This study used a two-dimensional coupled land-atmosphere (cloud resolving) model to investigate the influence of land cover on the water budgets of convective lines in West Africa. Study simulations used the same initial sounding and one of three different land covers: a sparsely vegetated semidesert, a grassy savanna, and a dense evergreen broadleaf forest. All simulations began at midnight and ran for 24 h to capture a full diurnal cycle. During the morning, the forest had the highest latent heat flux, the shallowest, moistest, slowest growing boundary layer, and more convective available potential energy than the savanna and semidesert. Although the savanna and forest environments produced virtually the same total rainfall mass (semidesert 18%), the spatial and temporal patterns of the rainfall were significantly different and can be attributed to the boundary layer evolution. The forest produced numerous convective cells with very high rain rates mainly during the early afternoon. During the morning, the savanna built up less but still significant amounts of convective available potential energy and enough convective inhibition so that the strongest convection in the savanna did not occur until late afternoon. This timing resulted in the largest, most intense convective line of the three land covers.

This study used a two-dimensional coupled land–atmosphere (cloud resolving) model to investigate the influence of land cover on the water budgets of convective lines in West Africa. Study simulations used the same initial sounding and one of three different land covers: a sparsely vegetated semidesert, a grassy savanna, and a dense evergreen broadleaf forest. All simulations began at midnight and ran for 24 h to capture a full diurnal cycle. During the morning, the forest had the highest latent heat flux, the shallowest, moistest, slowest growing boundary layer, and more convective available potential energy than the savanna and semidesert. Although the savanna and forest environments produced virtually the same total rainfall mass (semidesert 18%), the spatial and temporal patterns of the rainfall were significantly different and can be attributed to the boundary layer evolution. The forest produced numerous convective cells with very high rain rates mainly during the early afternoon. During the morning, the savanna built up less but still significant amounts of convective available potential energy and enough convective inhibition so that the strongest convection in the savanna did not occur until late afternoon. This timing resulted in the largest, most intense convective line of the three land covers.

The CLEO II detector at the e+e− storage ring CESR has been used to search for two-photon production of the fJ(2220) decaying into π+π−. No evidence for a signal is found in 4.77fb−1 of data and a 95% C.L. upper limit on [τγγBπ+π−]fJ(2220) of 2.5 eV is set. If this result is combined with the BES Collaboration's measurement of fJ(2220)→π+π− in radiative J/Ψ decay and the recent CLEO result for [τγγBK0SK0S]fJ(2220), a 95% C.L. lower limit on the stickiness of 102 is obtained. This result for the stickiness provides further support for a substantial neutral parton content in the fJ(2220). © 1998 The American Physical Society.