REPUBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL EXPERIMENTAL POLITECNICA

“ANTONIO JOSÉ DE SUCRE”
VICERRECTORADO PUERTO ORDAZ
DEPARTAMENTO DE ESTUDIOS GENERALES
SECCIÓN DE HUMANIDADES
CÁTEDRA DE INGLÉS

TEXTO-GUÍA PARA LA ENSEÑANZA Y EL

APRENDIZAJE DE LA COMPRENSIÓN LECTORA DE
INGLÉS TÉCNICO PARA LA INGENIERÍA EN LA
ASIGNATURA INGLÉS II. UNEXPO-PUERTO ORDAZ.

Autor: Lic. Lucenia Farías N.

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 PUERTO ORDAZ, JULIO DE 2009

UNIDAD I

OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS
REVISAR LOS OBJETIVOS BÁSICOS ESTUDIADOS EN INGLÉS I:
1. INFERIR EL SIGNIFICADO DE PALABRAS DE ACUERDO A SU
CONTENIDO.

2. COMPRENDER LAS PARTES ENTRE PARTES DE UN TEXTO A

TRAVÉS DE LAS REFERENCIAS CONTEXTUALES.

3. INCREMENTAR VOCABULARIO A TRAVÉS DE SINÓNIMOS Y

ANTÓNIMOS.

4. ANALIZAR EL TÍTULO DEL TEXTO ANTES DE LEERLO.

5. ASOCIAR EL TÍTULO CON TODAS LAS PALABRAS POSIBLES.

6. IDENTIFICAR LOS CONECTORES E INDICAR SUS FUNCIONES DE

ACUERDO AL ENLACE DE IDEAS.

7. IDENTIFICAR COMPUESTOS NOMINALES SIMPLES.

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I.-LEE EL TÍTULO DEL TEXTO, Y RESPONDE:

¿QUÉ PALABRAS ASOCIAS CON EL TÍTULO?

R= Porque estudiar ingeniería

¿QUÉ INFORMACIÓN PREDICES ENCONTRAR EN EL TEXTO, SEGÚN EL

TÍTULO?
R= Razones por las que elegir una carrera de ingeniería

1 Why Study Engineering?

Engineers belong to the greatest profession in the world, responsible for almost
everything that makes life worth living - from leisure activities to medical
treatment, mobile communications to modern transport systems.
Within the wide boundaries of the engineering profession, there are thousands
5 of challenging activities, in areas such as research, development, design,
manufacture and operation of products and services. Activities which provide
stimulating intellectual challenges with diverse and varied tasks, inevitably
involving deadlines, and all added to the satisfaction of real output or delivery.
Demand for good engineers is high, in practically every country in the world. In
10 the IT and electronics sectors in particular, there are world shortages of
Chartered and Incorporated Engineers, and unemployment amongst professional
engineers is lower than for almost any other profession.
Engineering degrees can lead to a vast number of career opportunities, with
graduates in demand in almost every sector of the economy. The word used
15 most often when referring to a career in engineering is variety; and electrical,
civil, marine, chemical, software, systems, information and manufacturing
engineering offer a host of alternative job opportunities for new graduates.
Specialisations range from Automation to Power Generation and from
Communications to Manufacturing. Within each of these fields, there are
20 opportunities in research, design, development and tests, as well as
management, production, marketing and sales. A degree can also provide a
passport into the world of education. Professional engineers also stand a better
chance of becoming a chief executive than any other professional,
outnumbering accountants by three to one!
25 The environment in which engineering professionals work has never been more
dynamic. New materials, technologies and processes are being developed all the
time. Increasing globalisation, new markets, and changing employment patterns
also mean that an engineering career is now a truly international one.
How to Qualify. At school, students should take a board range of subjects

3
30 covering both art and sciences. Mathematics and Physics are usually essential,
but English is also important, and a foreign language desirable. Minimum
qualifications for entry to an Engineering degree course are normally 'A' levels
or equivalent in Mathematics and Physics, but a third subject in either the Arts
or Sciences ensures a wider choice of degree options. Students without the
35 relevant 'A' levels have the opportunity to 'convert' on one-year pre-entry
courses at selected universities. With the exception of a few specialist courses, it
is common for all students to take the same subjects in the first year(s) of a
degree, before going on to specialise in the final year(s), when they can choose
from a number of options. For this reason, when selecting a course it is
40 important to check what options are available, especially if undergraduates
already have a specific career in mind. However, specialising in one area whilst
at University does not preclude working in another field of the profession at a
later date.
What type of degree? There is a wide variety of undergraduate and
45 postgraduate courses available worldwide, many of which are discussed in the
articles listed on the left. However, in the end, the choice of which course to
take must be a personal one, dependent on the aims, circumstances and
preferences of the individual student.
After Graduation. A degree is only the beginning of the formation of a
50 professional engineer. In order to qualify for membership of a professional
engineering institution, or to qualify for Chartered Engineering status, graduates
will often have a minimum of two years industrial training, and two years career
development in a responsible position.
Embarking on a training programme in a major industry enables new graduates
55 to develop experience of a wide range of jobs, and acquire a broad
understanding of engineering activity outside their own branch. Students who
were sponsored during their degree courses may already have spent time in
industry, and will have started to give their academic studies an industrial
perspective. Postgraduate training also offers graduates the chance to keep their
60 career options open, as the opportunity to experience the work of different
sectors of an industry can open up new areas of interest not previously
appreciated. The IEE accredits industrial training programmes, each year
producing a list of companies that undertake to provide accredited training.
A Rewarding Future. There is little doubt that the world of engineering - and
all that it encompasses -offers exciting opportunities for both men and women.
65 The industrial and economic success of every nation is rooted firmly in its
manufacturing and engineering base, and the skills and ingenuity of its
professional engineers. The ability to research, develop and apply new
technologies is essential, particularly in today's global markets.
In the UK alone, engineering-led industry contributes about 40% of its gross
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70 domestic product, and is the 'goose that lays the golden eggs' for its national
economy. From space travel to household electrician, the role of the engineer is
crucial. For anyone looking for a rewarding future with a wide variety of
employment prospects, there has never been a more exciting time to embark on
a career in engineering.

1. IDENTIFICA LOS COGNADOS, SUBRAYÁNDOLOS O

RESALTÁNDOLOS.

2. IDENTIFICA ALGUNAS PREPOSICIONES.

 From = Desde
 To = Hasta
 Of = de
 In = En
 For = Para , por
 With= Con

3. ¿A QUÉ SE REFIEREN LAS PALABRAS SUBRAYADAS?

 How to Qualify = Significa “como calificar”, en el texto se usa como
subtitulo para proceder a desarrollar los requerimentos para entrar a la
ingeniería
 What type of degree? = Significa “¿Que tipo de grado?”, en el texto
se usa como subtitulo para desarrollar los grados a los que se puede
aspirar en las carreras de ingeniera
 After Graduation = Significa “Luego de Graduarse”, en el texto se usa
como subtitulo para explicar lo que se debe hacer luego de haberse
graduado en las carreras de ingeniería

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  A Rewarding Future = Significa “Un futuro lleno de recompensas”, en
el texto hace referencia a el prometedor futuro si se estudia una
carrera de ingenieria
4. IDENTIFICA ALGUNOS CONECTORES Y COMENTA SUS FUNCIONES.
 also = significa de “ademas” continua con alguna idea
 However = significa “sin embargo” expone otro punto de vista de la
idea
 For this reason = significa “por esta razón” explica algún hecho del
tema
 In order to = significa “con el fin de” desarrrolla alguna idea

5.UBICA EN EL TEXTO EL SINÓNIMO Y ANTÓNIMO DE LAS SIGUIENTES

PALABRAS:

SINÓNIMO-LÍNEA ( ) ANTÓNIMO-LÍNEA ( )
Supply = provide Old ≠ new
Maintain = keep Higher ≠ lower
Functions = work Narrow ≠ wide
Opportunity = chance After ≠ before
Tasks = activities Earlier ≠ later
Field = sector Poor ≠ rich
New = Recent High ≠ low

PARA UBICARTE EN EL SIGUIENTE TEMA A LEER, RESPONDE ESTAS

PREGUNTAS:
¿Qué es la Ingeniería?
¿Es una ciencia, una disciplina?
R= Es una disciplina que utiliza metodos y principios científicos para
desarrollar nuevas tecnologias
Nombra algunas sub-disciplinas que conozcas. ¿De qué se encarga cada
una?
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Ingenieria Electronica. Se encarga de el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías
mediante la manipulación de los electrones en los atomos
Ingenieria Civil. Se encarga del desarrollo de las infraestructuras urbanas y
rurales
Ingenieria Metalurgica. Se encarga de la manipulación de los materiales
metálicos y la investigación de sus propiedades y como interactúan entre si.

¿Con cuál de ellas te identificas? ¿Por qué?

R= Con la ingeniería electronia porque es la que estoy estudiando

I.-ADEMÁS DE LAS PALABRAS DISCIPLINA, SUBDISCIPLINAS,

INGENIERO, AGREGA OTRAS ASOCIADAS CON ESTE TÍTULO.

VARIEDADES, RAMAS, TIPOS.

ENGINEERING
BRANCHES

1 Engineering is the applied science of acquiring and applying knowledge to

design, analysis and/or construction of words for practical purposes.
The American Engineers’ Council for Professional Development, also Known
as, ECPD, (later ABET) defines Engineering as: “The creative application of
5 scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or
manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly in combinations or to
construct or operate the same with full cognizance of their design; or to
forecast their behavior under specific operating conditions; all as respects an
intended function, economics of operation and safety to life and property”. One
10 who practices engineering is called an engineer, and those licensed to do so
have formal designations such as Professional Engineer, Chartered Engineer or
Incorporated Engineer. The broad engineering discipline encompasses a range
of specialized sub-disciplines that focus on the issues associated with
developing a specific product kind, or using a specific technology type.
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15 There are traditionally four primary engineering disciplines, namely civil,
mechanical, electrical, and chemical engineering, each of these having several
distinct specialized branches. Other important and distinct engineering
disciplines are concerned with mining, nuclear technology, and environmental
control.
20 The oldest of the four main disciplines is civil engineering, which developed
from techniques used in the ancient world. It is concerned with the design, site
preparation, and construction of all types of structures and facilities, such as
bridges, roads, tunnels, harbors, and airfields. Most of the projects involving
civil engineering are undertaken by the public sector and are concerned with
25 the development of urban, regional, and national infrastructures. Within the
overall context of civil engineering there are several specialized branches, such
as structural engineering, foundation engineering, public health and sanitary
engineering, and irrigation engineering. Municipal and traffic engineering are
more recent specializations.
30 Branches of Engineering.
Engineering, much like science, is a broad discipline which is often broken
down into several sub-disciplines. These disciplines concern themselves with
differing areas of engineering work and some extent can be outlined as
follows, however this classification is broad at best. Although initially an
engineer will be trained in a specific discipline, throughout an engineer`s
35 career the engineer may become multi-disciplined, having worked in several of
the outlined areas.
Aerospace Engineering – The design of aircraft, spacecraft and related topics.
Chemical Engineering – The conversion of raw materials into usable
commodities.
40 Civil Engineering – The design and construction of public and private works,
such as bridges and buildings.
Computer Engineering – The entire process of designing and coding
computers and computer related devices.
Electrical Engineering – The design of electrical systems, such as
45 transformers, as well as electronic goods.
Environmental Engineering – Environmental Engineers are concerned with
protecting the environment by assessing the impact a project has on the air,
water, soil and noise levels in its vicinity.

8
 Instrumentation Engineering – The design of all electronic instruments.
50 Mechanical Engineering – The design of physical or mechanical systems,
such as engines, kinematic chains and vibration isolation equipment.
Mining Engineering – The extraction of raw materials from the earth,
including ores, natural gases and crude oils.
Software Engineering – The design and development of software for use in
55 digital systems.
For each of these fields there exist considerable overlap, especially in the areas
of the application of sciences to their disciplines such as physics, chemistry
and mathematics.

II.-¿A QUÉ SE REFIEREN LAS PALABRAS SUBRAYADAS EN EL TEXTO?

R= them se refiere a los principios científicos, their se refiere a las
maquinas, estrucuras o proyectos desarrollados con dichos principios, those
se refiere a los ingenieros, each of these se refiere a las cuatro principales
ingenierías, el primer which se refiere a la ingeniería civil, el segundo which
se refiere a la ingeniería como carrera.

III.- IDENTIFICA COMPUESTOS NOMINALES DEL GRUPO N+N

R= Airfields, aircraft, spacecraft, forecast, outlined.
IV.-UBICA EN EL RECUADRO DIEZ (10) PALABRAS RELACIONADAS
CON EL TEXTO.
D I S C I P L I N E
C H E M I C A L S N
G L U O P H M R P G
A R E O L A I J K I
S T I V F I N Q B N
E L R E E N I G N E
S F E H I L N E M P

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 P W D E S I G N K L

1. Discipline
2. Chemical
3. Engine
4. Engineer
5. Level
6. Design
7. Gases
8. Chain
9. Lamining
10. Park
11.

V. PAREO: une las expresiones de la columna “A” con las de la columna “B”
Column “A” Column “B”
1. Chemical Engineering. (1) It is related with the transformation of raw
materials

2. A Civil Engineer. (2) He/she is a professional who realizes works

such as buildings, roads, etc. for public and private usage

3. Computer Engineering. (3) This subdiscipline masters experts in the

whole process of designing and coding devices which are related with computers.

4. An Electrical Engineer. (4) This professional can design both electrical

systems and electronic goods.

5. Environmental Engineers. (5) They are engineers concerned with

protecting the environment.

6. Mining Engineering. (6)It concerns with the study of earth in order to

locate and extract raw material from it.

10
7. Software Engineering. (7) Its key words are: software, digital use,
systems, and others.
8. Engineering. (8) It is a wide discipline and it has several
subdisciplines.

UNIDAD II

OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS

1.RECONOCER LOS SUFIJOS EN INGLÉS TÉCNICO SEGÚN SU

FUNCIÓN DENTRO DE LA PALABRA DERIVADA PARA ASÍ DEDUCIR SU
SIGNIFICADO.

2.RECONOCER LAS DIFERENTES FUNCIONES DE UNA PALABRA CON

EL SUFIJO “ING”.

3.REFORZAR LAS REFERENCIAS CONTEXTUALES.

5.INCREMENTAR VOCABULARIO A TRAVÉS DE SINÓNIMOS Y

ANTÓNIMOS.

6.REFORZAR LOS COMPUESTOS NOMINALES DEL TIPO N+N.

7.IDENTIFICAR, COMPRENDER E INTERPRETAR COMPUESTOS

NOMINALES COMPLEJOS

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 ¿CÓMO TRADUCIRIAS LAS SIGUIENTES PALABRAS?

TO TRANSFORM TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMATION

Para Transformar Transformador Transformacion
TRANSFORMING TRANSFORMED TRANSFORMABLE
Transformando Transformado Transformable

¿QUÉ DIFERENCIA OBSERVAS EN ESTAS PALABRAS?

¿SABES SU SIGNIFICADO?
El sufijo es la diferencia principal entre todas
WIDE WIDEST
WIDEN
Ancho El más ancho
WIDER WIDENESS, WIDTH
WIDELY
Màs ancho Anchura

¿Y DE ÉSTAS?

CHARGE UNCHARGED OVERCHARGED

Carga Sobrecargado
CHARGED DISCHARGED RECHARGED
Cargado Descargado Recargado

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 PREFIJOS:
MUCHOS PREFIJOS EN INGLÉS SON MUY PARECIDOS AL
CASTELLANO YA QUE SON DE ORIGEN LATINO Y GRIEGO ( IN-, ANTI-,
BI-, AUTO-, MICRO-, PRE-, POST-, RE-, DIS-, SUPER-, TRI-, UNI-, EX,
HEMI-, MONO-, ETC.).
ENTRE LOS USADOS EN INGLÉS TÉCNICO DE INGENIERIA Y
DIFERENTES AL CASTELLANO TENEMOS: UN-, OVER-, UNDER-, MIS.

Tomado del LIBRO-TEXTO PARA LA ENSEÑANZA DE LA LECTURA COMPRENSIVA EN INGLÉS TÉCNICO

PARA ESTUDIANTES QUE CURSAN EL CUARTO SEMESTRE DE INGENIERÍA ELÉCTRICA EN LA
UNIVERSIDAD EXPERIMENTAL POLITÉCNICA “ANTONIO JOSÉ DE SUCRE” (Marín, 2000)

No,
No lo suficientemente Uncharged
UN  bueno, Unstable
Des-, in- Unplug

Demasiado, Overheat
OVER  En exceso, Overload
Sobre- Oversupply

Muy poco, Underload

*UNDER Por debajo, Undervoltage
Sub-, su- Undertuned

Malo, Misuse
MIS  equivocado Mismatch
Mal- Misplug
*Pero no en el caso de “understand”

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 SUFIJOS:
EN INGLES EXISTEN POCOS SUFIJOS QUE SE PARECEN AL
CASTELLANO (-TION, -SION, -LAR, -ISM, -IC, -IVE, -ABLE, -IBLE)

ENTRE LOS SUFIJOS DE ADJETIVOS EN INGLES TÉCNICO, TENEMOS:

-AL  natural, virtual, conditional, …
-IVE  active, negative, reflexive, …
-ABLE available, changeable, capable, …
-OUS  numerous, dangerous, tremendous,
-IC  mechanic, static, electric, …
-FUL  careful, harmful, useful, …
-LESS careless, meaningless, lossless, …
-ER  heavier, thinner, cleverer, larger, lower
-EST  easiest, fattest, largest, cleverest, …
-ATE  appropriate, adequate, approximate, …

AL AGREGAR EL SUFIJO –EN (O “N”) A CIERTOS ADJETIVOS, ESTOS

CAMBIAN DE:
Adjetivos VERBOS.
Soft to soften
Cheap to cheapen
Light to lighten
Dark to darken

ESTE CAMBIO A VERBO SUCEDE EN ALGUNOS ADJETIVOS, PERO NO

EN TODOS. EJEMPLOS:
ADJETIVO VERBO
14
 high To heighten
hot To heat
cold To cool
easy To ease

OTROS ADJETIVOS PERMANECEN IGUALES COMO VERBOS:

ADJETIVO VERBO
empty To empty
dirty To dirty
blind To blind
wet To wet

TAMBIEN HAY SUSTANTIVOS QUE PERMANECEN IGUALES COMO

VERBOS:
SUSTANTIVOS VERBOS
design To design
transport To transport
manufacture To manufacture
decrease To decrease
Heat To heat
program To program
progress To progress

ENTRE OTROS SUFIJOS DE VERBOS, TENEMOS:

-IZE  organize, computerize, magnetize
-FY  verify, identify, amplify
-ATE  complicate, operate, evaluate

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 A ALGUNOS ADJETIVOS LE AGREGAMOS LOS SUFIJOS “NESS” O
“ITY” Y LOS CONVERTIMOS EN SUSTANTIVOS
ADJETIVOS SUSTANTIVOS
FLUID HARD
USELESS WEAK
FLUIDITY HARDNES
DUCTILE STABLE USELESSNESS
WEAKNESS
SOFT
FLEXIBLE
DUCTILITY STABILITY
SOFTNESS
FLEXIBILITY

TAMBIEN ENCONTRAMOS SUFIJOS DE SUSTANTIVOS DERIVADOS DE

VERBOS: -TION, -SION, -ANCE, -ENCE, - MENT,-OR, -ER.

VERBOS SUSTANTIVOS

To transport Transportation
To emit Emission, emitter
To improve Improvement
To attend Attendance
To infer Inference
To operate Operator
To program Programmer

OTROS SUFIJOS DE SUSTANTIVOS SON:

AGE  advantage, leakage, storage,…

16
IST Scientist, technologist, specialist,…
URE Mixture, Procedure, failure,….
ISM Magnetism, mechanism, symbolism,…
TH Strength, length, growth,…
UM Spectrum, vacuum, medium,…

SUFIJOS PARA FORMAR ADVERBIOS

LY largely, usually, rapidly
WARDS Sidewards, inwards, upwards

EJERCICIO: SELECCIONA LA PALABRA ADECUADA.

1. Engineering is a (relatively-relative-relation-) young academic discipline or
profession.
2. Only in recent years has it reached a maturity stage where some of its defining
details and differentiating characteristics can be (articulated-articulate-
articulation).
3. The (slow-slower-slowly) and less exact methods of controlled breeding are
being replaced by genetic engineering, tissue engineering, and
nanotechnology applications.
4. We humans have the cleverness to do that. It is the (development-develop-
developed) of the tools, theories, and methods and the understanding of the
appropriate sciences and mathematics for that process that is engineering.
5. It is a central part of the history of human. Not only has engineering made our
lives (easier-easiest-easily) and longer.
6. One of the (earliest-early-earlier) engineering categorizations was into
military and civilian engineering.
7. Not only is much of the inanimate world (created-creative-creation) by
engineering, part of the living world is also.

17
 SUFIJO ING
Este es un sufijo inglés que forma palabras que pueden cumplir varias funciones en
un texto.
A)Verbos:
1.Verbo en gerundio: Indica tiempos continuos. Presentan la lectura “ando”, “endo”.
Ejemplo: Enginneers are writing a new report. Se lee: Los ingenieros están
escribiendo un nuevo informe.
2.Verbo en participio presente: por lo general se encuentra entre N+V(ing)+N.
Ejemplo: Paper producing machine. Se lee: una máquina que produce papel.
3.Verbo en infinitivo: Se lee con las terminaciones: AR,ER,IR.
3.1 Cuando se encuentra después de verbos tales como: stop, avoid, consider,
finish, continue, detest, enjoy, escape, forgive, practice, prevent, suggest, etc.
Ejem: Engineers must take notes of the errors to prevent other damages. Se lee:
Los ingenieros deben registrar los errors para prevenir otros daños.
3.2. Cuando se encuentra después de preposiciones tales como: after, on, before,
by, with, of, in, for, etc.
Ejem: After writing the report, engineers send it to the boss. Se lee: Después de
escribir el informe, los ingenieros lo envían al jefe.
B)Sustantivos o nombres: es el sujeto de quien se habla en la oración.
Ejem: Mechanical Engineering is related with industrial machinery and engines.
Se lee: La Ingeniería mecánica está relacionada con maquinaria industrial y motores.
C)Modificadores: son aquellos sustantivos que modifican al nombre principal.
Ejem: The programming model. Se lee: el modelo de la programación.
D)Oración temporal o sustituto de cláusula relativa: cuando el “ING” está
sustituyendo una oración o frase. Ejemplo: These are the main aspects conforming
the issue. Se lee: Estos son los aspectos principales los cuales conforman el tema.

EL SUFIJO ING, NO SÓLO SE USA PARA FORMAR EL GERUNDIO DE

UN VERBO, SINO TAMBIÉN PARA SUSTANTIVOS, MODIFICADORES,
VERBOS EN INFINITIVOS, VERBOS EN PARTICIPIO PRESENTE Y
ORACIÓN TEMPORAL O SUSTITUTO DE CLÁUSULA RELATIVA

18
I. OBESERVA LA INTERPRETACIÓN DE LAS PALABRAS QUE
CONTIENEN EL SUFIJO “ING” EN ESTAS EXPRESIONES:
1.MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING: Ingeniería de Mantenimiento.
2.THE BETTER COMPUTER DEALING EXPERIENCES: Las mejores
experiencias que se relacionan con las computadoras.
3.DECISION-MAKING RESPONSIBILITY: Responsabilidad en la toma de
decisiones.
4.E-LEARNING DISCUSSION: Discussion del aprendizaje electrónico
5.AN INTERESTING ENGINEERING COURSE: Un curso interesante de
Ingeniería.

II. INDICA LA FUNCIÓN DE LAS PALABRAS CONTENTIVAS DEL SUFIJO

“ING”, E INTERPRÉTALAS:

1.The intellectual heart of the book is a new understanding of human needs defined
by the relationships people have and the activities they carry out.
Verbo en infinitivo luego de un verbo
“El Corazon intelectual del libro es un Nuevo entendimiento de las necesidades
humanas definido por las relaciones que las personas tienen y las actividades que
realizan”

2.Instead of trying to apply the latest new technology , we start by asking what is it
that people want to do in their lives?
Verbo en infinitive luego de una preposición
“En vez de tratar de aplicar la ultima tecnología, empezamos preguntando que es lo
que las personas quieren hacer con sus vidas”

19
3.The first activity is collecting information. Next is forming relationships with
people through communications media –e-mail and instant messaging and so on.
Oracion temporal o sustituto de clausula relativa
“La primera actividad es recolectar información. La siguiente es formar relaciones
con la gente a través de los medios de comunicación, emails y mensajes instantáneos”

4. We wound up with a quite exciting and novel product that you can see on our
Website.
Oracion temporal o sustituto de clausula relativa
“Concluimos con un producto original y muy emocionante que puedes ver en nuestra
pagina web”

5.Redoing photos systems from personal to public and allowing people to create
something from their photos opens new possibilities.
Verbo en infinitivo
“Rehacer sistemas fotograficos desde el personal al publico y permitir a la gente crear
algo desde sus fotos abre nuevas posibilidades.”

6. We have to address the goal of universal usability: helping people whose English
skills are poor, people working on slow modems and old computers or people whose
reading may be poor.
Verbo en gerundio
“Tenemos que lograr la meta de la usabilidad univeral: ayudando a gente cuyas
habilidades en el ingles son mediocres, a la gente que trabaja con módems lentos y en
computadoras viejas o a la gente cuya lectura sea mediocre.

20
 COMPUESTOS NOMINALES

UN COMPUESTO NOMINAL ES LA UNION DE DOS O

MÁS NOMBRES (SUSTANTIVOS). SE USA FRECUENTE-
MENTE EN INGLÉS TÉCNICO YA QUE DAN INFORMACIÓN DE
UNA MANERA PRECISA Y CORTA.
EL COMPUESTO NOMINAL SIMPLE (N+N) SE BASA EN EL
LLAMADO PRINCIPIO DE INVERSIÓN MEDIANTE EL CUAL
DOS NOMBRES SE INVIERTEN.

Ejemplo:
The presentation of the information The cost of hardware

The information presentation The hardware cost

Existen muchos otros tipos de compuestos nominales; entre los más

frecuentes (además del tipo N+N) en inglés técnico tenemos:
N+N+N, A+N+N, N+V+N, A+N+N+N.
TIPO N+N TIPO N+N+N
THESE ENGINEERING STUDENTS THESE EMPLOYEE TRAINING COMPANIES
THE ORGANIZATION FUNCTIONS AN ENERGY CONVERSION DEVICE
THE ENERGY CONSERVATION THE COMPUTER PROGRAM INSTRUCTIONS
SOME PROGRAMME EVALUATION
THE DATA ANALYSIS
TECHNIQUES
THE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS THE DISK DATA AMOUNT
THE PROCESS CONTROL A DISTANCE EDUCATION ENVIRONMENT

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VEAMOS ALGUNOS EJEMPLOS:

EN UN COMPUESTO NOMINAL LA ÚLTIMA PALABRA SIEMPRE

SERÁ UN NOMBRE; Y ADEMÁS ES EL NOMBRE PRINCIPAL; ES
DECIR, ES DE ÉL DEL QUE SE HABLA; LOS DEMÁS SON SUS
MODIFICADORES.

TIPO A+N+N TIPO A+N+N+N

A LARGE-PRODUCTION MACHINE 12-INCH MEASURING SCALE
NEW TRAINING TOOLS THE CHEMICAL ATOM NUCLEUS ACTIVITY
A REAL-LIFE EXAMPLE A LARGE ASSEMBLY LINE PRODUCTION
AN INTELLIGENT CONTROL THE GENERAL DECISION MAKING
SYSTEM FUNCTIONS
THIS INTERESTING RESEARCH THE LAST SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOLOGICAL
SUBAREA INNOVATION ADVANCES
THE DIGITAL-COMPUTER INTELLIGENT CONTROL SYSTEM
TECHNOLOGY FOUNDATIONS

SI EN UN COMPUESTO NOMINAL ESTÁ PRESENTE UN ADJETIVO,

ÉSTE MODIFICA AL NOMBRE PRINCIPAL, A MENOS QUE
SE LE COLOQUE UN GUIÓN PARA INDICAR QUE ESE ADJETIVO
MODIFICA A LA PALABRA QUE LE SIGUE. RECUERDA QUE EN INGLÉS
LOS ADJETIVOS VAN ANTES DE LOS NOMBRES.

*LOS NUMEROS SON ADJETIVOS NUMERALES.

CUANDO LOS COMPUESTOS NOMINALES NO LLEVAN

GUIÓN DONDE DEBERÍAN SE SOBREENTIENDE QUE EL
ADJETIVO ESTA MODIFICANDO AL NOMBRE QUE LE
SIGUE

Por ejemplo:
LOW FREQUENCY VOLTAGE
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 TOTAL QUALITY CONTROL
THREE FUNCTIONS COPIER MACHINE
En el primer ejemplo se sobreentiende que la frecuencia es baja. La que es
total, es la calidad, en el segundo ejemplo, y, en el tercero se expresa que la
máquina ejecuta tres funciones. Esto es frecuente cuando se habla de:
SPEED, FREQUENCY, TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE, entre otros.

TIPO N+V+N
AN OIL LUBRICATING TOOL
AN OIL LUBRICATED TOOL
SOME WORKER MANAGING MACHINES
SOME WORKER MANAGED MACHINES
THE MACHINE COMPUTED DATA

EN ESTE TIPO (N+V+N) SI EL VERBO:

A) CONTIENE EL SUFIJO ING, SIGNIFICA QUE EL NOMBRE
PRINCIPAL ES EL QUE EJECUTA LA ACCIÓN.
Ejemplo:
THE POWER CARRYING MACHINE
Se interpreta como: la máquina que transporta energía.

B) ESTÁ EN PARTICIPIO PASADO, EL NOMBRE PRINCIPAL RECIBE

LA ACCIÓN.
Ejemplo:
THE POWER CARRIED MACHINE
Se interpreta como: la máquina transportada con energía.

EL PARTICIPIO PASADO DE LOS VERBOS TAMBIÉN PUEDEN

FUNCIONAR COMO ADJETIVOS EN LOS COMPUESTOS NOMINALES

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EJEMPLOS:
A COMPUTERIZED INFORMATION SYSTEM
CHARGED-PARTICLE COLLISIONS
A FIXED-VOLTAGE REGULATOR
A GIVEN TEACHING-LEARNING PROCESS SITUATION

TIPO A+A+N+N+N
SLIGHTLY MORE COMPLICATED CORPORATION DECISIONS
A PARTICULARLY GOOD PRODUCT-SYSTEMS
A RELATIVELY SUFFICIENT ENGINEER DEPTH
THE WIDELY EXPLAINED PROCESS FLOWCHART
SOME CLEARLY IDENTIFIED PROFESSIONAL SKILL CHARACTERISTICS

ALGUNOS EJEMPLOS DE EXCEPCIONES DE LAS REGLAS

ANTERIORES Y DE COMPUESTOS QUE SIGUEN OTRAS REGLAS:

1. SCIENCE FICTION
2. MACHINE TOOLS
3. THE ENGINE CAR
4. A MICROWAVE HIGH-SPEED WIRELESS LINK SYSTEM.
5. MICROPROCESSOR-BASED PROCESS-CONTROL SYSTEM
6. THE INSTRUCTOR-STUDENT E-MAIL INTERACTION
7. OTHER SCIENCE-BASED ENGINEERING BRANCHES.

¿CÓMO INTERPRETARÍAS ESTOS COMPUESTOS NOMINALES?

1. An initially given teaching situation = Una situación de enseñanza dada
inicialmente
2. A traditional-methods learning process = Un proceso de aprendizaje de metodos
tradicionales.
3. The atom-electron attracting power = El poder de atracción entre atomo y electrón

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4. Effective interesting economic-law theories = Teorias de ley economica
interesantes y efectivas
5. A highly trained corporation Mining Engineer = Un ingeniero de minas
corporativo altamente entrenado.
6. A generally wider job challenges variety = Una variedad de trabajos desafiantes
generalmente mas amplio

EN EL SIGUIENTE TEXTO ENCONTRARAS EJEMPLOS DE CADA

SITUACIÓN PLANTEADA; Y COMO FASE PREPARATORIA PARA
REALIZAR LA LECTURA QUE SE PRESENTA A CONTINUACIÓN
RESPONDE ESTAS PREGUNTAS:

1. ¿QUÉ IDEA SUGIERE EL TÍTULO DEL TEXTO?

R= La nueva computación

2. ¿QUÉ PALABRAS GUARDAN RELACIÓN CON EL MISMO?

R= Nuevo, computadora,

3. ¿QUÉ INFORMACIÓN PUEDES PREDECIR PARTIENDO DE LOS

SUBTÍTULOS?
R= El texto tratara sobre la capacidad del ser humano en la computación

AHORA, LEE CUIDADOSAMENTE EL TEXTO:

1 THE NEW COMPUTING

THE OLD COMPUTING IS ABOUT WHAT COMPUTERS CAN DO;
THE NEW COMPUTING IS ABOUT WHAT PEOPLE CAN DO.
Computers can be valuable tools, and networked resources via the Internet can
be beneficial to many different populations and communities. Unfortunately,
5 people are unable to reach their task frustrating experiences; this can hinder the
effectiveness technology. This research summary provides information about
the user frustration research that has been performed at the University of
Maryland and Towson University. Causes of user frustration are discussed in
this research summary along with the surprising finding that nearly one-third to
one-half of the time spent in front of the computer is wasted due to frustrating
experiences. Furthermore, when interfaces are planned to be deceptive and
25
10 confusing, this can lead to increased frustration.
When hard to use computers cause users to become frustrated, it can affect
workplace productivity, user mood, and interactions with other co-workers.
Previous research has examined the frustration that students and their families
face in using computers. When learning more about the causes and measure the
severity of user frustration with computers in the workplace, we collected
modified time diaries from 50 workplace users, who spent an average of 5.1
15
hours on the computer. In this exploratory research, users reported wasting on
average, 42-43% of their time on the computer due to frustrating experiences.
The largest frustrating experiences number occurred while using word
processors, email, and web browsers. The causes of the frustrating experiences,
the time lost due to the frustrating experiences, and the effects of the frustrating
experiences on the mood of the users are discussed in this paper.
20 When computers crash, network congestion causes delays, and poor user
interfaces trigger confusion there are dramatic consequences for individuals,
organizations, and society. These frustrations, not only cause personal
dissatisfaction and self-efficacy loss, but may disrupt workplaces, slow learning,
and reduce participation in local and national communities. Our exploratory
study of 107 student computer users and 50 workplace computer users shows
high frustration levels and loss of 1/3–1/2 of time spent. The lost of time to fix
25
problem, and importance of task, strongly correlate with frustration levels for
both student and workplace users.

I.COMENTA, EN CASTELLANO, A QUE SE REFIEREN LAS PALABRAS

SUBRAYADAS EN EL TEXTO.

 Their, este se refiere a la gente que es incapaz de cumplir sus

objetivos
 This, esta se refiere a la situación de que las personas son
incapaces de alcazar sus objetivos
 We, esta se refiere a los investigadores que redactaron el texto
 Who, esta se refiere a los 50 usuarios a los que se registró para el
experimento

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II.INFIERE EL SIGNIFICADO DE LAS PALABRAS EN LOS RECUADROS.
 Hinder, significa impedir se refiere a que las experiencias frustantes
de los usuarios impiden la efectividad de la tecnología
 Hard, en este contexto significa difícil, se refiere a computadoras que
son difíciles de usar y causan frustración a los usuarios
 Delays, significa retraso, se refiere a que cuando la computadora se
congela produce retraso en la productividad
 Poor, significa pobre pero yo lo interpreto como mediocre, se refiere a
las interfaces de usuario con un diseño mediocre que confunden a los
usuarios.
 Strongly, significa fuertemente, y este se refiere a la fuerte relación
entre la pérdida de tiempo que toma arreglar los errores y la
frustración para los estudiantes y trabajadores

III.UBICA EN EL TEXTO EL SINÓNIMO Y EL ANTÓNIMO DE:

SINÓNIMO-LÍNEA ( ) ANTÓNIMO-LÍNEA ( )
Gives = provides Next ≠ previous
Realized = finding Shortest ≠ largest
Biggest = largest Efficient ≠ delay

IV.IDENTIFICA PALABRAS CON DISTINTOS SUFIJOS E INDICA SUS

FUNCIONES.
 Unfotunately, significa infortunadamente
 Largest, significa el mas largo
 Confusing, significa confundiendo
 Frustated, significa frustrado
 Spent, significa gastar pero en el contexto del texto significa pasar

V.EXTRAE COMPUESTOS NOMINALES, E INTERPRÉTALOS EN

CASTELLANO.

(N+N; N+N+N; N+V+N; A+N+N+N)

LÍNEA COMPUESTO NOMINAL INTERPRETACIÓN
29 High frustration Levels Grandes niveles de frustración
19 Largest frustrating experiences Numero más grande de
number experiencias frustrantes

27
28 Student computer users Estudiantes usuarios de
computadora

VI PRECISA INFORMACIÓN RELEVANTE DEL TEXTO LEÍDO

RESOLVIENDO EL SIGUIENTE CRUCIGRAMA COMO UNA ESTRATEGIA
ORIENTADORA PARA LA ELABORACIÓN DE RESUMENES

COMPUTER EXPERIENCES

P S e

r t x

o u f p

d d r e

u e u r

c o n g e s t i o n

t t t e

i s r n

v a c

i t e

t o o l i s

y o

28
 n

ACROSS DOWN
5 IT ALSO CAUSES FRUSTRATION TO 1 IT CAN BE AFFECTED BECAUSE OF
   
COMPUTER USERS. FRUSTRATION.
6  COMPUTERS ARE VALUABLE… 2 THERE ARE SOME BAD CONSECUENCES
   
FOR BOTH WORKPLACE USERSAND …
3 PEOPLE WASTE THEIR TIME AT THE
 
COMPUTER DUE TO THEIR BAD…
4  IT IS A CONSECUENCE OF ITS USAGE.

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