For commercial software sold in the general marketplace, many software-planning and design decisions are based not only on meeting user needs but also on marketplace issues. Many of these issues fall into one of three standard ROI categories: revenue, cost, or risk. This article focuses on the uncertainties and strategic issues that suppliers encounter in selling or licensing software in the general marketplace.

The problem of racial injustice in the United States continued to plague the nation during the 1970s despite the gains made by the Civil Rights Movement during the preceding decades. Under Republican administrations during the 1970s and 1980s, working Americans encountered new financial challenges as the lion’s share of economic growth benefitted the wealthiest citizens. As socially and politically conscious popular music faded in popularity, Stevie Wonder continued to express his concerns about the obstacles to the promise of freedom and equality that many Americans continued to face. This paper examines four songs, written and performed by Wonder - “Living for the City,” “You Haven’t Done Nothing,” “Happy Birthday,” and “It’s Wrong,” - to track the trajectory of his commentary from local, community-based issues to national, political topics and, finally, to international causes.

The feeding behavior and stylet morphometrics were studied in nymphs and adults of the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera, Psyllidae), vector of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las) associated with citrus huanglongbing (HLB) disease. The stylet length of first instar nymphs averaged 266 µm (83% of body length) whereas that of 5th instar nymphs was 615 µm (34% of body length). Younger ACP nymphs feed only on young citrus leaves on smaller veins or on the sides of the midrib, whereas adults can feed anywhere on the veins of young or old citrus leaves. Epifluorescence microscopy of cross sections in citrus leaves indicated that the thick-walled fibrous layer around the phloem is much more prominent in older than in younger leaves. Additionally, first instar nymphs can reach the phloem because the distance to the phloem is shorter from the sides of the midrib compared to that from the top, and is considerably shorter in younger than in older/mature leaves. Ultrastructural studies on ACP stylets show that the width of the maxillary food canal in first instar nymphs is wide enough for Las bacteria to go through during food ingestion (and Las acquisition). However, the width of the maxillary salivary canal in first instar nymphs may not be wide enough for Las bacteria to go through during salivation (and inoculation of Las bacterium) into host plants. This may explain previous studies indicating that older ACP nymphs and adults can transmit HLB bacterium whereas younger nymphs probably cannot.