Formulario Cuántica
Formulario Cuántica
Formulario Cuántica
Versión 2021
Delta de Dirac
ˆ ∞
f (x)δ(x − x0 ) dx = f (x0 )
−∞
ˆ ∞
δ(x − y)(x − z) dx = δ(y − z)
−∞
ˆ ∞
δ(x) dx = 1
−∞
ˆ ∞
1
eik(x−x0 ) dk = δ(x − x0 )
2π −∞
1
ˆ ∞ ˆ ∞
δ ′ (x)φ(x) dx = − δ(x)φ′ (x) dx
−∞ −∞
δ(−x) = δ(x)
δ ′ (−x) = −δ ′ (x)
xδ ′ (x) = −δ(x)
δ(r − r0 ) = δ(x − x0 )δ(y − y0 )δ(z − z0 )
ˆ
f (r) δ(r − r0 ) d3 = f (r0 )
Partı́cula libre
ψ(r, t) = Aei(k·r−ωt) (Onda plana)
ℏ ∥k∥2
ω=
2m
∥p∥2
E=
2m
ˆ
1
ψ(r, t) = √ 3 A(k)ei[k·r−ω(k)t] d3 k (Paquete tridimensional)
2π
ˆ ∞
1
ψ(x, t) = √ A(k)ei[kx−ω(k)t] dk (Paquete unidimensional)
2π −∞
ˆ ∞
1
ψ(x, 0) = √ A(k)eikx dk
2π −∞
ˆ ∞
1
A(k) = √ ψ(x, 0)e−ikx dx
2π −∞
ω
v(k) = (Velocidad de fase)
k
∂ω
vg (k) = (Velocidad de grupo)
∂k
1
ψ(x, t) = √ ei(px x/ℏ−En t/ℏ) (Normlizada de Born)
L
2πℏn p2n 2π 2 ℏ2 n2
pn = ℏkn = , En = =
L 2m mL2
ˆ L/2
sen [π(n − n′ )]
ψn∗ ′ ψn dx = = δnn′
−L/2 π(n − n′ )
1
ψ(x, t) = √ ei(px/ℏ−Et/ℏ) (Normalizada de Dirac)
2πℏ
ˆ ∞
ψp∗′ (x, t)ψp (x, t) dx = δ(p − p′ )
−∞
ˆ ∞
ψ(x, t) = K(x − x′ , t)ψ0 (x′ ) dx′ (Paquete de onda general)
−∞
ˆ ∞
1 ′ ′
K(x − x′ , t − t′ ) = eik(x−x ) e−iω(t−t ) dk (Propagador de partı́cula libre)
2π −∞
im(x − x0 )2
r
m
K(x − x0 , t − t0 ) = exp (Propagador de partı́cula libre)
2πiℏ(t − t0 ) 2ℏ(t − t0 )
∆x∆p ≥ ℏ (Desigualad de Heisenberg)
2
Unidad V: Matemática de la Mecánica Cuántica
Base discreta {ui (r)} Base continua {wα (r)}
h i
ÂB̂ ψ(r) = Â B̂ψ(r) (Producto de operadores)
h i
Â, B̂ = ÂB̂ − B̂ Â (Conmutador de dos operadores)
(† )† = Â
(λÂ)† = λ∗ †
( + B̂)† = † + B̂ †
(ÂB̂)† = B̂ † †
D E D E
† φ ψ = φ Âψ
3
Representación {|ui ⟩} Representación {|wα ⟩}
1 i
⟨r|p⟩ = ⟨p|r⟩∗ = 3/2
e ℏ p·r
(2πℏ)
ˆ
⟨r|ψ⟩ = ⟨r|p⟩ ⟨p|ψ⟩ d3 p
ˆ
⟨p|ψ⟩ = ⟨p|r⟩ ⟨r|ψ⟩ d3 r
h ∂ p̂ ℏ ∂
⟨p| p̂x |ψ⟩ = p̂x ⟨p|ψ⟩ (Con p̂x = , v̂x = = )
i ∂x m im ∂x
⟨p| p̂x |ψ⟩ = ⟨r|p⟩ ⟨p| p̂x |ψ⟩ d3 p
h
⟨r| p̂ |ψ⟩ = p̂ ⟨r|ψ⟩ (Con p̂ = ∇)
i
ˆ
∗ h ∂
⟨φ| p̂x |ψ⟩ = φ (r) ψ(r) d3 r
i ∂x
4
Valores esperados
D E
 = ⟨ψ|  |ψ⟩
ψ
D E X
 = an P(an )
n
ˆ ˆ
⟨x̂⟩ = ψ ∗ (x) x ψ(x) dx = x |ψ(x)|2 dx
ˆ
h ∂ ∗
⟨p̂x ⟩ = ψ (x) ψ(x) dx
i ∂x
ˆ
∗ h ∂
⟨v̂x ⟩ = ψ (x) ψ(x) dx
im ∂x
D E ED E 1 DD E
∆ =  −  , ∆B̂ ≥ ∆Â
[Â, B̂]
2
D E D E2 D E D E2
(∆Â)2 =  −  = Â2 −  (Varianza)
s
D E D E2 rD E D E2
∆ =  −  = Â2 −  (Desviación estándar)
1
|±⟩x = √ [|+⟩ ± |−⟩]
2
1
|±⟩y = √ [|+⟩ ± i |−⟩]
2
θ θ iφ
|+⟩n = cos 2 |+⟩ + sen 2 e |−⟩
θ θ
eiφ |−⟩
|−⟩n = sen |+⟩ − cos
2 2
eB0 ℏω0 ℏω0
Ĥ = ω0 Ŝz , ω0 = Ĥ |+⟩ = + |+⟩ , Ĥ |−⟩ = − |−⟩
me 2 2
3 3
Ŝ 2 = ℏ2 I, Ŝ 2 |ψ⟩ = ℏ2 |ψ⟩
4 4
5
Partı́cula de espı́n 1, {|1⟩ , |0⟩ , |−1⟩}
1 0 0
Ŝz = ℏ 0 0 0 , Ŝz |1⟩ = +ℏ |1⟩ , Ŝz |0⟩ = 0ℏ |0⟩ , Ŝz |−1⟩ = −ℏ |−1⟩
0 0 −1
0 1 0 0 −i 0
ℏ ℏ
Ŝx = √ 1 0 1 , Ŝy = √ i 0 −i
2 2
0 1 0 0 i 0
1 1 1
|1⟩x = |1⟩ + √ |0⟩ + |−1⟩
2 2 2
1 1
|0⟩x = √ |1⟩ − √ |−1⟩
2 2
1 1 1
|−1⟩x = |1⟩ − √ |0⟩ + |−1⟩
2 2 2
1 1 1
|1⟩y = |1⟩ + i √ |0⟩ − |−1⟩
2 2 2
1 1
|0⟩y = √ |1⟩ + √ |−1⟩
2 2
1 1 1
|−1⟩y = |1⟩ − i √ |0⟩ − |−1⟩
2 2 2
d2 2m
φ(x) + 2 (E − V )φ(x) = 0
dx2 ℏ
r r
2mE 2m(E − V0 )
k1 = , k2 =
ℏ2 ℏ2
φI (x) = A1 eik1 x + A′1 e−ik1 x
φII (x) = A2 eik2 x
2
A′1 4k1 k2
R= =1−
A1 (k1 + k2 )2
2
k2 A2 4k1 k2
T = =
k1 A1 (k1 + k2 )2
R+T =1
6
Potencial V (x) = V0 θ(x), (E < V0 ) (reflexión total)
r r
2mE 2m(V0 − E)
k1 = , ρ2 =
ℏ2 ℏ2
φI (x) = B1 eik1 x + B1′ e−ik1 x
φII (x) = B2′ e−ρ2 x
2
A′1 k1 − iρ2
R= = =1
A1 k1 + iρ2
T =0
7
Pozo de potencial finito V (x) = −V0 θ x + a2 − θ x − a2 , (−V0 < E < 0)
r r
2mE 2m(E + V0 )
ρ= − 2 , k=
ℏ ℏ2
φI (x) = B1 eρx
φII (x) = A2 eikx + A′2 e−ikx
φIII (x) = B3′ e−iρx
a a a a a a a a
φI − = φII − , φII = φIII , φ′I − = φ′II − , φ′II = φ′III
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
ρ − ik 2
= e2ika
ρ + ik
X X
ψ(x, 0) = cn φn (x), |ψ(0)⟩ = cn |En ⟩
n n
X X X
ψ(x, t) = cn e−iEn t/ℏ φn (x), |ψ(t)⟩ = e−iEn t/ℏ |En ⟩ , ⟨Ĥ⟩ = PEn En
n n n
8
ℏkx 2
|A| − |A′ |2 = 0
(JI )x =
m
JI
(JI )y = ℏky |Aeikx x + A′ e−ikx x |2
m
(JII )x = 0
JII
(JII )y = ℏky |B|2 e−2ρx x
m
∂φ∗
ℏ ∗ ∂φ
J= φ −φ
2im ∂x ∂x
p̂2 p̂2
1 2 2 mω 2
Ĥ = mω x̂ + 2 2 = ℏω x̂ + 2 2 (Hamiltoniano oscilador armónico)
2 m ω 2ℏ m ω
r
mω p̂ 1
X̂ = x̂, P̂ = √ =⇒ Ĥ = ℏω P̂ 2 + X̂ 2
ℏ mℏω 2
r
1 mω p̂
â = √ X̂ + iP̂ = x̂ + i (Operador de bajada)
2 2ℏ mω
r mω p̂†
† 1 †
â = √ X̂ − iP̂ = x̂ − i (Operador de subida)
2 2ℏ mω
r r
ℏ † mωℏ †
x̂ = (â + â), p̂ = i (â − â)
2mω 2
† 1 † 1
Ĥ = ℏω â â + , Ĥ = ℏω ââ −
2 2
1
Ĥ |n⟩ = En |n⟩ = n + ℏω |n⟩
2
† 1
N̂ = â â, N̂ |n⟩ = n |n⟩ , Ĥ = ℏω N̂ +
2
√ √ 1 † n
â |n⟩ = n |n − 1⟩ , ↠|n⟩ = n + 1 |n + 1⟩ , |n⟩ = √ â |0⟩
n!
ℏ2 d2 1
− φn (x) + mω 2 x2 φn (x) = En φn (x), |n⟩ = φn (x) = ⟨x|n⟩
2m dx2 2
mω 1/4 2
φ0 (x) = e−mωx /2ℏ
πℏ
mω 1/4 r mω 2
ψ1 (x) = (2x)e−mωx /2ℏ
πℏ 2ℏ
r n
1 mω h d
ψn (x) = √ x− ψ0 (x)
n! 2ℏ mω dx
r
mω mω 1/4 2
mω 1/4 1 2
ξ= x =⇒ φ0 (x) = e−ξ /2 =⇒ φn (x) = √ Hn (ξ)e−ξ /2
ℏ πℏ πℏ n
2 n!
H0 (ξ) = 1, H1 (ξ) = 2ξ, H2 (ξ) = 4ξ 2 − 2, H3 (ξ) = 8ξ 3 − 12ξ, H4 (ξ) = 16ξ 4 − 48ξ 2 + 12
1
|n⟩ = |ψn ⟩ = |En ⟩ = n + ℏω , ψn (x) = ⟨x|n⟩
2
9
1
0 0 0 ···
2 ℏω
3 1 0 0
0 0 0 · · ·
2 ℏω 0 1 0
5
0 0 0 · · · , |0⟩ = 0 0 1
Ĥ = 2 ℏω , |1⟩ = , |2⟩ = ,···
0 0 0
7
0 0 0 2 ℏω · · ·
.. .. ..
. . .
.. .. .. .. ..
. . . . .
√
0 1 0 0 ··· 0 0 0 0 ···
√ √
0 0 2 0 · · · 1 0 0 0 · · ·
√ √
â = 0 0
0 3 · · · ↠= 0
2 0 0 · · ·
√
0 0 0 0 · · · 0 0 3 0 · · ·
.. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . .
. . . . . . . . . .
√
√
0 1 0 0 ··· 0 −i 1 0 0 ···
√ √ √ √
1 0 2 0 · · · i 1 0 −i 2 0 · · ·
0 √2 0 √3 · · · √ √
r r
ℏ ℏmω
0 i 2 0 −i 3 · · ·
x̂ = √ p̂ = √
2mω 2
3 0 · · · · · ·
0 0 0 0 i 3 0
.. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. ..
. . . . . . . . . .
1 ℏ 1
(∆x̂)2 = n + , (∆p̂)2 = n + mℏω
2 mω 2
r r
ℏ mωℏ
∆x = , ∆p =
2mω 2
[Â, Â] = 0, [Â, B̂] = −[B̂, Â], [Â, B̂ Ĉ] = [Â, B̂]Ĉ + B̂[Â, Ĉ], [ÂB̂, Ĉ] = Â[B̂, Ĉ] + [Â, Ĉ]B̂
[ + B̂, Ĉ] = [Â, Ĉ] + [B̂, Ĉ], [µÂ, B̂] = µ[Â, B̂] = [Â, µB̂]
[x̂, p̂] = iℏ, [â, ↠] = 1, [Ĥ, ↠] = ℏω↠, [Ĥ, â] = −ℏωâ
⟨x̂⟩ = ⟨n| x̂ |n⟩ (estado base) x̂ij = ⟨ni | x̂ |nj ⟩ (elementos de matriz)
·
⟨x̂⟩ = ⟨ψ| x̂ |ψ⟩ (estado general), |n⟩ = φn (x) (Funciones de onda de energı́a)
∞
X ∞
X X
|ψ(0)⟩ = cn |n⟩ , ψ(x) = cn φn (x), ⟨Ê⟩ = En P(En )
n=0 n=0 n
d i ∂ Â d⟨x̂⟩ ⟨p̂⟩
⟨Â⟩ = − ⟨[Â, Ĥ]⟩ + ⟨ ⟩, = (Teorema de Ehrenfest)
dt ℏ ∂t dt m
ˆ ∞ ∞
X ∞
X
⟨En |Em ⟩ = δnm φ∗n (x)φm (x) = δnm |ψ(0)⟩ = cn |En ⟩ ψ(x) = cn φn (x)
−∞ n=0 n=0
ˆ ∞ ∞
X ∞
X
cn = ⟨n|ψ⟩ cn = φ∗n (x)ψ(x) dx = |ψ(t)⟩ = cn e−iEn t/ℏ |n⟩ ψ(x) = cn e−iEn t/ℏ φn (x)
−∞ n=0 n=0
Espacio de momento
1/4
· d 1 2
|n⟩ = ϕn (p) = ⟨p|n⟩ , x̂ = iℏ , p̂ = p, ϕ0 (p) = e−p /2mωℏ
dp πmωℏ
1/4 ˆ ∞
1 1 p −p2 /2mωℏ 1
ϕn (x) = √ Hn √ e , ϕ(p) = √ ψ(x)e−ipx/ℏ dx
πmωℏ n
2 n! mωℏ 2πℏ −∞
10