Usuario:Reginaalvidrez/F. Scott Fitzgerald

Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (septiembre 24, 1896 – diciembre 21, 1940) fue un novelista y escritor de historias cortas americano, cuyos trabajos son los escritos paradigmáticos de la era del Jazz. Es ampliamente conocido como uno de los mejores autores americanos del siglo XX. Fitzgerald es considerado miembro de la "Generación Perdida" de los veintes. Terminó cuatro novelas: This Side of Paradise, The Beautiful and Damned, The Great Gatsby (la más conocida), y Tender Is the Night. Una quinta, sin terminar, The Love of the Last Tycoon, fue publicada póstuma. Fitzgerald también escribió múltiples historias cortas, muchas de las cuales tratan sobre juventud, promesa, edad y desesperación.

Vida temprana

Nacido en 1896 en Saint Paul, Minnesota, en una familia de clase media-alta, Fitzgerald fue nombrado en honor a su famoso primo segundo, 3 veces removido de parte de su padre, Francis Scott Key, ​ pero siempre fue conocido simplemente como Scott Fitzgerald. También fue nombrado en honor a su hermana fallecida, Louise Scott Fitzgerald, ​ una de sus dos hermanas quien murió brevemente después del nacimiento de Scott. "Bueno, 3 meses antes de que yo naciera", él escribió como adulto, "mi madre perdió a sus otros dos hijos... Creo que yo empecé ahí a ser un escritor."​

Su padre fue Edward Fitzgerald, de ascendencia irlandesa e inglesa, quien se mudó a St. Pau después de la Guerra Civil, y fue descrito como "un hombre silenciosos caballeroso con bellas costumbres sureñas".​​​ Su madre fue Mary "Molly" McQuillan Fitzgerald, la hija de un inmigrante irlandés quien hizo su fortuna en el negocio de venta al mayoreo de comida.​​ Fitzgerald fue el primer primo removido de Mary Surratt, colgado en 1865 por conspirar para asesinar a Abraham Lincoln.​

Scott Fitzgerald pasó la primera década de su infancia principalmente en Buffalo, New York (1898–1901 y 1903–1908) donde su padre trabajó para Procter & Gamble,​ con un corto intervalo en Siracusa, Nueva York (entre enero 1901 y septiembre 1903).​ Sus padres, ambos católicos, mandaron a Fitzgerald a dos escuelas católicas en el oeste de Buffalo, primero a Holy Angels Convent (1903–1904, ahora en desuso) y luego a Nardin Academy (1905–1908). Sus años de formación en Buffalo lo revelaron como un niño de inteligencia inusual con un temprano agudo interés en literatura. Su cariñosa madre se aseguró que su hijo tuviera todas las oportunidades de la eduación de la clase media-alta.​ En un estilo no convencional de crianza, Fitzgerald atendió a Holy Angels con un arreglo peculiar de ir solo la mitad del día - y se le permitía escoger qué mitad.​

En 1908, su padre fue liquidado de Procter & Gamble, y la familia regresó a Minnesota, donde Fitzgerald atendió St. Paul Academy en St. Paul de 1908 a 1911.​ Cuando él tenía 13 años vio su primer trabajo escrito aparecer impreso - una historia de detectives publicada en el periódico escolar.​ En 1911, cuando Fitzgerald tenía 15 años, sus padres lo mandaron a la escuela Newman, una prestigiosa preparatoria Católica en Hackensack, Neva Jersey. Fitzgerald jugó en el equipo Newman de fútbol de 1912.​ En Newman, él conoció al padre Sigourney Fay, quien notó su talento incipiente en la escritura y lo alentó a seguir sus ambiciones literarias.

Después de graduarse de la escuela Newman en 1914, Fitzgerald decidió quedarse en Neva Jersey para continuar su desarrollo artístico en la Universidad de Princeton. Él hizo las pruebas para el equipo de fútbol de la universidad, pero fue eliminado en el primer día de entrenamiento.​ Firmemente se dedicó en Princeton a perfeccionar su trabajo como escritor, y se hizo amigo con los futuros críticos y escritores Edmund Wilson y John Peale Bishop.​ Él escribió para el Princeton Triangle Club, el Nassau Lit,​ y el Princeton Tiger. También estuvo involucrado en la Sociedad American Whig-Cliosophic, el cual operaba el Nassau Lit.​ Su incorporación en el Club Triangle - un tipo de sociedad de comedia musical - lo llevó a su entrega de una novela para Charles Scribner's Sons donde el editor elogió su escritura pero finalmente rechazó el libro.​ Cuatro de los clubs universitarios le mandaron ofertas a mitad del año, y eligió la Universidad Cottage Club (donde el escritorio y los materiales de escritura de Fitzgerald siguen en exhibición en la biblioteca) conocido como "el club 'Big Four' que estaba más comprometido al ideal del caballero a la moda."​

Las ambiciones de escritura de Fitzgerald en Princeton llegó a expensas de su curso, aunque, le causó estar en prueba académica, y en 1917 abandonó la escuela para unirse al ejercito. Preocupado de que pudiera morir en la guerra con sus sueños literarios sin cumplirse, Fitzgerald escribió apresuradamente The Romantic Egotist (El Romántico Egotista) en las semanas previas a reportarse al deber - y, aunque Scribners lo rechazó, el crítico notó la originalidad de su novela y alentó a Fitzgerald a entregar más trabajo en el futuro.​​

Fue mientras estaba en Princeton que Fitzgerald conoció a la socialite de Chicago y debutante Ginevra King en una visita a su hogar en St. Paul.​ Inmediatamente obsesionado con ella, según Mizner, Fitzgerald "siguió devoto a Ginevra mientras que ella se lo permitiese", y le escribió "las cartas diarias incoherentes y expresivas que todos los jóvenes enamorados escriben". ​ Ella se convertiría en su inspiración para el personaje de Isabelle Borgé, el primer amor de Amory Blaine's en This Side of Paradise,​ para Daisy en The Great Gatsby, y otros múltiples personajes en sus novelas e historias cortas.​

Zelda

Zelda Sayre en 1917

Fitzgerald fue comisionado un segundo teniente en la infantería y fue asignado al Campo Sheridan a las afueras de Montgomery, Alabama. Mientras en un club de campo, Fitzgerald conoció y se enamoró de Zelda Sayre (1900-1948), la hija de un Corte Supremo de Alabama y la "chica dorada", en los términos de los Fitzgerald, de la sociedad juvenil de Montgomery. La guerra terminó en 1918, antes Fitzgerald nunca había sido desplegado, y ante su dada de alta se mudó a Nueva York esperando tener una carrera en publicidad que fuera lucrativamente suficiente para convencer a Zelda de que se casara con él. Trabajó para la agencia de publicidad Barron Collier, viviendo en un cuarto en el 200 de la Av. Claremont en el vecindario Morningside Heights en el lado oeste de Manhattan.

Zelda aceptó su propuesta de matrimonio, pero después de un tiempo y a pesar de trabajar en una firma publicitaria y escribir historias cortas, era incapaz de convencerla que sería capaz de mantenerla, llevándola a romper el compromiso. Fitzgerald regresó a la casa de sus padres en el 599 de la Av. Summit, en Cathedral Hill, en St. Paul, para revisar The Romantic Egoist, reestructurarla como This Side of Paradise, una representación semi-autobiográfica de los años de carrera de Fitzgerald en Princeton.​ Fitzgerald tenía tan poco dinero que tomó un trabajo reparando los techos de los carros. ​​ Su novela revisada fue aceptada por Scribner en el otoño de 1919 y fue publicada el 26 de marzo de 1920 y se convirtió en un éxito inmediato, vendiendo 41,075 copias el primer año.​ Lanzó la carrera de Fitzgerald como escritor y le proveyó un salario estable para las necesidades de Zelda. Regresaron a su compromiso y se casaron en la Catedral de San Patricio en Nueva York. Su hija única, Frances Scott "Scottie" Fitzgerald, nació el 26 de octubre de 1921.

"La era del Jazz"

F. Scott Fitzgerald in 1921

Paris in the 1920s proved the most influential decade of Fitzgerald's development. Fitzgerald made several excursions to Europe, mostly Paris and the French Riviera, and became friends with many members of the American expatriate community in Paris, notably Ernest Hemingway. Fitzgerald's friendship with Hemingway was quite vigorous, as many of Fitzgerald's relationships would prove to be. Hemingway did not get on well with Zelda, and in addition to describing her in his memoir A Moveable Feast as "insane",​ Hemingway claimed that Zelda "encouraged her husband to drink so as to distract Fitzgerald from his work on his novel",​​ so he could work on the short stories he sold to magazines to help support their lifestyle. Like most professional authors at the time, Fitzgerald supplemented his income by writing short stories for such magazines as The Saturday Evening Post, Collier's Weekly, and Esquire, and sold his stories and novels to Hollywood studios. This "whoring", as Fitzgerald and, subsequently, Hemingway called these sales,​ was a sore point in the two authors' friendship. Fitzgerald claimed that he would first write his stories in an 'authentic' manner, then rewrite them to put in the "twists that made them into salable magazine stories".​

Fitzgerald wrote frequently for The Saturday Evening Post. This issue from May 1, 1920, containing the short story "Bernice Bobs Her Hair", was the first with Fitzgerald's name on the cover.

Although Fitzgerald's passion lay in writing novels, only his first novel sold well enough to support the opulent lifestyle that he and Zelda adopted as New York celebrities. (The Great Gatsby, now considered to be his masterpiece, did not become popular until after Fitzgerald's death.) Because of this lifestyle, as well as the bills from Zelda's medical care when they came, Fitzgerald was constantly in financial trouble and often required loans from his literary agent, Harold Ober, and his editor at Scribner's, Maxwell Perkins. When Ober decided not to continue advancing money to Fitzgerald, the author severed ties with his longtime friend and agent. (Fitzgerald offered a good-hearted and apologetic tribute to this support in the late short story "Financing Finnegan.")

Fitzgerald began working on his fourth novel during the late 1920s but was sidetracked by financial difficulties that necessitated his writing commercial short stories, and by the schizophrenia that struck Zelda in 1930. Her emotional health remained fragile for the rest of her life. In February 1932, she was hospitalized at the Phipps Clinic at Johns Hopkins in Baltimore, Maryland.​ During this time, Fitzgerald rented the "La Paix" estate in the suburb of Towson, Maryland to work on his latest book, the story of the rise and fall of Dick Diver, a promising young psychiatrist who falls in love with and marries Nicole Warren, one of his patients. The book went through many versions, the first of which was to be a story of matricide. Some critics have seen the book as a thinly veiled autobiographical novel recounting Fitzgerald's problems with his wife, the corrosive effects of wealth and a decadent lifestyle, his own egoism and self-confidence, and his continuing alcoholism. Indeed, Fitzgerald was extremely protective of his "material" (i.e., their life together). When Zelda wrote and sent to Scribner's her own fictional version of their lives in Europe, Save Me the Waltz, Fitzgerald was angry and was able to make some changes prior to the novel's publication, and convince her doctors to keep her from writing any more about what he called his "material," which included their relationship. His book was finally published in 1934 as Tender Is the Night. Critics who had waited nine years for the followup to The Great Gatsby had mixed opinions about the novel. Most were thrown off by its three-part structure and many felt that Fitzgerald had not lived up to their expectations.​ The novel did not sell well upon publication but, like the earlier Gatsby, the book's reputation has since risen significantly.​ Fitzgerald's alcoholism and financial difficulties, in addition to Zelda's mental illness, made for difficult years in Baltimore. He was hospitalized nine times at Johns Hopkins Hospital, and his friend H. L. Mencken noted in a 1934 letter that "The case of F. Scott Fitzgerald has become distressing. He is boozing in a wild manner and has become a nuisance."​

Hollywood years

In 1926, Fitzgerald was invited by producer John W. Constantine to temporarily relocate to Hollywood in order to write a flapper comedy for United Artists. The couple moved into a studio owned bungalow in January of the following year and Fitzgerald soon met and began an affair with Lois Moran. The starlet became a temporary muse for the author and he rewrote Rosemary Hoyt, one of the central characters in Tender is the Night, (who had been a male in earlier drafts) to closely mirror her. The trip exacerbated the couple's marital difficulties, and they left Hollywood after two months.​​ In the ensuing years, Zelda became increasingly violent and emotionally distressed, and in 1936, Fitzgerald had her placed in the Highland Hospital in Asheville, North Carolina.​

Although he reportedly found movie work degrading, Fitzgerald continued to struggle financially and entered into a lucrative exclusive deal with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1937, that necessitated him moving to Hollywood, where he earned his highest annual income up to that point: $29,757.87.​ He also began a high profile live-in affair with movie columnist Sheilah Graham.​ The projects Fitzgerald worked on for the studio included a never filmed draft for Gone with the Wind, and revisions on Madame Curie, for which he received no credits. He also spent time during this period working on his fifth and final novel, The Love of the Last Tycoon, published posthumously as The Last Tycoon, based on film executive Irving Thalberg. In 1939, MGM terminated the contract, and Fitzgerald became a freelance screenwriter.​ During his work on Winter Carnival (film), Fitzgerald went on an alcoholic binge and was treated by New York psychiatrist Richard H. Hoffmann. ​

From 1939 until his death in 1940, Fitzgerald mocked himself as a Hollywood hack through the character of Pat Hobby in a sequence of 17 short stories, later collected as "The Pat Hobby Stories", which garnered many positive reviews. The Pat Hobby Stories were originally published in Esquire between January 1940 and July 1941, even after Fitzgerald's death. US Census records show his official address at this time to be the estate of Edward Everett Horton in Encino, California in the San Fernando Valley.

Illness and death

Fitzgerald, an alcoholic since college, became notorious during the 1920s for his extraordinarily heavy drinking, undermining his health by the late 1930s. According to Zelda's biographer, Nancy Milford, Fitzgerald claimed that he had contracted tuberculosis, but Milford dismisses it as a pretext to cover his drinking problems. However, Fitzgerald scholar Matthew J. Bruccoli contends that Fitzgerald did in fact have recurring tuberculosis, and according to Nancy Milford, Fitzgerald biographer Arthur Mizener said that Fitzgerald suffered a mild attack of tuberculosis in 1919, and in 1929 he had "what proved to be a tubercular hemorrhage." Some have said that the writer's hemorrhage was caused by bleeding from esophageal varices.^{[cita requerida]}

Fitzgerald suffered two heart attacks in the late 1930s. After the first, in Schwab's Drug Store, he was ordered by his doctor to avoid strenuous exertion. He moved in with Sheilah Graham, who lived in Hollywood on North Hayworth Avenue, one block east of Fitzgerald's apartment on North Laurel Avenue. ​ Fitzgerald had two flights of stairs to climb to his apartment; Graham's was on the ground floor. On the night of December 20, 1940, Fitzgerald and Sheilah Graham attended the premiere of This Thing Called Love starring Rosalind Russell and Melvyn Douglas. As the two were leaving the Pantages Theater, Fitzgerald experienced a dizzy spell and had trouble leaving the theater; upset, he said to Graham, "They think I am drunk, don't they?" ​

The following day, as Fitzgerald ate a candy bar and made notes in his newly arrived Princeton Alumni Weekly,​ Graham saw him jump from his armchair, grab the mantelpiece, gasp, and fall to the floor. She ran to the manager of the building, Harry Culver, founder of Culver City. Upon entering the apartment to assist Fitzgerald, he stated, "I'm afraid he's dead." Fitzgerald had died of a heart attack. Dr. Clarence H. Nelson, Fitzgerald's physician, signed the death certificate.​ Fitzgerald's body was moved to the Pierce Brothers Mortuary.​

Zelda and Fitzgerald's grave in Rockville, Maryland, inscribed with the final sentence of The Great Gatsby

Among the attendants at a visitation held at a funeral home was Dorothy Parker, who reportedly cried and murmured "the poor son-of-a-bitch," a line from Jay Gatsby's funeral in Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby.​​​ His body was transported to Maryland, where his funeral was attended by twenty or thirty people in Bethesda; among the attendants were his only child, Frances "Scottie" Fitzgerald Lanahan Smith (then age 19), and his editor, Maxwell Perkins. Fitzgerald was originally buried in Rockville Union Cemetery. Zelda died in 1948, in a fire at the Highland Mental Hospital in Asheville, North Carolina. Scottie Smith worked to overturn the Archdiocese of Baltimore's ruling that Fitzgerald died a non-practicing Catholic, so that he could be buried at the Roman Catholic Saint Mary's Cemetery where his father's family was interred; this involved "re-Catholicizing" Fitzgerald after his death. Both of the Fitzgeralds' remains were moved to the family plot in the cemetery of Saint Mary's Church,​ in Rockville, Maryland, in 1975.​

Fitzgerald died before he could complete The Love of the Last Tycoon.​​ His manuscript, which included extensive notes for the unwritten part of the novel's story, was edited by his friend, the literary critic Edmund Wilson, and published in 1941 as The Last Tycoon. In 1994 the book was reissued under the original title The Love of the Last Tycoon, which is now agreed to have been Fitzgerald's preferred title.​

In 2015, an editor of The Strand Magazine discovered and published for the first time an 8,000-word manuscript, dated July 1939, of a Fitzgerald short-story entitled "Temperature".​ Long thought lost, Fitzgerald's manuscript for the story was found in the rare books and manuscript archives at Princeton University, Fitzgerald's alma mater.​ As described by Strand, "Temperature", set in Los Angeles, tells the story of the failure, illness and decline of a once successful writer and his life among Hollywood idols, while suffering lingering fevers and indulging in light-hearted romance.​ The protagonist is a 31-year-old self-destructive, alcoholic named Emmet Monsen, whom Fitzgerald describes in his story as "notably photogenic, slender and darkly handsome". It tells of his personal relationships as his health declines with various doctors, personal assistants, and a Hollywood actress who is his lover. "As for that current dodge 'No reference to any living character is intended' — no use even trying that," Fitzgerald writes at the beginning of the story.​ Fitzgerald bibliographies have previously listed the story, sometimes referred to as "The Women in the House", as "unpublished", or as "Lost - mentioned in correspondence, but no surviving transcript or manuscript".​

Legacy

Fitzgerald's work has inspired writers ever since he was first published.​ The publication of The Great Gatsby prompted T. S. Eliot to write, in a letter to Fitzgerald, "It seems to me to be the first step that American fiction has taken since Henry James ...".​ Don Birnam, the protagonist of Charles Jackson's The Lost Weekend, says to himself, referring to The Great Gatsby, "There's no such thing ... as a flawless novel. But if there is, this is it."​ In letters written in the 1940s, J. D. Salinger expressed admiration of Fitzgerald's work, and his biographer Ian Hamilton wrote that Salinger even saw himself for some time as "Fitzgerald's successor".​ Richard Yates, a writer often compared to Fitzgerald, called The Great Gatsby "the most nourishing novel [he] read ... a miracle of talent ... a triumph of technique".​ It was written in a New York Times editorial after his death that Fitzgerald "was better than he knew, for in fact and in the literary sense he invented a generation ... He might have interpreted them and even guided them, as in their middle years they saw a different and nobler freedom threatened with destruction."

Into the 21st century, millions of copies of The Great Gatsby and his other works have been sold, and Gatsby, a constant best-seller, is required reading in many high school and college classes.​

Fitzgerald is a 2009 inductee of the New Jersey Hall of Fame.​ He is also the namesake of the Fitzgerald Theater in St. Paul, Minnesota, home of the radio broadcast of A Prairie Home Companion.

Bibliography

Novels

• This Side of Paradise (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1920)
• The Beautiful and Damned (New York: Scribners, 1922)
• The Great Gatsby (New York: Scribners, 1925)
• Tender Is the Night (New York: Scribners, 1934)
• The Love of the Last Tycoon – originally The Last Tycoon – (New York: Scribners, unfinished, published posthumously, 1941)

Novellas

• The Diamond as Big as the Ritz (1922) (in Tales of the Jazz Age)
• May Day (1922) (in Tales of the Jazz Age)
• The Rich Boy (1926) (in All the Sad Young Men)

Short story collections

• Flappers and Philosophers (New York: Scribners, 1921)
• Tales of the Jazz Age (New York: Scribners, 1922)
• All the Sad Young Men (New York: Scribners, 1926)
• Taps at Reveille (New York: Scribners, 1935)
• Afternoon of an Author (New York: Scribners, 1957)
• Babylon Revisited and Other Stories (New York: Scribners, 1960)
• The Pat Hobby Stories (Esquire Magazine, 1940–41)
• The Basil and Josephine Stories (New York: Scribners, 1973)
• The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald (New York: Scribners, 1989)
• The Price Was High: Fifty Uncollected Stories (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1995)

Notable short stories

• "Bernice Bobs Her Hair" (1920) (in Flappers and Philosophers)
• "Head and Shoulders" (1920) (in Flappers and Philosophers)
• "The Ice Palace" (1920) (in Flappers and Philosophers and Babylon Revisited and Other Stories)
• "The Offshore Pirate" (1920) (in Flappers and Philosophers)
• "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button" (1921) (in Tales of the Jazz Age)
• "Winter Dreams" (1922) (in All the Sad Young Men)
• "The Baby Party" (1925) (in All the Sad Young Men)
• "The Freshest Boy" (1928) (in Taps at Reveille)
• "The Bridal Party" (1930)
• "A New Leaf" (1931)
• "Babylon Revisited" (1931) (in Babylon Revisited and Other Stories)
• "Crazy Sunday" (1932) (in Babylon Revisited and Other Stories)

Other notable works

• The Vegetable, or From President to Postman – Play (New York: Scribners, 1923)
• The Crack-Up – Collection of essays, notebook excerpts, and letters (New York: New Directions, 1945)

Cambridge Editions

Cambridge University Press has published the complete works of F. Scott Fitzgerald in authoritative annotated editions. The Cambridge Edition runs to fourteen volumes.​

Archivo:GreatGatsby.jpg

Cover of the first volume in the series

Title	Date published	ISBN
The Great Gatsby	August 1991	978-0-521-40230-9
The Love of the Last Tycoon: A Western	December 1993	978-0-521-40231-6
This Side of Paradise	January 1996	978-0-521-40234-7
Flappers and Philosophers	December 1999	978-0-521-40236-1
Trimalchio: An Early Version of The Great Gatsby	April 2000	978-0-521-40237-8
Tales of the Jazz Age	August 2002	978-0-521-40238-5
My Lost City: Personal Essays, 1920–1940	October 2005	978-0-521-40239-2
All The Sad Young Men	January 2007	978-0-521-40240-8
The Beautiful and Damned	June 2008	978-0-521-88366-5
The Lost Decade: Short Stories from Esquire, 1936–1941	September 2008	978-0-521-88530-0
The Basil, Josephine, and Gwen Stories	October 2009	978-0-521-76973-0
Spires and Gargoyles: Early Writings, 1909–1919	March 2010	978-0-521-76592-3
Tender Is the Night	May 2012	978-0-521-40232-3
Taps at Reveille	May 2014	978-0-521-76603-6

Film adaptations of works

Fitzgerald's works have been adapted into films many times. His short story, The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, was the basis for a 2008 film. Tender Is the Night was the subject of the eponymous 1962 film, and made into a television miniseries in 1985. The Beautiful and Damned was filmed in 1922 and 2010. The Great Gatsby has been the basis for numerous films of the same name, spanning nearly 90 years: 1926, 1949, 1974, 2000, and 2013 adaptations. In addition, Fitzgerald's own life from 1937 to 1940 was dramatized in 1958 in Beloved Infidel.

Biographies, collected letters

The standard biographies of Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald are Arthur Mizener's The Far Side of Paradise (1951, 1965) and Matthew Bruccoli's Some Sort of Epic Grandeur (1981).

Fitzgerald's letters have also been published in various editions such as Dear Scott, Dearest Zelda: The Love Letters of F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald, ed. Jackson R. Bryer and Cathy W. Banks (2002); Correspondence of F. Scott Fitzgerald, ed. Matthew Bruccoli and Margaret Duggan (1980), and F. Scott Fitzgerald: A Life in Letters, ed. Matthew Bruccoli (1994).

A collection of F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald's scrapbooks of photographs and reviews was compiled by Bruccoli and F. Scott and Zelda's daughter Frances "Scottie" Fitzgerald (as Scottie Fitzgerald Smith) in a book The Romantic Egoists (1976).

Portrayals

A musical about the lives of Fitzgerald and wife Zelda Fitzgerald was composed by Frank Wildhorn entitled Waiting for the Moon, formerly known as Zelda, followed by Scott & Zelda: The Other Side Of Paradise. The musical shows their lives from when they first met, through Fitzgerald's career, their lives together (the good and bad), to both of their deaths. The musical made its world premiere at the Lenape Regional Performing Arts Center in a production that ran from July 20, 2005 through July 31, 2005. It starred Broadway veteran actors Jarrod Emick as Fitzgerald and Lauren Kennedy as Zelda.

A reworked version of Wildhorn's musical, entitled Zelda – An American Love Story, with a script and lyrics by Jack Murphy and currently in production at Flat Rock Playhouse,​ will have its New York premiere in 2016, presented by Marymount Manhattan College, at the National Dance Institute.​

The Japanese Takarazuka Revue has also created a musical adaptation of Fitzgerald's life. Entitled The Last Party: S. Fitzgerald's Last Day, it was produced in 2004 and 2006. Yuhi Oozora and Yūga Yamato starred as Fitzgerald, while Zelda was played by Kanami Ayano and Rui Shijou.

Fitzgerald was portrayed by the actor Malcolm Gets in the 1994 film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle.​

Others include the TV movies Zelda (1993, with Timothy Hutton), F. Scott Fitzgerald in Hollywood (1976, with Jason Miller), and F. Scott Fitzgerald and 'The Last of the Belles' (1974, with Richard Chamberlain).

A film based on Fitzgerald and Zelda's relationship called "The Beautiful and the Damned" (not an adaptation of the novel "The Beautiful And Damned") was announced for a 2011 release by director John Curran.

The last years of Fitzgerald and his affair with Sheilah Graham, the Hollywood gossip columnist, was the theme of the movie Beloved Infidel (1959) based on Graham's 1958 memoir by the same name.​ The film depicts Fitzgerald (played by Gregory Peck) during his final years as a Hollywood scenarist and his relationship with Ms. Graham (played by Deborah Kerr), with whom he had a years-long affair, while his wife, Zelda, was institutionalized.

Another film, Last Call (2002) (Jeremy Irons plays Fitzgerald) describes the relationship of Fitzgerald and Frances Kroll Ring (Neve Campbell) during his last two years of life. The film was based on the memoir of Frances Kroll Ring, titled Against the Current: As I Remember F. Scott Fitzgerald (1985), that records her experience as secretary to Fitzgerald for the last 20 months of his life.

Actors portraying Fitzgerald, Pablo Picasso and Ernest Hemingway appear in the play Villa America by British playwright Crispin Whittell, which premiered at Williamstown Theatre Festival (2007).

Tom Hiddleston and Alison Pill appear briefly as Fitzgerald and Zelda in Woody Allen's 2011 feature film Midnight in Paris.

Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald appear alongside Ernest Hemingway, Hadley Hemingway, Gertrude Stein and Ezra Pound in the novel The Paris Wife by Paula McLain. The novel was adapted by Sheila Yeger for a 2011 BBC Radio 4 Woman's Hour Drama.​

Stewart O'Nan's 2015 novel West of Sunset presents a detailed fictional account of Fitzgerald's final years as a Hollywood scriptwriter and his relationship with gossip columnist Sheilah Graham.

See also

• Portal:Biography. Contenido relacionado con Biography.

References

• Bruccoli, Matthew Joseph (ed.) (2000), F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby: A Literary Reference, New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, ISBN 0-7867-0996-0 .
• Bruccoli, Matthew Joseph (2002), Some Sort of Epic Grandeur: The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd rev. edición), Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, ISBN 1-57003-455-9 ..
• Bryer, Jackson R.; Barks, Cathy W. (eds.) (2002), Dear Scott, Dearest Zelda: The Love Letters of F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald, New York: St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-26875-0 ..
• Cline, Sally (2003), Zelda Fitzgerald: Her Voice in Paradise, New York: Arcade Publishing, ISBN 1-55970-688-0 ..
• Curnutt, Kirk (ed.) (2004), A Historical Guide to F. Scott Fitzgerald, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-515302-2 .
• Donaldson, Scott (1983), Fool for Love: F. Scott Fitzgerald, New York: Congdon and Weed, ISBN 0-312-92209-4 .
• Michaux, Agnes (2006), Zelda, Paris, France: Flammarion, ISBN 978-2-08-068777-7 .
• Milford, Nancy (1970), Zelda: A Biography, New York: Harper & Row ..
• Mizener, Arthur (1951), The Far Side of Paradise: A Biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Boston: Houghton Mifflin ..
• Mizener, Arthur (1972), Scott Fitzgerald and His World, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons (with 135 illustrations) ..
• Prigozy, Ruth (ed.) (2002), The Cambridge Companion to F. Scott Fitzgerald, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-62447-9 .
• Schiff, Jonathan (2001), Ashes to Ashes: Mourning and Social Difference in F. Scott Fitzgerald's Fiction, Selingsgrove, PA: Susquehanna University Press, ISBN 1-57591-046-2 .
• Turnbull, Andrew (1962), Scott Fitzgerald, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons .
• Turnbull, Andrew (ed.) (1963), The Letters of F. Scott Fitzgerald, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons .

Further reading

• Glenday, Michael K. (2012), F. Scott Fitzgerald, London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-333-66900-6

External links

• F. Scott Fitzgerald Papers at Princeton University
• F. Scott Fitzgerald Centenary pages—at the University of South Carolina
• Annotated Bibliography—at Scott-Fitzgerald.com
• Trabajos por Reginaalvidrez/F. Scott Fitzgerald en el Proyecto Gutenberg
• Error in Template:Internet Archive author: Reginaalvidrez/F. Scott Fitzgerald doesn't exist.
• Plantilla:Librivox author
• Online catalog of F. Scott Fitzgerald's personal library, online at LibraryThing
• F. Scott Fitzgerald at C-SPAN's American Writers: A Journey Through History
• F. Scott Fitzgerald discussed in Conversations from Penn State interview