae
Bothidae
Citharidae
Cynoglossidae
Paralichthyidae (not monophyletic)
Pleuronectidae
Poecilopsettidae
Rhombosoleidae (not monophyletic)
Samaridae
Scophthalmidae
Soleidae
Not examined: Paralichthodidae.
Comment: Although Psettodidae is not recovered as the sister group of pleuronectoids in the
present analysis, the order was resolved as monophyletic by a recent study (Betancur-R. et
al., 2013b).
Series Ovalentaria (sensu Smith & Near in Wainwright et al. (2012); =Stiassnyiformes sensu Li et al. (2009))
(100%)
Order-level incertae sedis in Ovalentaria
Ambassidae
Embiotocidae
Grammatidae (not monophyletic)
Plesiopidae
Polycentridae
Pomacentridae
Pseudochromidae (not monophyletic)
Opistognathidae
Superorder Cichlomorphae (93%)
Order Cichliformes
Cichlidae
Order Pholidichthyiformes
Pholidichthyidae
Superoder Atherinomorphae (100%)
Order Atheriniformes (100%)
Atherinidae
Atherinopsidae
Bedotiidae
Isonidae
Melanotaeniidae
Phallostethidae
Pseudomugilidae
Telmatherinidae
Not examined: Dentatherinidae, Notocheiridae.
Order Beloniformes (32%)
Suborder Adrianichthyoidei
Adrianichthyidae
Suborder Exocoetoidei (100%)
Belonidae (not monophyletic)
Exocoetidae
Hemiramphidae (not monophyletic)
Scomberesocidae
Zenarchopteridae (not monophyletic)
Order Cyprinodontiformes (57%)
Suborder Aplocheiloidei
Aplocheilidae
Suborder Cyprinodontoidei (100%)
Cyprinodontidae
Fundulidae
Poeciliidae
Not
examined: Anablepidae, Goodeidae, Nothobranchiidae, Profundulidae, Rivulid
ae, Valenciidae.
Superorder Mugilomorphae (100%)
Order Mugiliformes
Mugilidae
Superorder Blenniimorphae (80%)
Order Blenniiformes (100%) sensu  Li et al. (2009)
Suborder Gobiesocoidei
Gobiesocidae
Suborder Blennioidei (not monophyletic; = Blenniiformes sensu Lin and Hastings
(2013))
Blenniidae
Chaenopsidae (not monophyletic)
Clinidae
 Dactyloscopidae
Labrisomidae (not monophyletic)
Tripterygiidae
Comment: While blennioids are not monophyletic in the megatree, we note that preliminary
analyses resulted in the reciprocal monophyly of gobiesocoids and blennioids, which is
congruent with molecular (Wainwright et al., 2012; Lin and Hastings, 2013) and
morphological (Springer and Orrell, 2004) evidence. Monophyly of gobiesocoids and
blennioids (as separate orders/suborders) is further supported by both morphological (Wiley
and Johnson, 2010) and molecular evidence. 
Series Percomorpharia (99%)
Order-level incertae sedis in Percomorpharia
Caesionidae
Callanthiidae
Caproidae
Champsodontidae
Cepolidae
Centrogenyidae
Chaetodontidae
Emmelichthyidae
Enoplosidae
Gerreidae
Haemulidae
Leiognathidae
Lutjanidae (not monophyletic)
Malacanthidae
Monodactylidae
Moronidae
Percichthyidae (not monophyletic)
Perciliidae
Pomacanthidae
Priacanthidae
Scatophagidae
Sciaenidae
Siganidae
Sillaginidae
Sinipercidae
Not examined: Dinolestidae, Dinopercidae (see Smith and Craig, 2007). Six families
traditionally placed in “Perciformes” are also provisionally listed here
are: Bathyclupeidae, Dichistiidae, Hapalogenyidae,Parascorpididae, Symphysanodontidae, 
Trichonotidae; these are not placed in the recently circumscribed Perciformes given the long
history of phylogenetic indistinctiveness between Percoidei, Perciformes, and
Percomorpha (e.g., Smith and Craig, 2007).
Order Uranoscopiformes (=Paratrachinoidei sensu Li et al. (2009)) (95%)
Ammodytidae
Pinguipedidae
Uranoscopidae
Cheimarrichthyidae
Order Labriformes sensu stricto (100%)
Labridae (not monophyletic)
Odacidae
Scaridae
Order Lobotiformes (100%)
            Lobotidae
            Datnioididae
Order Ephippiformes (100%)
Drepaneidae
Ephippidae
Comment: Greenwood et al. (1966) hypothesized a close affinity between Drepane and ephippids.
Order Spariformes sensu Akazaki (1962) and Johnson (1981) (94%)
Lethrinidae
Sparidae
Possibly included (examined): Nemipteridae
Not examined but assumed affinity (Johnson, 1981): Centracanthidae
Comment: Akazaki (1962) proposed that Lethrinidae, Sparidae, and Nemipteridae were
closely related based on specializations of the suspensorium and other features (Johnson,
1993). Johnson (1981) supported the monophyly of Akazaki's spariforms with the addition of
Centracanthidae.
Order Lophiiformes (100%). This order is the sister group of Tetraodontiformes (55% bootstrap);
also supported by anatomical evidence (Chanet et al. (2013), larval characters (Baldwin (2013)), and
previous molecular studies (e.g. Dettaï and Lecointre (2008), Miya et al. (2003), Miya et al. (2010)).
Suborder Lophioidei (100%)
Lophiidae
Suborder Antennarioidei (100%).
Antennariidae
Not examined: Brachionichthyidae, Lophichthyidae, Tetrabrachiidae.
Suborder Chaunacoidei (100%)
Chaunacidae
Suborder Ogcocephaloidei (100%)
Ogcocephalidae
Suborder Ceratioidei
Ceratiidae
Gigantactinidae
Himantolophidae
Melanocetidae
 Oneirodidae
Not
examined: Caulophrynidae, Centrophrynidae, Diceratiidae,  Linophrynidae, Neoceratiid
ae, Thaumatichthyidae.
Order Tetraodontiformes (100%). This order is the sister group of Lophiiformes (55% bootstrap);
also supported by anatomical evidence (Chanet et al. (2013), larval characters (Baldwin (2013)), and
previous molecular studies (e.g. Dettaï and Lecointre (2008), Miya et al. (2003), Miya et al., (2010)).
            Suborder Triacanthodoidei (100%)
Triacanthodidae
Suborder Triacanthoidei
Triacanthidae
                        Suborder Tetraodontoidei (100%)
Diodontidae
Tetraodontidae
                        Suborder Moloidei (100%)
Molidae
                        Suborder Balistoidei (100%)
Balistidae
Monacanthidae
                        Suborder Ostracioidei (100%)
Aracanidae
Ostraciidae
Suborder Triodontoidei, new
Triodontidae
Comment: This subordinal classification differs from that proposed by Santini and Tyler (2003).
Order Acanthuriformes, restricted circumscription (see also Holcroft and Wiley, 2008) (100%)
Acanthuridae
Luvaridae
Zanclidae
Order Terapontiformes, new (95%)
Girellidae
Kuhliidae
Kyphosidae
Oplegnathidae
Terapontidae
Order Pempheriformes sedis mutabilis, new circumscription (44%)
Acropomatidae (not monophyletic)
Banjosidae
Epigonidae
Creediidae
Glaucosomatidae
Howellidae
 Lateolabracidae
Ostracoberycidae
Pempheridae
Pentacerotidae
Percophidae
Polyprionidae (not monophyletic)
Not examined: Leptoscopidae (assumed affinity with Creediidae according to Odani and
Imamura, 2011)
Comment: Tominaga (1986) suggested that features of the cranium and swimbladder may be
homologous in Pempheris and  Glaucosoma. Although support for Pempheriformes is only 44%, this
clade is often recovered in different analyses.
Order Cirrhitiformes (similar to Cirrhithoidea sensu  Greenwood (1995) and Burridge and Smolenski
(2004)) (91%)
Cheilodactylidae
Cirrhitidae
Not examined but expected affinity (Burridge and Smolenski, 2004; Greenwood,
1995): Aplodactylidae, Chironemidae, Latridae.
Order Centrarchiformes (100%)
Centrarchidae
Elassomatidae
Order Perciformes (=Serraniformes sensu  Lautredou et al. (2013); Li et al. (2009)) (99%)
Not examined (12 families traditionally placed in
Scorpaeniformes): Apistidae, Aploactinidae, Congiopodidae, Cottocomephoridae, Eschmeye
ridae, Gnathanacanthidae, Neosebastidae, Pataecidae, Perryenidae,Plectrogeniidae, Zanclo
rhynchidae.
Suborder-level incertae sedis in Perciformes
Bembropidae
Hoplichthyidae
Platycephalidae.
Suborder Serranoidei sedis mutabilis (19%)
            Serranidae
Suborder Percoidei, restricted circumscription (99%)
            Niphonidae
Percidae
            Not examined: Trachinidae.
Comment: Lautredou et al. (2013) using seven nuclear markers obtained a clade uniting
Percidae and Trachinidae with full support.
Suborder Notothenioidei (100%)
Pseudaphritidae
Eleginopsidae
Nototheniidae (not monophyletic)
Artedidraconidae
 Harpagiferidae
Bathydraconidae (not monophyletic)
Channichthyidae
Bovichtidae
Suborder Scorpaenoidei (83%)
            Scorpaenidae (not monophyletic)
            Sebastidae
            Setarchidae
Synanceiidae
Tetrarogidae
Suborder Bembroidei (96%)
            Bembridae
            Parabembridae
Suborder Triglioidei sensu Jordan (1923) (100%)
            Triglidae
            Peristediidae
Suborder Cottioidei (=Cottimorpha sensu Li et al. (2009)) (100%)
Comment: We have chosen to recognize clades within this suborder as infraorders, adopting
the ending –ales for this rank. Gasterosteales and Zoarcales are most probably sister-
groups; they are have been grouped as Zoarciformes by Li et al. (2009)
Infraorder Anoplopomatales
Anoplopomatidae
Infraorder Gasterosteales (100%)
Aulorhynchidae
Gasterosteidae
Hypoptychidae
Infraorder Zoarcales (100%)
Anarhichadidae
Bathymasteridae (not monophyletic)
Cryptacanthodidae
Stichaeidae (not monophyletic)
Pholidae
Zaproridae
Zoarcidae
Not examined: Ptilichthyidae, Scytalinidae.
Infraorder Cottales (96%)
Agonidae (not monophyletic)
Cyclopteridae
Cottidae (not monophyletic)
Hexagrammidae (not monophyletic)
Liparidae
Psychrolutidae
 Trichodontidae
Not examined: 7 families traditionally placed in
Cottoidei: Abyssocottidae, Bathylutichthyidae, Comephoridae, Ereuniidae, Hem
itripteridae, Normanichthyidae, Rhamphocottidae.
Superclass Sarcopterygii (96%)
Class Coelacanthimorpha (=Actinistia)
                  Order Coelacanthiformes
                              Latimeriidae
Class Dipnotetrapodomorpha sedis mutabilis (65%)
Subclass Dipnomorpha (100%)
Superorder Ceratodontae
      Order Ceratodontiformes
                  Suborder Ceratodontoidei
                              Neoceratodontidae
                  Suborder Lepidosirenoidei (100%)
                              Lepidosirenidae
                              Protopteridae
                   Subclass Tetrapodomorpha (100%)
Articulos