Reviser Son Bac Avec Le Monde ANGLAIS PDF
Reviser Son Bac Avec Le Monde ANGLAIS PDF
Reviser Son Bac Avec Le Monde ANGLAIS PDF
HORS-SRIE
avec
NOUVEAU
PROGRAMME
2015
ANGLAIS
Term ES, L, S
N1
LESSENTIEL DU COURS
COMPRENDRE
SENTRANER
SENRICHIR
M 03174 - 4H - F: 7,90 E - RD
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Avec la collaboration de :
Laurence Do de Maindreville
Wendy Benot
Laurence Bordas
Pascale Guillomet
En partenariat avec
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Une ralisation de
Courrier international apporte chaque semaine depuis vingt-cinq ans les meilleurs articles
de la presse trangre ses lecteurs. Parmi ceux-ci, beaucoup proviennent de la presse
amricaine ou anglaise. Quil sagisse dune tribune du New York Times, dune enqute de
The Economist, dun reportage du Washington Post ou dune analyse sur les nouvelles technologies publie dans le Guardian, Courrier International slectionne les analyses ou les
points de vue les plus pertinents parmi des milliers de sources et les traduit.
Souvent trs bien crits, ces articles offrent, outre un regard dcal et neuf sur lactualit,
une plonge dans une langue vivante, riche de ses usages, de ses idiomes spcifiques et de
leur vocabulaire en perptuelle volution. Quil sagisse de langlais des affaires, concis et
rigoureux, du Financial Times, des expressions recherches et littraires du New Yorker ou du
jargon des geeks de la Silicon Valley qui fleurit dans les mdias en ligne, la presse constitue
un outil efficace pour se perfectionner dans les subtilits et les constantes inventions de la
langue de Shakespeare et de Mark Twain. Parce quil est le reflet toujours changeant dune
socit, dune poque et de ses courants, culturels, socitaux ou technologiques, le journal
est galement un terrain de jeu rv pour se frotter la profusion et la diversit humaine.
En reproduisant une srie darticles varis tirs des plus grands journaux, tantt accompagns de leur traduction commente en regard, tantt exploits dans leur version originale en
tant que supports de rvisions, nous esprons apporter aux candidats lpreuve danglais
une connaissance plus familire et spontane de langlais et de lamricain daujourdhui
mais nous voudrions aussi leur donner envie, munis de ce passeport, de visiter les formidables sites des journaux anglo-saxons.
Courrier international est ainsi heureux de sassocier au Monde dans ce volume Anglais de
la collection Rviser son Bac, pour donner accs tous les kiosques de la plante.
Eric CHOL, Directeur de la rdaction de Courrier International
Message destination des auteurs des textes figurant dans cet ouvrage ou de leurs ayantsdroit : si malgr nos efforts, nous navons pas t en mesure de vous contacter afin de formaliser la cession des droits dexploitation de votre uvre, nous vous invitons bien vouloir
nous contacter ladresse [email protected].
En partenariat avec
Compltez vos rvisions du bac sur www.assistancescolaire.com :
mthodologie, fiches, exercices, sujets dannales corrigs des outils gratuits et efficaces
pour prparer lexamen.
Edit par la Socit Editrice du Monde 80, boulevard Auguste Blanqui 75013 Paris
Tl : +(33)01 57 28 20 00 Fax : +(33) 01 57 28 21 21
Internet : www.lemonde.fr
Prsident du Directoire, Directeur de la Publication : Louis Dreyfus
Directeur de la rdaction : Gilles Van Kote
Dpt lgal : mars 2015 - Imprim par Maury - Achev dimprimer : mars 2015
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AVANT-PROPOS
LESSENTIEL
SOMMAIRE
DU COURS
MYTHES ET HROS
p. 5
p. 6
p. 10
p. 12
p. 14
p. 18
LIDE DE PROGRS
p. 23
p. 24
p. 30
p. 32
p. 36
p. 43
p. 44
p. 28
p. 48
p. 52
p. 56
p. 50
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ESPACES ET CHANGES
p. 63
p. 64
p. 68
p. 72
p. 74
p. 76
p. 78
p. 82
p. 89
LE GUIDE PRATIQUE
p. 93
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Mythes et hros
COMPRENDRE
ADJECTIVES
impressive: impressionnant
inspiring: stimulant, exaltant
influential: influent
outstanding: exceptionnel
VERBS
to devote ones life to: consacrer
sa vie
Ex.: Mother Teresa devoted her life
to others.
to overcome: surmonter
Ex.: Oscar Pistorius has overcome
personal hardships in his life.
to embody: incarner
Ex.: Nelson Mandela embodied
courage and humility.
to be portrayed as: tre dpeint
comme
to be regarded as: tre considr
comme
to be visionary: tre visionnaire
to impress: impressionner
to achieve: russir
to dare: oser
to change the face of the nation:
changer le visage de la nation
to change the course of history:
changer le cours de lhistoire
to make history: marquer lhistoire, entrer dans lhistoire
to pave the way for: ouvrir la voie
Mythes et hros
DICTIONARY
to pour in: to flow, to flood
to belong to: to be the property of
to sell the legacy short: to
value the legacy too low
thugs: delinquents
to assault: to attack
to strike a chord: to resonate
to apologize: to express regret,
remorse
legacy: heritage
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MOTS CLS
COMPRENDRE
frugal, kept a tight grip on her purse. I asked, he said
with a laugh. Youll never get what you want if you
dont ask. Then he lowered his voice conspiratorially
and said her donation had nauseated some of his
cohorts. Didnt she try to squash our movement?
they complained. His response: Didnt De Klerk
crush our people like flies? And Im having tea with
him next weekHell be getting the bill. []
The respect in which the rest of the world holds
Mandela is obvious in the calibre of the editorials
and obituaries published by the worlds finest publications. The New York Times: He was one of the most
extraordinary liberation leaders Africa, or any other
continent, ever produced. The Guardian: A leader
above all others. The Economist: He was the worlds
most inspiring example of fortitude, magnanimity
and dignity in the face of oppression. Time: He
was a repentant warrior and long-suffering martyr;
a savvy saint and humble leader; he was both father
of his nation and its conscience, the moral glue of
its fragile polity.
NelsonMandela is probably the greatest South African
to ever live. There is little doubt on that score. And if
there was any doubt of his importance beyond his
countrys borders, then let it be laid to rest by the
overwhelming international response to his death.
Adapted from Daily Maverick
(Simon Allison December6th, 2013)
FOCUS ON
Nelson Mandelas political struggle started in1942 when he joined the African National Congress, South
Africas major liberation movement and today the countrys ruling party. In1944, he formed the ANC
Youth League to press the ANC towards effective protest. In1948 the National Party took power in South
Africa and set out to construct apartheid, a system of strict racial segregation and white domination.
Mandela was a lawyer and in1952 he opened the first black law firm. He was first arrested for treason
in1956. In1960 the government banned the ANC and Mandela became the leader of a secret army. He
had to live underground as he was hunted by the police. He was arrested again in1962 and was given a
life sentence. Mandela spent27 years in prison. When MrdeKlerk became president in1989 he promised
to phase out apartheid, unbanned the ANC and released some of the countrys most prominent political
prisoners. NelsonMandela was freed in1990 at the age of71 and was determined to build a new South
Africa based on dialogue and reconciliation. He and MrdeKlerk shared the Nobel Peace Prize in1993.
When Mandela was elected President in April1994 he was accepted by whites as well as blacks as the
embodiment of South Africas new democracy. Long Walk to Freedom, Mandelas autobiography based
on the manuscript he wrote in prison, was published in1995.
Mandela retired from the public eye in2004 and died in2013 at the age of95.
SEXPRIMER
EXPRESSING PURPOSE:
IN ORDER TO
[] the courage and the humility that he embodied in order to
change a nation and to impact a
world.
In formal language and writing,
in order to + infinitive is used
to express purpose (= afin de).
Both verbs must have the same
subject.
Ex.: The Prime Minister made
a speech in order to defend his
reforms.
So as to + infinitive can also be
used to express purpose.
Ex.: He took the course so as to get
a better job.
In spoken English it is much
more common to use to+infinitive to express the same meaning.
Ex.: I went to the station to meet
my parents.
We can also use so that to talk
about the purpose of an action
(=afin que).
Ex.: She left school early so that
she could go to her appointment.
Ex.: Shell give up her job so that
she can take care of her daughter.
For followed by a noun can be
used to describe purpose.
Ex.: I went to the shops for some
butter and eggs.
USING ENOUGH
His legacy was potent enough to
earn this South African citizen a
get-out-of-jail-free card.
adjective + enough (=assez)
Ex.: Im old enough to know how
to handle the situation.
Ex.: He is not tall enough to reach
the top shelf of the cupboard.
adverb + enough
Ex.: He doesnt speak loudly
enough, no one can hear him..
Ex.: She doesnt work quickly
enough to finish by noon.
enough + nom
Ex.: I havent got enough money
to buy this expensive car.
Ex.: Ive got enough time to finish
my essay on Shakespeare.
Mythes et hros
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COMPRENDRE
SENTRANER
Questions de comprhension
A. True or False?
Exercices de grammaire
A. Rewrite each sentence beginning as shown so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence. Use a comparative or superlative form.
veut insister.
Exemple: She is a most unpleasant woman.
Pour le superlatif dinfriorit, on utilise toujours :
the least+adjectif (=le moins).
Mary is the...........................................................................................................................
2. My mobile phone is not as expensive as yours.
Your mobile phone is.....................................................................................................
Emma didnt.......................................................................................................................
I am the..................................................................................................................................
I expected. (funny)
ever read.
.. (difficult).
Mythes et hros
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RDIGER
Sujet national, septembre 2013, sries ES, L, S
NOTIONS CLS
Document A
Brett Cohen isnt your typical 21-year-old, at least not according to the tourists in New York Citys Time
Square on July 27. Cohen is now famous after pulling a huge prank on the city, posing as a celebrity and
wandering the streets of Manhattan.
Accompanied by two bodyguards he hired on Craigslist, as well as three cameramen and four photographers
acting as his own paparazzi, he attracted a huge fan following and caused quite a stir in response to what
he calls his social experiment.
It was a social experiment. It confirms the theory of how our culture is so obsessed with celebrity and
fame, Cohen told ABC News. [...] I had photographers follow me around and act as paparazzi. There were
15people in total that were actually in on it. [...] Cohen and his entourage began their walk toward Times
Square. It didnt take long before crowds began to surround him on every block. [...] One little boy was
particularly excited to meet the fake celebrity. Cohen said the boy went so far as to make an international
call home on his cell phone, and was overheard screaming, I just met Brett Cohen! [...] From beginning
to end, the whole thing took about three hours to shoot. Cohen said the hardest thing about the entire
experience was stopping the frenzy, literally. It was really hard to end the shoot. How the hell do you stop
when theres so many people following you? We actually had to walk away from Times Square and into
a small hotel, Cohen said. One of my bouncers blocked off the door to the bar to keep the public from
going in. It was the only way we were able to stop it.
Eliza Murphy, ABC News Blogs, Aug. 23, 2012.
Expression crite: Do you agree with the fact that we live in a society obsessed with celebrity and fame
(document A)?
Analyse du sujet
Le sujet sappuie sur une citation tire de larticle
(documentA), dans laquelle Brett Cohen affirme que
nous vivons dans une socit obsde par la clbrit,
la gloire, la notorit On vous demande votre avis
personnel: tes-vous daccord avec cette affirmation?
Repres essentiels
1. Prparez vos ides: des arguments pour et contre.
2. Rdigez votre rponse en respectant la structure
dun essai argumentatif:
introduction (reformulation du sujet);
1er paragraphe: thse (exemple: la socit est
obsde par la clbrit, parce que...);
2e paragraphe: antithse (exemple: cette obsession nest que limite, parce que...);
conclusion (rappel du sujet et votre avis personnel
circonstanci).
3. Contrlez la qualit de votre anglais.
Proposition de corrig
Reading Brett Cohens story would lead anyone to
conclude that we live in a society obsessed with
celebrity and fame. But is it really the case? We will
see first to what extent the star system rules our
society and then, to what extent the contrary is true.
Cohens successful prank underlines the role the
media and means of communication play in the
star system. These two dimensions have actually
evolved in parallel with the leisure society of
the twentieth century. In todays world, we have
more free time, greater access to the media and
LES EXPRESSIONS
DOPINION
to my mind/in my opinion/from
my point of view/ as far as Im
concerned
LE LEXIQUE SPCIFIQUE
EN LIEN AVEC LE SUJET
a big name: un grand nom,
au sens de clbre, reconnu
the buzz: au sens littral,
le bourdonnement
fame: la clbrit, la notorit
a star/fans/success/
celebrity/celebrities
followers: disciples, adeptes,
amateurs littralement: suiveurs
glory: la gloire
popular: populaire au sens dtre
la mode, davoir du succs
the power of the media
social networks: les rseaux
sociaux
the headlines: les gros titres
a journalist/a newsman:
un journaliste
the news: les informations
the press: la presse
the tabloids: la presse sensation
a weekly magazine:
un hebdomadaire
an advertisement: une publicit
a reality show: une mission de
tl-ralit
an event: un vnement
to brainwash: abrutir
Mythes et hros
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TRADUIRE ET COMPARER
10
Mythes et hros
KEY POINT
Nelson Mandelas legacy
This article from The Nation deals with Nelson Mandelas legacy. Mandela was elected South Africas president in1994 and served as president until1999 when he was succeeded by his deputy ThaboMbeki. The
African National Congress has enjoyed unbroken political power since1994 even though the movement
is now lacking effective leadership and is rapidly losing legitimacy.
South Africa faces major problems but having held four successful national elections as well as local polls
since the end of the white rule, a democratic culture appears to be taking hold. South Africa is along with
China, Brazil, Russia and India a member of the BRICS club of emerging world economic powers. South
Africa also plays a leading role in diplomatic initiatives in Africa.
However, poverty is widespread and there is a high level of inequality as well as a high crime rate
associated with high unemployment. Officially youth unemployment has gradually risen to36% but
many believe that real unemployment among that population is closer to50%.
South Africa has also the second highest number of HIV patients in the world as around one in seven
of its citizens is infected with HIV.
rue des coles & Le Monde, 2015. Reproduction, diffusion et communication strictement interdites.
TRADUIRE ET COMPARER
lintroduction de la dmocratie
en Afrique du Sud, le pays jouit
dune culture civique dynamique,
dune justice indpendante (bien
que soumise des pressions) et de
mdias impressionnants malgr
ladversit auxquels ils font face.
La dernire fois que jai rencontr
Mandela chez lui, aprs la Coupe
du monde de football en2010, il
nous a accueillis, mon fils et moi,
avec une formule prouve: a
fait plaisir de voir des jeunes continuer rendre visite un vieil
homme qui na rien de nouveau
dire. Il adorait plaisanter, mais,
mon avis, ces propos anodins
rvlaient une intention plus
profonde : celle de signaler aux
jeunes Sud-Africains quil tait
temps pour eux de se lever et de
porter bien plus loin la rvolution
quil avait initie.
Ctait un sujet souvent prsent
lesprit du petit-fils de Mandela,
qui nous avait conduits auprs
de son grand-pre. Voici un
homme sorti de nulle part, avait
comment Ndaba Mandela. Ctait
un garon qui courait dans les
fermes de Xhosa, et il est devenu
ce que lui-mme navait jamais
imagin ! Maintenant, avait
ajout le petit-fils, il tait temps
pour la jeune gnration de cesser
VOCABULARY
AND STRUCTURES
TO REMEMBER!
to fully grasp: pour bien
comprendre
think of what might have
happened: pensez ce qui serait
arriv
to run away from: senfuir de
though he believed in armed
struggle: bien quil ait cru dans
la lutte arme
Mandela was spared the
death penalty: Mandela na pas
cop de la peine de mort (=il a
chapp )
he managed to survive:
il a survcu (= il a russi
survivre )
Mythes et hros
11
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TRADUIRE ET COMPARER
12
Mythes et hros
KEY POINT
The annual toll of journalists killed in connection with their work is very high as 71were killed in2013
according to Reporters Without Borders. Syria has become the worlds deadliest country for the media.
There has also been a big increase in abductions of journalists. In Syria, news providers are increasingly
being targeted by Islamist armed groups and the murder of US citizen James Foley in August2014 by
Islamic State militants shocked the whole world.
There are no statistics kept on male vs. female reporters in the Middle East but the bureau chiefs of the
main American and British publications in Beirut, where many of the journalists covering Syria live, are
all women.
Besides, a report released by Human Rights Watch in July2014 showed that the conflict in Syria impacts
women in particular. Women profiled in the report experienced violations by government and pro-government forces as well as by armed groups opposed to the government. Some female activists and
humanitarian aid providers said that they had been threatened, arbitrarily arrested and detained, and
tortured by government or armed opposition forces.
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TRADUIRE ET COMPARER
VOCABULARY
AND STRUCTURES
TO REMEMBER!
an award: un prix
a narrow circle: un cercle
restreint
a sample: un aperu, un
chantillon
a border: une frontire
a TV channel: une chane de
tlvision
to be unaware: ignorer
to be released: tre libr
to fear: craindre
Mythes et hros
13
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COMPRENDRE
ADJECTIVES
brave, courageous: courageux
bold: audacieux
daring: tmraire
outspoken: franc
Ex.: Malala has been outspoken
about the importance of education.
wise: sage
legendary: lgendaire
heroic: hroque
VERBS
to look up to/ to admire/ to revere
somebody: admirer
Ex.: Athletes are often looked up to
as our role models.
to worship: vnrer
Ex.: Nelson Mandela is regarded
as a saint and is worshipped by a
large number of people.
to place somebody on a pedestal:
mettre quelquun sur un pidestal
to praise: faire lloge de
Ex.: Songs of praise glorifying
Nelson Mandela are taught to
school children in South Africa.
to pay tribute to: rendre
hommage
Ex.: President Obama gave a speech
paying tribute to 9/11s victims and
heroes.
to inspire: inspirer
to speak out =to speak up: parler
franchement
Ex.: Malala has continued to speak
out as a fierce advocate for womens
education since the assassination
attempt.
to stand up for a cause: dfendre
une cause
to stand up against a government:
combattre un gouvernement
14
Mythes et hros
Mary Shelleys
Frankenstein (1831)
had created a fiend whose unparalleled barbarity
had desolated my heart, and filled it forever with the
bitterest remorse.I was now about to form another
being, of whose dispositions I was alike ignorant; she
might become ten thousand times more malignant
than her mate, and delight, for its own sake, in
murder and wretchedness. He had sworn to quit the
neighbourhood of man and hide himself in deserts;
but she had not; and she, who in all probability was
to become a thinking and reasoning animal, might
refuse to comply with a compact made before
her operation. They might even hate each other;
the creature who already lived loathed his own
deformity, and might he not conceive a greater
abhorrence for it when it came before his eyes in
the female form? She also might turn with disgust
from him to the superior beauty of man; she might
quit him, and he be again alone, exasperated by the
fresh provocation of being deserted by one of his
own species.
Even if they were to leave Europe, and inhabit the
deserts of the new world, yet one of the first results
of those sympathies for which the demon thirsted
would be children, and a race of devils would be
propagated upon the earth
I sat one evening in my labwho might make the very
I shuddered to think that
oratory; the sun had set, and
existence of the species of
the moon was just rising
man a condition precarfuture ages might curse
from the sea;I had not sufious and full of terror. Had
me as their pest, whose
ficient light for my employI a right, for my own benment, and I remained idle, selfishness had not hesitated
efit, to inflict this curse
in a pause of consideration
upon everlasting generato buy its own peace
of whether I should leave
tions?I had before been
at the price, perhaps, of the moved by the sophisms
my labour for the night, or
hasten its conclusion by an
of the being I had created;
existence of the whole
unremitting attention to it.
I had been struck senseless
human race.
As I sat, a train of reflection
by his fiendish threats: but
occurred to me, which led me
now, for the first time,
to consider the effects of what I was now doing. Three the wickedness of my promise burst upon me,
years before,I was engaged in the same manner, and I shuddered to think that future ages might curse
DICTIONARY
idle: not working
to hasten: to hurry
unremitting: continuous
a fiend: evil spirit
bitter: causing pain or grief
to delight in: to take great
pleasure in
wretchedness: evil
to swear (swore/sworn):
promised
to comply with a compact:
to act in accordance with an
agreement
to loathe: to hate
to thirst for: to have a strong
desire for
a curse: a plague, a pest
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MOTS CLS
COMPRENDRE
FOCUS ON
The modern Prometheus
Mary Shelley was only 18 when she started writing
her novel Frankenstein. As the subtitle The modern
Prometheus indicates, she was strongly inspired
by the myth of Prometheus Prometheus both
as defier of the divine will and as creator. Victor
Frankenstein who is obsessed with occult scientific knowledge is a modern Prometheus of the
scientific age. The central theme of the novel
is therefore Man playing God, Frankensteins
pursuit of unlawful knowledge and his wish to
penetrate Natures secrets. Shelleys novel and the
famous character of Frankensteins monster have
influenced popular culture for over a century and
have inspired many films and television programs.
The most famous adaptation of the story was
the film directed by James Whale in 1931, which
provided the definitive lasting visual image of
the Frankenstein monster: to most people Boris
Karloff as the Monster has become synonymous
Mary Shelley
with Frankenstein. The following series of films
contributed to a further change of the myth when
people began to confuse the creator with the creation. In the end the Monster had become Frankenstein
and the focus had been moved from the creator to the creation.
SEXPRIMER
CLAUSES OF TIME
As I sat, a train of reflection
occurred to me.
A ghastly grin wrinkled his lips
as he gazed on me.
As I looked on him, his countenance expressed the utmost
extent of malice and treachery.
As means here during the time
that, to talk about something
that happens when something
else takes place (as =when
=while).
Ex.: As I was working on my
essay, the doorbell rang.
Ex.: As the meeting continued, it
became clear that the two sides
would not reach an agreement.
On looking up, I saw by the
light of the moon, the demon at
the casement.
The clause on +V-ing indicates
when.
Ex.: On returning from China, I
decided to start learning Chinese.
Ex.: On returning home, I found
Jane waiting outside my front
door.
I was now about to form
another being.
To be about to +infinitive means
that something will happen in
the very near future (= tre sur
le point de).
To be on the point of +V-ing has
the same meaning.
Ex.: I was about to leave when
she phoned me.
Ex.: Theyre on the point of getting divorced.
She [] was to become a
thinking and reasoning animal.
Be to +infinitive is used to talk
about events that are likely to
happen in the near future (=elle
allait devenir).
Note that be to +infinitive is
commonly used in news reports
and formal contexts, while be
about to +infinitive is used in
conversations.
Mythes et hros
15
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me as their pest, whose selfishness had not hesitated to buy its own peace at the price, perhaps, of
the existence of the whole human race.
I trembled and my heart failed within me, when,
on looking up, I saw by the light of the moon, the
demon at the casement. A ghastly grin wrinkled his
lips as he gazed on me, where I sat fulfilling the task
which he had allotted to me. Yes, he had followed me
in my travels; he had loitered in forests, hid himself
in caves, or taken refuge in wide and desert heaths;
and he now came to mark my progress and claim
the fulfilment of my promise.
As I looked on him, his countenance expressed the
utmost extent of malice and treachery; I thought
with a sensation of madness on my promise of
creating another like to him, and trembling with
passion, tore to pieces the thing on which I was
engaged. The wretch saw me destroy the creature
on whose future existence he depended for happiness, and, with a howl of devilish despair and
revenge, withdrew.
I left the room, and locking the door, made a solemn
vow in my own heart never to resume my labours;
and then, with trembling steps, I sought my own
apartment. I was alone; none were near me to dissipate the gloom and relieve me from the sickening
oppression of the most terrible reveries.
COMPRENDRE
SENTRANER
Questions de comprhension
A. Comprhension gnrale
her mate.
her creation.
B. Comprhension dtaille
1. True or false?
might not.
could not.
Exercices de grammaire
A. Choose the right modal auxiliary in each space (can, could, may,
might, must).
at work.)
at work.)
not at work.)
He go abroad tomorrow.
5. Son patron aurait pu la renvoyer.
Her boss .... have fired her.
party.
16
Mythes et hros
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RDIGER
COMPRENDRE
SENTRANER
Sujet national, septembre2013, sries ES, L, S
NOTIONS CLS
Expression crite: Can one give too much importance to physical appearance? ( 150 mots au moins)
Analyse du sujet
Le sujet vous invite disserter sur lide que lon
puisse attribuer trop dimportance lapparence
physique. Quelle que soit la position que vous adoptiez, ce qui importe le plus cest que vous dmontriez
votre capacit argumenter. Vous pouvez fort
bien prsenter les deux faces du mme argument
et annoncer votre position personnelle dans la
conclusion.
Proposition de corrig:
How important is physical appearance? Can we give it
too much importance? In this essay, we will see first
why physical appearance is important and then when
its importance should be relativized.
From a professional point of view, physical appearance can be very important, especially if you work
Analyse du sujet
Vous devez dire dans quelle mesure vous pensez
quil est important de raliser ses rves.
Pour rpondre, il vous faudra mobiliser les expressions dopinion ainsi que les mots de liaison qui
vous permettront darticuler votre discours. Vous
pouvez galement enrichir votre production laide
de rfrences culturelles et lexicales en lien avec
la thmatique (voir la rubrique Notions cls
ci-contre).
La question est pose de telle sorte (dans quelle
mesure) que la rponse attendue se doit dtre
nuance: quelle que soit votre opinion sur le sujet,
tchez de ne pas vous limiter un avis tranch qui
se rsumerait exclusivement lexpression de votre
point de vue personnel.
Proposition de corrig:
In this essay we will look at how important it is for
people to make their dreams come true.
We can easily argue that it is essential for dreams
to be fulfilled at least to some extent, otherwise people will no longer believe in them, and
risk not even wanting to dream in the future. In
other words, people need to dream in order to
project themselves, to make plans and to aspire to
LEXIQUE
self-fulfilment. Its rather like the National Lottery:
if no one ever wins, people will eventually give up
playing. Where there are dreams, there is hope, and
where there is hope, people are willing to devote
time and energy so that their dreams come true.
On the other hand, it is quite possible that what
matters is not so much the realization of our
dreams but the fact of dreaming. Indeed, it can
be frequently noted that when someones dream
is fulfilled, instead of reaching a state of pure
contentment, they generally transfer their desire
to something else: they are never fully satisfied,
as they actually gain pleasure from being in a
constant state of waiting for a dream to come true.
If this is the case, perhaps it does not really matter
if the dream never comes true, although life will
inevitably be less monotonous if our dreams are
allowed to change and evolve as time goes by.
Personally, I dont believe that we can really make
our dreams come true. I think we can try hard to
make them happen, but there are often many
external factors that we are unable to control that
play an essential role as well as an element of
chance. I would say that if we are able to control
dreams, they are not really dreams, but simply
stages in our lives.
a challenge: un dfi
a model: un modle
adventurous: aventureux
an inaccessible dream: un rve
inatteignable
an obsession: une obsession
aware: conscient
beauty: la beaut
freedom: la libert
grateful: reconnaissant
to be in love: tre amoureux
to believe in: croire en
to climb the social ladder:
monter dans lchelle sociale
to die young: mourir jeune
to dream of +V-ing: rver de
to encounter: rencontrer
to go in search of: partir la
qute de
to search for: rechercher
to succeed in +V-ing: russir
to wish for: souhaiter, dsirer
to yearn for: aspirer
wisdom: la sagesse
a wish: un vu, un souhait
Mythes et hros
17
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RFRENCES
CULTURELLES
LES ARTICLES DU
18
Mythes et hros
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Le rve rcupr
Inquiet, et comprenant quil lui
faut faire trs vite, le prsident
Johnson dcide de retarder,
puis dannuler son dpart pour
Honolulu o il doit assister
une confrence cruciale sur
cette guerre vietnamienne, dont
il tente dj de se dgager un
peu. Intervenant la tlvision
quelques heures aprs le drame,
il dit lAmrique choque par
cet assassinat et demande
tous les citoyens de renoncer
Mythes et hros
19
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LES ARTICLES DU
LES ARTICLES DU
prive, elle le chercha toujours
et ne le trouva jamais. En dpit
de sa beaut, quexploitrent
les fabricants de stars, avec le
cynisme que lon sait, pour en
faire le symbole de lrotisme et
de la sexualit, elle gardait sur
son innocent visage lempreinte
de ses premires terreurs et le
masque mlancolique dune
femme-enfant, dune femmeobjet, que les hommes adorent
et humilient
Au-del des apparences qui rvlaient au monde une Amricaine
farfelue, une petite chanteuse de
beuglant dvoilant ses charmes
sous de brillantes paillettes ou
encore une vamp typique en col
domaines. Son statut de sexsymbol, sa vie personnelle tumultueuse et complique, ainsi que
les circonstances troubles de sa
mort, relates ici par Yvonne Baby,
ont contribu forger le mythe
Marilyn
encore si prgnant
aujourdhui, plus de 50ans aprs
sa disparition.
JFK, ct femmes
Trente-cinq ans aprs la mort de John Fitzgerald Kennedy, un livre dvoile la face cache du prsident assassin et porte un
nouveau coup son mythe. On savait la place occupe par Marilyn Monroe, mais il y eut bien dautres infidlits. Kennedy-Janus a
un descendant, Bill Clinton.
n ce dimanche matin du
22novembre 1998, Ted
se courba pniblement audessus de la tombe de son frre,
et laissa tomber quelques fleurs
sur la dalle de marbre noir. ses
cts, son pouse Virginia et sa
sur, Ethel Kennedy. La dalle voisine, celle de Jacqueline Kennedy
Onassis, fut galement fleurie:
les poux sont unis dans la mort,
mme si lintimit du couple
mythique de lAmrique fut surtout domine par les multiples
infidlits conjugales, devenues
tardivement notoires, de lancien
chef de la Maison Blanche.
20
Mythes et hros
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Mythes et hros
21
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LES ARTICLES DU
LES ARTICLES DU
bouclier protecteur autour du
prsident. Enfin, la concurrence
mdiatique, qui ntait pas encore
exacerbe par la rapidit des
moyens de communication, tait
moins sauvage.
Pourtant, aussi peu flatteuse quelle
puisse tre, la lumire trouble qui
Laurent Zecchini
(14dcembre 1998)
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22
Mythes et hros
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Lide de progrs
COMPRENDRE
VERBS
to be connected to:
tre connect
to be addicted to the Internet:
tre accro Internet
to block access to the Internet:
bloquer laccs Internet
to cut off Internet:
couper Internet
to hack into: pirater
to launch cyber-attacks:
lancer des cyber-attaques
to steal data: voler des donnes
to threaten: menacer
Ex.: New technologies can
threaten our privacy.
to monitor: surveiller
Ex.: The NSA monitored the calls
of some world leaders.
to spy on/to snoop on: espionner
24
Lide de progrs
How It Works
DICTIONARY
to charge: to ask in payment
data: information
to target: to aim at
an ad: an advertisement
to shift: to move
to provide: to supply
to focus on: to concentrate on
insight: understanding
accountable: answerable
a cut: a share
a subscription fee: annual
payment
fair: honest
confident: convinced
a lead: a piece of information
pretty much: almost
defunct: no longer existing
ubiquity: universality
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MOTS CLS
COMPRENDRE
FOCUS ON
Social networks
Today, Facebook and Twitter are the two most
influential social networks. There are over 1.35billion monthly active Facebook users worldwide
and 284million monthly active users of Twitter.
864million people log onto Facebook daily and
they spend on average 21minutes on Facebook
per day. LinkedIn is another very influential social
network and, with over 300million users, it
enables you to extend your professional network
of contacts.
Facebook and Twitter have also played their part
in political uprisings. In Arab countries many
activists who played crucial roles in the Arab
Spring used social networking as a key tool in
expressing their thoughts concerning unjust acts
committed by governments. Syrian rebel groups
are now using Twitter, Instagram and YouTube to
create new ways to recruit, train and raise money.
The question of privacy and the use of personal
data is a key issue when we deal with social
networks. More and more data is given to social
networks, with very little understanding of where
it actually ends up. Advertisers and retailers are
using data from customers online and social
media activity to tailor their shopping experience. Privacy experts worry that Facebooks business model runs contrary to peoples interests
as the more data you share, the more Facebook
knows about you and the more powerful its
ad-targeting machine becomes.
SEXPRIMER
PREPOSITIONS WITH
APRESENT PARTICIPLE
Deakins [] got the idea for
Citizenme a few years ago, after
selling mobile video company
Triple Media [].
That would let you learn far more
about your online self and how
advertisers perceive you, while
providing still more data.
After and while are used with a
present participle (V-ing) clause.
Other prepositions such as
before, without, through and
since can be used with a present
participle.
Ex.: Since moving to London, I
havent had time to go the theatre.
Ex.: I need to learn a lot of vocabulary before taking the English
exam.
Citizenme hopes to change that
by making users more aware of
this process.
The company plans to make
money by taking a cut from any
dollars that users earn by selling
their data.
By+V-ing indicates the method
or means used.
We can often use by+V-ing and
in+V-ing with a similar meaning.
Ex.: In/by writing my essay about
Jane Austen, I came to understand
English literature better.
LET+INFINITIVE
Citizenme alerts you and lets
you vote on whether you think
its a good or bad change.
That would let you learn far
more about your online self.
The infinitive is used without
to after the verb to let
(=laisser quelquun faire quelque
chose).
Lide de progrs
25
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COMPRENDRE
SENTRANER
Questions de comprhension
BOTE OUTILS:
LES PRONOMS RELATIFS
True or false?
1. Social networks use your personal data for advertising purposes.
You pay with your personal data, which these services use to
target ads.
3. For Citizenme, users should be able to make money with their data.
Which est ici un pronom relatif objet qui dsigne une chose
your choosing.
5. MrDeakins set up Citizenme.
6. MrDeakins owns the mobile video company Triple Media.
7. Thanks to Citizenme users will be able to understand better how
their data can be used.
8. The app enables you to understand the social networks terms of
(data).
The second is young users who [] want to profit from it as well.
Who est ici un pronom relatif sujet qui dsigne des personnes
(young users).
The biggest issue I could see for the Internet is our data and
what happens to our data.
service better.
10. If you do a personality test, the app can predict your political
views.
ibly valuable.
Where signifie o.
12. Citizenme will take a percentage when you sell your data.
13. All Citizenme users will have to pay a subscription fee before
14. Younger users are more likely to be willing to sell their data
than older users.
15. Attention Trust is going to be Citizenmes main competitor.
Exercices de grammaire
non
dterminatives
Pronom sujet
Pronom objet
personnes
dterminatives
who
that ou who
choses
which
that ou which
personnes
whom
choses
which
The ...........................................................................................................................................
The............................................................................................................................................
26
Lide de progrs
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RDIGER
COMPRENDRE
SENTRANER
Expression crite: A parents association writes an article about the dangers of computer games and
offers advice.
Analyse du sujet
Proposition de corrig
Repres essentiels
1.Commencez par noter vos ides au brouillon en
tablissant la liste de tous les dangers potentiels lis
la pratique des jeux vido.
2.Rflchissez au type de texte produire et ses
principales caractristiques.
Un article peut viser :
-informer, expliquer, dcrire;
-alerter ou sensibiliser lopinion publique propos
de tel ou tel sujet jug proccupant;
-exprimer son propre point de vue sur un sujet
qui fait dbat, prendre position dans le cadre dune
controverse ou dune polmique.
Dans larticle que vous devez rdiger, il sagira principalement dargumenter et de justifier votre point
de vue (celui dun parent hostile aux jeux vido en
loccurrence) de faon convaincre dautres parents
et les rallier votre cause.
En rgle gnrale, un article possde un titre: donnez
donc un titre votre production, en choisissant de
prfrence une formule simple et percutante.
3. Organisez vos ides en laborant un plan structur
et cohrent.
Par exemple:
I.Les principaux risques lis la pratique excessive
des jeux vido
II.Les symptmes surveiller chez lenfant
III.Des conseils pratiques pour les parents
4.Rdigez larticle au brouillon.
5.Contrlez sa prcision linguistique.
NOTIONS CLS
Pour un sujet de ce type,
il vous faut mobiliser:
LEXPRESSION DE
LA CAUSE ET DE LA
CONSQUENCE
LEXPRESSION DE
LA PROBABILIT
may/might/could+Verb
be likely to/will probably+Verb
LEXPRESSION
DE LOBLIGATION
have to+Verb
must+Verb
LE LEXIQUE DE
LA SURVEILLANCE
Lide de progrs
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TRADUIRE ET COMPARER
28
Lide de progrs
KEY POINT
Information reliability on the Web
The Internet is generally assumed to be the main driving force behind the growth in conspiracy theories
even though conspiracy theories have always followed in the shadows of major tragedies. For example, after
Malaysia Airlines flight 370 vanished, theories of the planes fate spread across websites and social media,
ranging from the plausible to the absurd.
Conducting research on the Internet is convenient, but it can also be tricky. There are many thousands
of Web pages that have little actual content and are mainly links to other pages. You can find distorted
information on Web pages as many people get their information from other peoples Web pages. The
first person who posts information may make a few errors, the second repeats them and makes one
or two more. In the end, it makes a difference in the informations reliability. Judging the reliability of
sources found on the Internet is therefore crucial because there is no regulating body that monitors
the reliability of what is on the Internet.
To make sure you have found a reliable source of information, you have to find out who is responsible
for the website, who wrote the information, when the information was written and if sources are cited.
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TRADUIRE ET COMPARER
VOCABULARY
TO REMEMBER!
a law: une loi
to provide somebody with
something: allouer quelque
chose quelquun
at least: au moins
the amount of money:
le montant, la somme dargent
GDP (Gross Domestic
Product): le PIB (Produit intrieur
brut)
to strike (struck/ struck)
a chord: trouver un cho
devoted to: consacr
to spread (spread/ spread):
se rpandre, diffuser
the spread of misinformation
over the Internet: la diffusion de
fausses informations sur Internet
AIDS: le sida
it raises important questions
about: cela soulve des
questions importantes sur
thanks to: grce
regardless of: quel que soit
to tend to: avoir tendance
to be more likely to: tre plus
susceptible de
thus: donc, cest pourquoi
to point out: souligner
to be attracted to: tre
attir par
distrust: la mfiance
to avoid: viter
to seem: sembler
such as: tel que
and so on: etc.
to improve: amliorer
whatever: quel que soit
Lide de progrs
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TRADUIRE ET COMPARER
30
Lide de progrs
KEY POINT
The dawn of a new Space Age?
In 2017, NASA plans to test its Space Launch System, a rocket system designed for launches into deep space.
More powerful than the Saturn V, which carried astronauts to the moon, the SLS would be larger than any
other launch vehicles ever built. If on schedule, development to achieve this initial launch is estimated to
cost $12 billion but NASA may be $ 400 million short to complete the project. A manned mission to Mars
is the ultimate goal, but the SLS could open other doors for American space exploration. Currently, the
only way for astronauts to reach even the International Space Station is through Russia; Americans have
reportedly been paying Russia $70 million a seat to send astronauts to the ISS.
The private sector may hold solutions and private companies such as SpaceX and Orbital Sciences
Corporation are beginning to gain momentum. Orbital and SpaceX already have billion-dollar contracts
with NASA to transport cargo to the ISS. To help accomplish this, SpaceX began leasing a launch site from
NASA in 2014. SpaceX ultimately aims to help people live on other planets.
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TRADUIRE ET COMPARER
VOCABULARY TO
REMEMBER!
wealthy: riche
to fund: financer
a weapon: une arme
low prices: des cots rduits,
des prix bas
sooner or later: tt ou tard
taxpayers: les contribuables
to fall (fell/ fallen) behind:
prendre du retard
rather than: et non pas,
plutt que
Lide de progrs
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Elon Musk,
roi de lespace
COMPRENDRE
VERBS
to progress / to go forward: progresser, aller de lavant
Ex.: The condition of women has
progressed over the last century.
to be entitled to: avoir le droit de
Ex.: Many women in the world are
not entitled to own property.
to deny: nier
Ex.: Some women are denied the
right to health and education.
to achieve: russir
Ex.: Women still have a long way
to go to achieve equality in the
workplace.
to improve: amliorer
Ex.: Women have struggled to
improve their condition.
to make great strides: faire de
grands progrs
32
Lide de progrs
Jane Austen
It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single
man in possession of a good fortune must be in want
of a wife.
However little known the feelings or views of such
a man may be on his first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the winds of the
surrounding families, that he is considered as the
rightful property of some one or other of their
daughters.
My dear Mr. Bennet, said his lady to him one day,
have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?
Mr. Bennet replied that he had not.
But it is, returned she; for Mrs Long has just been
here, and she told me all about it.
Mr. Bennet made no answer.
Do not you want to know who has taken it? cried his
wife impatiently.
You want to tell me, and I have no objection to
hearing it.
DICTIONARY
to acknowledge: to recognize
to be in want of: in need of
a neighbourhood: district,
region
surrounding: neighboring
to let: to rent
to reply: to answer
a chaise and four: a carriage
pulled by four horses
to be delighted with: to be
very pleased with
Michaelmas: a Christian holy
day (Sept. 29th) in honour of Saint
Michael
tiresome: annoying
to settle: to start to live in a
place
it is very likely: it is very
probable
handsome: beautiful
grown up: adult
glad: happy
hearty: sincere
to get over something:
to find a way to deal with
something
odd: unusual
to fancy: to imagine
solace: comfort
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MOTS CLS
COMPRENDRE
FOCUS ON
Jane Austen (17751817) is an English writer whose
novels portray the lives of the gentry and clergy
of rural England. The romantic world Jane Austen
created offers insights into the lives of women at the
turn of the 19th century in English Georgian society.
The female protagonists and the familys concern
with marriage in all of Austens novels mirror the
condition of economic dependence suffered by
women in those days. However, socio-economic
Jane Austens house in Chawton, England.
changes brought about by the industrial revolution led to changes in the condition of women and in the traditional views of gender roles. Women
began to gain equity in legal, educational, professional and personal aspects of their lives. In Pride and
Prejudice some characters (such as Mr and Mrs Bennet) followed the traditional gender roles whereas
others (Elisabeth, specifically) symbolized the changes in the role of women.
SEXPRIMER
GIVING REASONS:
USING FOR
[] or you may send them by
themselves, which perhaps will
be still better, for, as you are as
handsome as any of them []
[] for in general you know they
visit no new comers.
Indeed you must go, for it will
be impossible for us to visit him.
In formal or literary written
English, we can introduce reasons
with for.
For is a formal alternative to
because.
Ex. He couldnt sleep for the pain
in his leg (for =because of).
GIVING REASONS:
USING SINCE
It will be no use to us if twenty
such should come, since you will
not visit them.
Since here means because.
When it means because, since
is rather formal. It is uncommon
in conversation but frequently
used in academic writing.
Ex.: Since the train was delayed
more than an hour, passengers
were given a full refund.
Lide de progrs
33
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SENTRANER
COMPRENDRE
BOTE OUTILS :
LES DIFFRENTS SENS DE AS
as Lydia.
a.wealthy/ b. handsome.
(aussi que ).
favourite daughter.
1. Indeed you must go, for it will be impossible for us to visit him,
if you do not. Explain in your own words what Mrs Bennet means.
of their daughters.
Exercices de grammaire
A. Employez les mots entre parenthses pour exprimer une comparaison dgalit et une comparaison dgalit ngative.
B. As or like?
34
Lide de progrs
Ex.: She has read a few English novels, such as Emma and Sense
and Sensibility.
As sutilise avec same.
Ex. He works exactly the same hours as me.
Diffrences entre as et like:
Like compare 2 personnes ou 2 choses tandis que as renvoie
lidentit ou la qualit de la personne ou de la chose.
Ex.: She was like a daughter to him.
Ex.: He talks like a lawyer. (Il parle comme un avocat, mais il nest
peut-tre pas avocat.)
Ex.: He works as a lawyer. (Cest son mtier.)
Autres expressions utilisant as :
As long as (= tant que)
Ex.: You can go out as long as you promise to be back before midnight.
As though (= comme si)
Ex.: I couldnt move my legs. It was as though they were stuck
to the floor.
As soon as (= ds que)
Ex.: Ill come and see you as soon as I arrive.
As well as (= ainsi que)
Ex.: She was clever as well as kind.
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Questions de comprhension
COMPRENDRE
RDIGER
SENTRANER
Inde, avril2013, sries ES, S, L, LV1
NOTIONS CLS
Document B
Lide de progrs
But what I hadnt understood about my mother was that buried deep beneath this conventional
exterior was the hardy little seed of a feminist. Im sure that word never passed her lips, but it made
no difference. Her certainty frightened me. She said it was my duty as a woman to go to Cambridge
to study maths. As a woman? In those days, in our milieu, no one ever spoke like that. No woman did
anything as a woman. She told me she would not permit me to waste my talent. I was to excel and
become extraordinary. I must have a proper career in science or engineering or economics. She allowed
herself the world-oyster clich. It was unfair on my sister that I was both clever and beautiful when she
was neither. It would compound the injustice if I failed to aim high. I didnt follow the logic of this, but
I said nothing. My mother told me she would never forgive me and she would never forgive herself if I
went off to read English and became no more than a slightly better educated housewife than she was.
I was in danger of wasting my life.
Those were her words, and they represented an admission. This was the only time she expressed or implied
dissatisfaction with her lot.
Then she enlisted my father the Bishop was what my sister and I called him. When I came in from
school one afternoon my mother told me he was waiting for me in his study. [] He had made some
enquiries. Cambridge was anxious to be seen to be opening its gates to the modern egalitarian world.
With my burden of triple misfortune a grammar-school, a girl, an all-male subject I was certain to get in.
Ian McEwan, Sweet Tooth, 2011.
Expression crite: In document B, we are told that Cambridge was anxious to be seen to be opening
its gates to the modern egalitarian world. Generally speaking, do you think that our modern world has
become egalitarian concerning equality between men and women?
Analyse du sujet
Il sagit dexprimer votre point de vue sur lgalit
des sexes au xxiesicle dans un essai argumentatif.
Cette galit est-elle rellement acquise aujourdhui?
Vous allez pouvoir dmontrer dun ct ce qui est
acquis et de lautre ce qui reste acqurir. Dans la
conclusion, vous pouvez exprimer un point de vue
plus personnel : par exemple, expliquer pourquoi,
pour vous, lgalit des sexes nest pas une question
essentielle ou affirmer, au contraire, quil sagit bien
dun objectif crucial atteindre.
Proposition de corrig
Sexual equality is an issue that regularly hits the news
today, but which is relatively modern with regards to
the history of the human race. Indeed, over the course
of history, the physical superiority of males has always
meant that they played the role of protector of women.
The situation has evolved progressively in recent centuries with first, the active participation of women at
work outside the home, then, the schooling of girls
on an equal level with boys, next, the development of
time-saving household equipment and more recently,
the invention of the pill enabling women to choose
when to have children.
In theory, men and women are considered equal in
the twenty-first century. However, the reality is very
different. On a world scale, there are still countries
such as India or China, where parents are disappointed
if their new-born baby is a girl. Sad to say, some go
as far as infanticide to solve the problem. In the
MEDICAL AND
SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS
The invention of penicillin, treatment against scurvy, vaccination
against smallpox (linvention de la
pnicilline, le traitement contre le
scorbut, le vaccin contre la variole).
The theory of evolution: Darwin.
PROGRESS AS WORK:
AVECTOR OF SUCCESS
Individual well-being and collective enrichment (le bien-tre individuel et lenrichissement collectif).
The Protestant work ethic;
individual fulfillment and the
development of capitalism
in the United States (lthique
protestante du travail; laccomplissement individuel et le dveloppement du capitalisme aux
tats-Unis).
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quelques mois de llection prsidentielle, M part sur les chemins de traverse dune Amrique inattendue et souvent inventive. Cette
semaine, direction la capitale de la Silicon Valley, o sont ns Hewlett-Packard et Facebook. Au milieu des ingnieurs en informatique
et autres gnies de llectronique dambulent des plerins dun nouveau genre, venus se recueillir sur les traces de licne Steve Jobs.
LES ARTICLES DU
clients peuvent manger, mais ne
peuvent pas se goinfrer!
une dizaine de kilomtres de Palo
Alto, dautres plerins se prcipitent
au 2066 Crist Drive, Los Altos.
Cest dans le garage de cette maison,
o il avait emmnag en 1967, que
Steve Jobs a fond Apple, avec son
camarade Steve Wozniak. Ici aussi,
le rituel se reproduit. Des voitures
sarrtent, les occupants sortent,
appareil photo en main, et immortalisent la porte du garage, comme
sil sagissait dun passage secret.
Ce garage, dj pass la postrit,
connat mme les faveurs du grand
cran. Il vient dtre reconstitu en
studio pour les besoins dun biopic
actuellement en tournage, sobrement intitul Jobs, avec Ashton
Kutcher dans le rle-titre. Un autre
film devrait bientt mettre en scne
le fondateur dApple. Adapt de
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LES ARTICLES DU
pas lintgralit des rencontres
avec les investisseurs, puis reste
dsesprment muet lorsque laction seffondre quelques semaines
plus tard.
Peut-tre le jeune homme tait-il
occup prparer son mariage,
quil clbrera dans le jardin de
sa maison avec une centaine
dinvits, le 19mai 2012, le lendemain de lintroduction en Bourse.
Lheureuse lue sappelle Priscilla
Chan. Elle est pdiatre. Il la rencontre Harvard lors dune fte
38
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fraternelle dtudiants.
Mon
entretien dembauche devait avoir
lieu 10heures. Mais il ny avait
personne et le sol tait jonch de
gobelets. Onma ensuite expliqu
quils avaient fait la fte la veille et
quils navaient pas eu le temps de
nettoyer, raconte M. Mischler.
mesure que lentreprise se dveloppe, le jeune homme mrit. Il
finit par surmonter son anxit lors
de ses interventions publiques, qui
ont longtemps t dsastreuses.
Il sait surtout bien sentourer. Un
recrutement en particulier change
la donne, celui de Sheryl Sandberg,
ancienne de Google dbauche pour
devenir directrice oprationnelle
de Facebook. Cest elle qui entame
le processus de montisation du
rseau, qui dbouchera quelques
annes plus tard sur lintroduction
en Bourse (IPO) de la socit, le
18mai 2012.
Une IPO, cela doit tre la conscration pour une start-up. Mais
Mark Zuckerberg, lui, y va reculons. Il aurait prfr repousser
lchance, se mfie de la Bourse
et fera preuve dune certaine
dsinvolture pour mener bien
lopration. Dsinvolture que Wall
Street lui fera payer. Il ne participe
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LES ARTICLES DU
LES ARTICLES DU
devant le cinma. Au vu de la salle
vide, ils nen ont pas besoin. Bella
Awdisho, la propritaire, sest rcemment plainte dans un journal local,
le Mountain View Voice, davoir
perdu les deux tiers de son chiffre
daffaires cause de loffre gratuite
de Google. Elle reprsente un groupe
dtablissements en pourparlers
avec lentreprise. Dans un trs long
article publi en mai2013 par le New
Yorker et consacr la Silicon Valley,
le journaliste George Packer notait
ne aberration? La
jeune fille carquille
les yeux, et se fige un
instant. Vous me demandez si
mon universit nest pas une aberration en 2011? On confirme la
question, lgrement gn de la
provocation contenue dans le mot,
mais ravi de son effet immdiat.
Car ltudiante, une jolie brindille
en short ponge, interpelle la
sortie dun cours de langue sur
le campus de Barnard, ordinateur en bandoulire et tlphone
BlackBerry en main, hsite entre
lindignation et une sorte damusement apitoy devant ce qui lui
parat une coupable mconnaissance du sujet. Mais cette universit, en plein New York, est lune
des plus modernes dAmrique!
Dans son concept, son mode de
fonctionnement, son efficacit! Les
filles qui en sortent sont armes
pour conqurir le monde. Tout est
fait pour nous donner confiance en
nous, nous montrer que nos rves
sont ralisables et que nous pouvons
avoir de limpact sur notre socit.
Miser sur les femmes vous semble
une aberration? Elle a marqu
un point, et elle sen amuse, un
petit air de dfi dans le regard. Non.
Miser sur les femmes nous semble
40
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Cest la rentre au Collge Barnard. Comme cinquante-trois autres facs aux tats-Unis, cette universit dexcellence est rserve
exclusivement aux filles. Pour cette vnrable institution, la non-mixit est depuis 122ans la voie royale pour prparer les tudiantes
conqurir le monde.
de la population de la mgapole:
La ville passera en vingt ans de
7 9millions dhabitants! Il faut
anticiper lhabitat, les transports,
la sant, la scurit, la pollution
Que de dfis!
Follement xxiesicle, dirait Ellen
Futter. Et raliste! estime Debora
Spar qui, avant de prendre la prsidence de Barnard, a fait de la
recherche et enseign la fameuse
Harvard Business School Ces
jeunes filles peuvent tout faire! Rien
ne doit leur tre ferm. Elles sont
intelligentes, nergiques, elles ont de
limagination. Elles ont pass le filtre
svre de notre slection [sur 5154
demandes dinscription cette anne
un record, 1284 ont reu un
avis favorable, 616 ont finalement
intgr lcole]. nous de leur offrir,
pendant quatre ans, un environnement la fois protecteur et stimulant
pour trouver leurs marques, avoir
le temps dexplorer plusieurs disciplines, se trouver, prendre confiance
et se former. Quatre annes si
prcieuses, insiste-t-elle, pendant
lesquelles, entoures et encadres
essentiellement par des femmes,
elles peuvent se montrer brillantes
en classe sans craindre de ne pas tre
sexy; elles peuvent exprimer librement leurs ides sans redouter que
cela soit interprt comme le point
de vue des femmes; elles peuvent
aussi parler de mode plutt que de
foot, sans passer pour des idiotes.
Elles ne peuvent pas non plus
sabriter derrire les garons (ou
tre brides par eux) pour prendre
les postes de leaders dans les diffrentes instances dtudiants ou
la rdaction en chef du journal de
lcole puisque toutes ces fonctions,
par dfinition, sont dvolues aux
filles. Elles ont constamment en
vue des modles fminins, professeures, anciennes lves, membres
du conseil dadministration, toutes
sortes de femmes avocates, scientifiques, crivaines, politiques qui
frquentent assidment le campus
et peuvent leur servir de mentors.
Je viens de recevoir un mail dune
ancienne lve engage rcemment
dans une fonction trs leve Wall
Street, continue Debora Spar. Elle
raconte que pour la premire fois
depuis quatre ans, elle est la seule
femme dans la pice et que, grce
ses quatre annes Barnard, elle
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Lieux et formes
du pouvoir
COMPRENDRE
VERBS
to take to the streets: descendre
dans la rue
to go on strike: faire la grve
to demonstrate: manifester
to stage a protest: organiser une
manifestation (pour protester
contre)
Ex.: Hundreds of people staged
a public protest against State
censorship.
to gather (= to rally): se rassembler
Ex.: Thousands of people have rallied/gathered against the regime.
to protest: protester, manifester
to call for: appeler , lancer un
appel
Ex.: The demonstrators have
called for reforms.
to demand: exiger
to erupt: clater, exploser, se
dclencher
to blow up (= to explode): exploser
to claim responsibility for:
revendiquer
Ex.: An unknown terrorist group
has claimed responsibility for the
bomb attack.
to carry a gun: porter une arme
44
In Missouri, artists
broadcasting pain
through hip-hop
ST. LOUIS It didnt
take long for the lyrics
to begin flowing from
this citys hip-
hop
scene to the streets.
In the past 11 days,
several tracks referencing the death of
Michael Brown have
surfaced, a spontaneous, organic and
visceral reflection of
what has been happening in Ferguson,
Mo., since the 18-year-old African American was shot
by a white police officer. The music at least 10 songs,
almost one a day covers a range of emotions: anger
and outrage, sadness and grief, and outright rebellion.
For the little-known but vibrant community of independent artists here, its an expression of simmering
frustrations that existed long before Brown was
killed, they say.
If rap is the black communitys CNN, as hip-hop
pioneer Chuck D famously said, then the artists here
have been working overtime to broadcast news from
the small suburb of Ferguson, the nations latest
crisis point in the ongoing struggles around race
and justice. []
Aside from the music, hip-hop producers, rap artists
and DJs are organizing marches, buying food for
protesters and planning political action, including
drafting and raising money for a write-in candidate
to challenge the county prosecutor in an upcoming
election. Their actions are underscored by the soundtrack emerging from these days of unrest, music that
DICTIONARY
lyrics: the words of a song
tracks: pieces of music
grief: sorrow, feelings of suffering
outright: complete
to work overtime: to do extra
hours
to broadcast: to send out
(radio or TV programme)
ongoing: continuing
to cloak: to cover
to take a back seat: a less
important position
to drop: to give up
tribute: something done to
show respect for someone
roots: feeling of belonging to a
place
grass-roots: the ordinary
members of a group
writ large: on a larger scale
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MOTS CLS
COMPRENDRE
days, he has asked himself: What are my intentions?
What am I here for? What do I want from the music
industry as an artist?
He is aware that young Brown was an aspiring lyricist.
Im from here, Poe said. Ive walked the same
streets that Mike Brown walked. We have a similar
story. Like him, as a young kid, I wanted to be
an entertainer.
Adapted from The Washington Post
(Krissa Thompson August 20th, 2014)
Le Guardian,
les scoops sans les profits p.5960.
(Marc Roche, 24 aot 2013)
FOCUS ON
The shooting of Michael Brown occurred in
August 2014 in Ferguson, Missouri. Michael Brown,
an 18-year-old black student was shot by Darren
Wilson, a white police officer. The shooting sparked
unrest in Ferguson as many people believed that
Brown had his hands raised and was surrendering
when he was killed; there have been longstanding
tensions between the black community and the
white government and police in Ferguson.
Peaceful protests and civil disorder lasted for
several days. The shooting was also heavily debated
throughout the nation. Following Michael Browns
death, police have begun wearing on-body cameras.
The American Civil Liberties Union supports the use of cameras saying that they have the potential to
be a win-win, helping protect the police against misconduct and at the same time helping protect the
police against false accusations of abuse.
A county grand jury as well as the FBI investigated the shooting and in November 2014, the grand jury
decided not to indict police officer Darren Wilson. Protesters flooded the streets in more than 170 US
cities to denounce the grand jurys decision and to demand greater equality.
Deep-seated racial tensions and inequalities have long plagued the St Louis region. There has been a
dramatic demographic transformation of Ferguson from a largely white suburban enclave (it was 85%
white in 1980) to a predominantly black community (it was 67% black by 2008). Ferguson has also been
home to dramatic economic changes in recent years and poverty has skyrocketed. Ferguson is symbolic
of growing suburban poverty in the US.
SEXPRIMER
USING FOR AND SINCE
A spontaneous, organic and visceral reflection of what has been
happening in Ferguson since the
18-year-old African American was
shot by a white police officer.
Since is used here with the present
perfect continuous.
Since describes when the period
of time started (since =depuis).
Ex.: I have worked here since
September 10th.
Ex.: He has lived in London
since2010.
He and local music producer
Ronnie Notch, 30, have been
picking cases of water for a week
to take to the site near Family
Dollar [].
For is used here with the present
perfect continuous.
For describes a period of time
(for =depuis).
Ex.: I have worked here for
threemonths.
Ex.: He has lived in London for
four years.
After Brown died, the programming director Boogie D stopped
playing music for nearly 14 hours
on both stations and allowed community members to call in.
For is used here with the past
simple (for =pendant).
Note the difference:
They were married for fiveyears.
(Ils ont t maris pendant
cinqans).
They have been married for
five years. (Ils sont maris depuis
cinqans).
45
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SENTRANER
COMPRENDRE
Questions de comprhension
Choose the right answer.
BOTE OUTILS :
PRESENT PERFECT AND
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
In the past 11 days, several tracks referencing the death of
Michael Brown have surfaced.
[] others have flexed new muscles as community organisers.
Dans ces deux phrases, cest le present perfect qui est utilis
(have +participe pass).
in political action.
prosecutor/ b.want the county prosecutor to be reelected.
8. Keem is concerned a.about promoting his song Thick Wit It/
b.about helping the community.
9. Poes brother a.has friends who knew Michael Brown/
b.knew Michael Brown.
11. Cole is a.a local rapper/ b.a rapper from another state.
Ex.: Prices have been increasing in the last few months (ou have
increased).
Exercices de grammaire
Use the present perfect in one sentence and the present perfect continuous in the other one.
1. to disappear
a. An important document .... from my office.
dure de laction.
2. to stay
3. to run
Ex.: You look exhausted! Have you been working all day?
astudent.
b. I .. and I am exhausted.
4. to check
46
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COMPRENDRE
RDIGER
SENTRANER
Sujet national, juin2013, sries ES, L, S
NOTIONS CLS
Document A
LE SUPERLATIF
DE SUPRIORIT
Analyse du sujet
Proposition de corrig
Repres essentiels
Pour un discours de campagne, vous cherchez
convaincre:
impliquez votre auditoire (you, Oxford students,
members of the Union);
utilisez des arguments et des anecdotes;
utilisez des superlatifs;
recourez la rhtorique (pensez I Have a Dream
de M.L. King).
Il correspond le plus et se
forme de la faon suivante:
adjectif court : the + adjective
+-est (ex.: the simplest);
adjectif long : the most +adjective (ex.: the most comfortable).
LANGAGE ET POUVOIR
Language as a social distinction:
Queens English.
Speech and leadership (le discours du dirigeant): Churchill;
Bush after 9/11; the Kings Speech.
Speech and place (le symbolisme
des lieux des discours): Lincoln
+ Gettysburg Address; M.L. King
+Lincoln Memorial.
LA RSISTANCE
AU POUVOIR
Abuse of power: witch hunts,
Maccarthyism, organised crime.
Forms of protest and revolt: suffragettes, Civil Rights Movement,
Occupy Wall Street.
Pacific resistance: Gandhi, M.L King.
LEXIQUE
the command of language:
lamatrise de la langue
the crowd: la foule
eloquence: lloquence
the language: la langue
the listeners: les auditeurs
the power of speech: la puissance
du discours
the public: le public
rhetoric: la rhtorique
a speaker: un interlocuteur
a speech: un discours
articulate: distinct, net
eloquent: loquent
powerful: puissant
rhetorical: rhtorique
to address to: sadresser
to convince: convaincre
to lead: diriger
to persuade: persuader
to speak: parler
to talk to somebody:
parler quelquun
to transmit: vhiculer
47
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From the first day he could walk Simon had always wanted to outdistance his rivals. The Americans would
have described him as an achiever, while many of his contemporaries thought of him as pushy, or even
arrogant, according to their aptitude for jealousy. During his last term at Lancing Simon was passed over for
head of school and he still found himself unable to forgive the headmaster his lack of foresight. Later that
year, some weeks after he had completed his S-levels and been interviewed by Magdalen, a circular letter
informed him that he would not be offered a place at Oxford; it was a decision Simon was unwilling to accept.
In the same mail Durham University offered him a scholarship, which he rejected by return of post.
Future Prime Ministers arent educated at Durham, he informed his mother.
How about Cambridge? she enquired continuing to wipe the dishes.
No political tradition, replied Simon.
But if there is no chance of being offered a place at Oxford, surely ?
Thats not what I said, Mother, replied the young man. I shall be an undergraduate at Oxford by the
first day of term. After eighteen years of forty-yard goals Mrs Kerslake had learned to stop asking her son.
How will you manage that?
Some fourteen days before the start of the Michaelmas Term at Oxford Simon booked himself into a small
guest house just off the Iffley Road. On a trestle table in the corner of lodgings he intended to make permanent he wrote out a list of all the colleges, then divided them into five columns, planning to visit three each
morning and three each afternoon until his question had been answered positively by a resident Tutor for
Admissions: Have you accepted any freshmen for this year who are now unable to take up their places?
It was on the fourth afternoon, just as doubt was beginning to set in and Simon was wondering if after
all he would have to travel to Cambridge the following week, that he received the first affirmative reply.
The Tutor for Admissions at Worcester College removed the glasses from the end of his nose and stared
at the tall young man with a mop of dark hair falling over his forehead.
Alan Brown was the twenty-second don Kerslake had visited in four days.
Yes, he replied. It so happens that a young man from Nottingham High School, who had been offered
a place here, was tragically killed in a motor cycle accident last month.
What course what subject was he going to read? Simons words were unusually faltering.
He prayed it wasnt Chemistry, Anthropology or Classics. Alan Brown flicked through a rotary index on his desk,
obviously enjoying the little cross-examination. He peered at the card in front of him. History, he announced.
Simons heartbeat reached 120. I just missed a place at Magdalen to read Politics, Philosophy and
Economics, he said. Would you consider me for the vacancy? The older man was unable to hide a smile.
He had never in twenty-four years come across such a request. []
Mrs Kerslake was not surprised when her son went on to be President of the Oxford Union. After all, she
teased, wasnt it just another stepping stone on the path to Prime Minister?
TRADUIRE ET COMPARER
48
KEY POINT
Controversial solutions to tackle the housing issue in London
Londons house prices are rising by more than 20% annually. The city also needs 63,000 new homes each
year, but only a third of these are being built and more than half of all new homes in London are now
purchased by foreign buyers. For low and middle income Londoners, home ownership is increasingly
out of reach, rents consume an ever increasing percentage of their income, and homelessness is rising.
A number of controversial solutions have been put forward to tackle the housing issue such as moving
old people to smaller flats. Enabling people to rent better properties for longer could also be a solution
and Londons mayor Boris Johnson launched a scheme aimed at improving rental standards in May 2014.
Besides, as more than 80,000 homes in London currently stand empty, councils could charge home
owners 50% more council tax if they left properties empty.
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TRADUIRE ET COMPARER
VOCABULARY TO
REMEMBER!
a growing trend: une tendance
la hausse, un phnomne en
plein essor
upmarket: haut de gamme
to be required to: tre
contraint
affordable: bon march
rather than: plutt que,
au lieu de
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TRADUIRE ET COMPARER
KEY POINT
The referendum on Scottish Independence took place in Scotland on 18 September 2014. The No side won with 55% voting
against independence and 45% voting in favour. The turnout of 84.6% was the highest recorded for an election or a referendum in
the UK. After voters rejected independence, Alex Salmond said he would step down as Scottish First Minister and that he would also
resign as leader of the Scottish National Party which he had led for a total of twenty years. Nicola Sturgeon replaced Alex Salmond and
became Scotlands first female First Minister in November 2014. The SNP which was founded in 1934 is now the third largest party in
the UK.
Following the results of the referendum, the UK Prime Minister David Cameron said the three main unionist parties at Westminster
would follow through with their pledge of more powers for the Scottish Parliament. The Prime Minister also acknowledged that the
people of England, Wales and Northern Ireland must have a bigger say over their affairs.
UN ARTICLE DU MONDE CONSULTER :
Les leons de dmocratie du rfrendum cossais p.61-62.
(Philippe Bernard, 27 septembre 2014)
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TRADUIRE ET COMPARER
VOCABULARY TO REMEMBER!
to step down: dmissionner
increased powers: des pouvoirs accrus
the Labour party: le parti travailliste
MPs = Members of Parliament: dputs
deprived of: priv de
Cornish: cornouaillais (Cornwall: Cornouailles)
Welsh: gallois (Wales : Pays de Galles)
to waste no time: ne pas perdre de temps
to demand: exiger
to break away: faire scession
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COMPRENDRE
ADJECTIVES
powerful: puissant
powerless: impuissant
widespread: rpandu
VERBS
to rule: rgner, gouverner
to swear in (swore/sworn):
faire prter serment
Ex.: Barack Obama was sworn in
for a second term as US President
in January 2012.
to overthrow (overthrew/overthrown): renverser (un rgime, un
gouvernement)
Ex.: There was an attempt to overthrow the government.
to drive out: chasser
to step down, to resign:
dmissionner
Ex.: The President refused to step
down/to resign.
52
Edith Wharton
Madame Olenska put her hand on his arm, and he
noticed that the hand was ungloved, and remembered
how he had kept his eyes fixed on it the evening that
he had sat with her in the little Twenty-third Street
drawing-room. All the beauty that had forsaken her
face seemed to have taken refuge in the long pale
fingers and faintly dimpled knuckles on his sleeve,
and he said to himself: If it were only to see her hand
again I should have to follow her .
DICTIONARY
ungloved: without gloves
to forsake (forsook/forsaken):
to leave for ever
to emphasise: to stress,
underline
farewell: good bye
tribute: something done to
show respect or admiration for
someone
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MOTS CLS
COMPRENDRE
SEXPRIMER
FOCUS ON
Challenging old codes
From The House of Mirth (1905) to The Custom of the Country (1913)
to The Age of Innocence, Edith Whartons subject is the changing
scene of New York City, the foibles of its fashionable elites and
the ambitions of the new people who she felt threatened its
traditional culture.
The Age of Innocence is an accurate portrayal of how the 19th
century East Coast American Upper Class lived and it questions
the morals of 1870s New York society. The novel is about a
gentleman who is engaged to be married, but falls in love with
another woman who is separated from her husband and about to
divorce. Wharton published the book in 1920, some 40-odd years
after the time in which the story is set, but she was 58 years old
and very familiar with the subject matter as she had been born
and raised in the environment she describes. Even in the first
quarter of the 20th century divorce was considered something of
a taboo, so the book caused quite a stir.
The Age of Innocence won the Pulitzer Prize in 1921, making
Wharton the first woman to ever win the prize.
USING
THE PAST PERFECT
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EXPRESSING
OBLIGATION: HAVE TO
SENTRANER
COMPRENDRE
Questions de comprhension
A. Choose the right answer.
4. May is
a. in New York.
a. Archers wife.
b. in Europe.
b. Archers cousin.
2. Archer is
5. Countess Olenska is
a. single
a. Mays cousin.
b. married.
b. Archers cousin.
6. Countess Olenska
+ participe pass.
Dans la phrase 1 ( have been emphasized), to be est au
present perfect.
que-parfait.
6. [] now the whole tribe had rallied about his wife on the tacit
Ex.: This word can be written in two ways. (Ce mot peut scrire
de deux faons.)
What does this sentence show about the people around Archer?
Exercices de grammaire
(forme passive)
54
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COMPRENDRE
RDIGER
SENTRANER
NOTIONS CLS
Analyse du sujet
Il sagit dexprimer votre point de vue sur la prise
dindpendance progressive des jeunes gens par
rapport leurs parents dans un essai argumentatif.
Comment ce processus dmancipation sorganise-t-il
aujourdhui ? Vous devez illustrer votre rponse avec
des exemples.
Repres essentiels
Prparez vos ides en suivant la progression de lge
et le dveloppement de lindpendance.
Rdigez votre rponse en vitant dexprimer les
ides pour lesquelles vous ne matrisez pas langlais.
Contrlez la qualit de votre anglais.
Proposition de corrig:
I think that to explain how people gradually gain
independence from their parents, we have to consider
the period of time when children have become teen
agers and when they come of age to become adults.
First of all, I would say that it depends on how old
children are. Of course when they are young children
or young teenagers, it seems quite difficult for them
to go against their parents will which is the necessary
phase to become independent. As a consequence
they have to impose on them a certain number of
things and values children do not necessarily agree
with (on account of their age and their thirst to do as
Expression crite: Are parental values the only values that can influence peoples lives? Justify your answer.
Proposition de corrig
Parental values are extremely important in peoples
lives but I believe that they are not the only values
which have an influence on our lives. Everybody agrees
to say that childhood is a determining period for our
future. This is when our parents teach us all the basics
of proper behaviour.
Our parents are our role models as kids and we learn
from them. The way our parents bring us up, the way
they behave with other people and the way they behave
with us as well as the values they teach us will have a
strong influence on our lives and on the way we behave
and think once we are adults. If, for instance, they tell
us how important it is to be tolerant and open-minded,
LA NOTION
DINFLUENCE
influence/impact/control/
guidance
to influence/to affect/to deter
mine/to guide
Analyse du sujet
a baby: un bb
a child/a kid: un enfant
chidren/kids: des enfants
childhood: lenfance
a teenager: un adolescent
adolescence: ladolescence
an adult: un adulte
a grown-up: un adulte
(terme utilis par ou pour les
enfants, signifie littralement qui
a grandi, un grand)
adulthood: lge adulte
the elderly: les personnes ges
LA NOTION
DEXPRIENCE
experience/discovery/encounter/
knowledge
to experience/to learn/to discover
LA NOTION
DINDPENDANCE
to be independent/self-supporting/
self-sustaining
to stand on ones own two feet/
to think for oneself/to make ones
own decisions
LA NOTION DAUTORIT
ET DE RESPONSABILIT
authority/respect/obedience
to obey/to comply with/to follow
the rules/to behave
to reject the rules/to disobey/
disobedience/noncompliance/to
rebel against
good/bad behaviour
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Expression crite: Using your own experience, explain how young people gradually gain independence
from their parents. Illustrate with examples.
LES ARTICLES DU
56
Comment se structure la
sgrgation?
En 1917, une meute raciale a lieu
dans lest de Saint-Louis en raison
des discriminations lemploi et
au logement, des violences policires Ce soulvement effraie
de nombreux Blancs qui vivent l.
Cest ce moment-l, alors que la
premire guerre mondiale touche
sa fin, quest mise en place une
politique restrictive daccs la
proprit qui vise empcher
les Noirs de vivre dans de larges
parties de la ville. Un zonage racial
est adopt au niveau municipal.
Il est annul par la Cour suprme
mais les socits immobilires
interviennent avec des contrats
spcifiques qui aboutissent au
mme rsultat: limmobilisation
de la population noire dans le
nord de la ville. Ces contrats produisent leurs effets jusqu une
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Aprs les meutes deFerguson (Missouri), lhistorien Colin Gordon revient sur lhistoire desdiscriminations Saint-Louis.
LES ARTICLES DU
Propos recueillis
par Gilles Paris (30aot 2014)
57
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LES ARTICLES DU
LES ARTICLES DU
en particulier, rcemment, du
printemps arabe ou du conflit
au Mali. Il sillustre aussi sur
les thmes de lcologie, de la
culture, du sport et des mdias.
Des chroniqueurs comme Polly
Toynbee, la spcialiste des affaires
sociales, rencontrent un grand
succs. Les journalistes politiques
font, eux, autorit jusquau 10
Downing Street, la rsidence du
premier ministre.
Le Guardian est un missionnaire du poil gratter. La profession jalouse ses coups, qui
npargnent pas les autres propritaires de journaux. Rupert
Murdoch (News Corp), Lord
Rothermere (Daily Mail) ou les
frres Barclay (Daily Telegraph)
hassent ce trublion qui ne respecte pas lomerta du microcosme,
qui interdit de critiquer la gent
journalistique. Labsence de soutien ditorial suite au scandale de
linterpellation, dimanche 18aot
laroport dHeathrow, de David
Miranda, le compagnon de Glenn
Greenwald, lauteur des rvlations autour de Prism, tmoigne
de cette hostilit affiche.
Et pour cause, les titres de droite
entendent protger le Premier
ministre, David Cameron, ml
cet pisode, tandis que ceux de
gauche, galement circonspects,
sont lvidence jaloux de ses
moyens rdactionnels plus de
600 journalistes temps plein.
M.Rusbridger voque ce sujet
une certaine complaisance, peuttre lie au caractre anglais. Il
nen dira pas plus.
Mais le ton et le contenu des ditoriaux sont souvent sans surprise,
convenus, comme sil sagissait
dun algorithme, regrette un
diplomate, qui ne cache pourtant
pas son admiration pour ce trs
bon journal. Et, faute de grandes
plumes, lconomie est le parent
pauvre du quotidien. En raison
de la proximit idologique du
Guardian avec les ONG et les
associations, la City est souvent
juge laune des drives de ses
oprateurs. Nul nest parfait
La plus grande russite du
Guardian est incontestablement
son site Web, le deuxime du pays
avec 40millions de visiteurs par
mois, dont les deux tiers sont
bass ltranger. LInternet est
gratuit au nom de la dfense
dun journalisme ouvert. Si laccs
est payant, on ne sadresse qu
llite, insiste Alan Rusbridger.
En revanche, les applications
tablettes et tlphones sont
payantes. Facile naviguer, dot
dexcellents systmes dalerte,
Guardian.co.uk. est lun des sites
les plus populaires aux tats-Unis,
derrire ceux du Daily Mail et du
New York Times. Do la dcision
de M. Rusbridger dinstaller, en
2011, une salle de rdaction Web
dote de tous les atours New
York. Lexprience a t rpte en
Australie. Aujourdhui, le numrique reprsente 28% des revenus
du journal.
Reste que leffet des scoops sur
les ventes est temporaire. lvidence, le Guardian na toujours pas
trouv son modle conomique.
En juillet, les ventes papier se sont
leves 191182 exemplaires, loin
devant The Independent (72271),
mais la trane du Daily Telegraph
(555817). lautomne 2011, celles-ci
slevaient encore en moyenne
240000 exemplaires. Le
Guardian a choisi de dpendre
exclusivement de la publicit, pour
son site Web, or elle se porte surtout
sur le quotidien et faute dconomies dchelle, cette stratgie ne
peut pas soutenir une rdaction
aussi nombreuse, estime Douglas
McCabe, directeur de la socit de
consultants Enders Analysis.
Par le truchement de la cession
de ses titres rgionaux et de sa
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LES ARTICLES DU
station de radio, le groupe est redevenu bnficiaire en 2012-2013. En
revanche, le Guardian, lObserver
et le site ont perdu 30,9millions de
livres (36millions deuros) lors de
lexercice annuel se terminant le
31mars 2013. Ct recettes, la perte
des petites annonces demplois
de la fonction publique, la chute
des ventes en kiosques et les difficults de lObserver ont pes sur les
rsultats. Malgr une soixantaine
de dparts volontaires, la rdaction reste plthorique. Le sige
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LES ARTICLES DU
britannique: une douzaine
dtrangers, suspects de terrorisme, mais contre lesquels ne
pesait aucune inculpation, ont t
mis en prison pendant trois ans
sans procs. La justice a ensuite
ordonn leur libration, mais ces
hommes sont rests en rsidence
sous surveillance jusquen 2009.
Les coups de boutoir contre les
liberts dpassent cependant le
terrorisme. Le Royaume-Uni est
le pays qui a install le plus de
camras de surveillance au monde.
La base dADN dtenue par la police
est lune des plus grandes de la
61
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LES ARTICLES DU
Le gnie du pouvoir populaire
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Espaces
et changes
COMPRENDRE
VERBS
to lack: manquer de
Ex.: Over one billion people worldwide lack access to water.
to consume: consommer
to waste: gaspiller
to increase: augmenter
64
DICTIONARY
daring: brave
to span: to cover
huge: enormous
aim: objective
output: production
a dam: a wall built across a river
to keep back water
to store: to stock
bone-dry: perfectly dry
crops: harvest of fruit,
vegetables
Espaces et changes
target: objective
the downsides:
the disadvantages
wealthy: rich
to overflow (overflew/
overflown): to flood
to bloom: to flourish
green tape: bureaucratic
rules concerning the environment
(Red tape means bureaucratic
rules.)
to throw away: to dispose
of
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MOTS CLS
COMPRENDRE
as their interests are prioritised. Stoeckl says this is
essential. New developments need to forge strong
financial links with existing residents, Indigenous
and non-Indigenous, she says. Otherwise, the development will be similar to what the Europeans did
when conquering the new world.
Lost in the Fogg
Fogg dam is an object lesson in how not to develop
northern Australia. It was a gung-ho attempt to create
a food bowl, one that unequivocally failed.
The dam was built in 1956 to support rice farms. But the project
flopped for all the reasons that are
now recognised as problems in
developing the region. Native wildlife [. . .] ate the seedlings, crocodiles
were a risk to workers, and the little
rice that did grow was far away from
markets. [. . .] Instead of a big farm,
the region is now a wildlife park [].
Not visionary but useful
The Burdekin dam supports the
largest irrigated area in northern
Australia: 80,000 hectares, mostly
growing sugar canes. The water
comes from a combination of
surface water and groundwater. Some of the water
from the dam is used to top up the groundwater,
preserving it for the long term.
Further developing the Burdekin is an obvious thing
to do, but probably not as attractive to politicians
who want to present their ideas as visionary, says
ecologist Damien Burrows []. The Burdekin is
underutilised, he says. It has spare water and theres
spare soil downstream.
Even The Wilderness Society agrees. They say further
developing existing, proven farmlands, rather than
moving to risky greenfield sites, is a no-brainer.
Adapted from Michael Slezak
New Scientist, July 10th, 2014.
FOCUS ON
The driest continent on earth
Australia is the sixth largest country in the world and is about 14 times bigger than France. Desert or semiarid land commonly known as the Outback makes up by far the largest portion of land.
Australia is a major agricultural producer and exporter. The greatest problems faced by the farms of
Australia are droughts and water scarcity as Australia is the driest continent on earth.
Aborigines are Australias indigenous people and they make up about 2% of Australias total population.
As a result of forced assimilation, by the late 1880s most Aborigines had joined white rural and urban
communities. Aboriginal people became economically marginalized and were exposed to new diseases.
The consequence was massive depopulation. In the 1970s, Aborigines spoke out for equal rights, and
specifically for land rights for property that had been forcibly taken by British settlers. The 1990s witnessed
further rights milestones, including government legislation that returned a great degree of autonomy,
and increased wages and welfare benefits to aboriginal people.
SEXPRIMER
USING DESPITE TO
EXPRESS CONTRAST
They are concentrated in the
North, where they make up 16 per
cent of the population, despite
being only 2 per cent of the countrys total.
Despite is used to introduce a
contrasting clause. It is always
followed by a noun phrase, or the
verbal form of the noun (-ing). It
cannot be followed by a main verb.
Ex.: Despite her illness, Mary went
to school.
Ex.: Despite being ill, Mary went
to school.
In spite of can also be used. In
spite of is always followed by a
noun phrase, or the verbal form
of the noun (-ing). It cannot be
followed by a main verb.
CONNECTING IDEAS
IN A SENTENCE AND
BETWEEN SENTENCES
Adding information
Moreover, some Indigenous
people rely on harvesting wild
plants and animals.
Phrases that can be used to add
information:
moreover/as well as this/furthermore/in addition (= de plus)
besides /also (= par ailleurs)
These phrases connect sentences
and are often used at the beginning of a sentence.
Expressing a condition
Otherwise, the development will
be similar to what the Europeans
did when conquering the new
world. (otherwise = sinon)
[] some Indigenous groups have
expressed support for developing
the north so long as their interests
are prioritized. (so long as = tant
que)
On condition that, provided that
could be used here instead of so
long as.
Expressing contrast
Nevertheless, some Indigenous
groups have expressed support for
developing the North. (nevertheless = nanmoins)
However could also be used here
instead of nevertheless.
Espaces et changes
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The trouble is, the wasted rain is all used somewhere, such as supporting fisheries. For example,
damming the Gilbert river would cut the water flow
to nearby wetlands by 10 per cent.
We dont know how these pros and cons will add up,
says Michael Douglas of Charles Darwin University
in Darwin, Australia. We couldnt tell you exactly
how much you can take out before you start to
degrade fisheries or reduce the number of turtles that
Aboriginal people harvest.
One things for sure: Australia wont
get something for nothing.
Invading the North?
Everyone acknowledges, at least in principle, that the development of northern
Australia must benefit Indigenous
Australians. They already own 30 per
cent of the land and claim land rights
over 80 per cent. They are concentrated
in the North, where they make up 16 per
cent of the population, despite being
only 2 per cent of the countrys total.
Indigenous Australians have been
enormously disadvantaged since the
arrival of Europeans. Their life expectancy is 12 years shorter, and they are
incarcerated 12 times as often as other Australians.
They only got the right to vote in 1962.
For the government, redressing the balance means creating opportunities through education and economic
development. The trouble is, Indigenous Australians
may not benefit from those opportunities, says Natalie
Stoeckl of James Cook University in Townsville.
Her research suggests they have less to gain from
development than non-Indigenous people, and more
to lose. They have few connections to the economy, so
are unlikely to get jobs. Moreover, some Indigenous
people rely on harvesting wild plants and animals,
and irrigating crops threatens that.
Nevertheless, some Indigenous groups have
expressed support for developing the North so long
SENTRANER
COMPRENDRE
BOTE OUTILS:
LES PROPOSITIONS
CONDITIONNELLES
If you took all of that, then there would be zero stream flow.
une situation relle; on croit que les choses dont on parle arriveront.
Ex.: If you pay cash, you will get a five per cent discount.
Ex.: If I had known you were waiting, I would have come sooner.
Exercices de grammaire
If I .. early, I . at 6 am.
my family.
If I .., I .. way.
correct it.
4. I didnt realize you were tired when I asked you to go for a walk.
If I , I .. for a walk.
66
Espaces et changes
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Questions de comprhension
COMPRENDRE
RDIGER
Sujet national, septembre 2013, sries technologiques NOTIONS CLS
POUR EXPRIMER
LANCESSIT
Analyse du sujet
Proposition de corrig
Repres essentiels
1. Commencez par noter vos ides au brouillon ;
il vous faut dterminer le cadre gnral de votre
discours: de quel organisme sagit-il? Quel est son
objectif? Dans quelles zones du monde intervient-il?
Comment? Quel est le type de poste pourvoir, pour
quelle dure?
2. Notez au brouillon les lments lexicaux qui vous
seront indispensables pour exprimer les qualits,
les comptences, la notion dexprience, la notion
de motivation
3. Prparez un plan cohrent avant de rdiger au
propre: introduction, prsentation de lorganisme et
du poste, attentes et exigences par rapport au profil
recherch.
you need to be
you have to be
you must
you should be
POUR PARLER
DELEXPRIENCE
Le present perfect (have + participe pass) permet dvoquer
des actions situes dans un pass
rcent, ou qui conservent un lien de
continuit avec le prsent.
Ex. : Have you worked for a charitable organization before?
POUR PARLER
DECAPACIT
can + verb
Ex.: Can you drive a truck?
to be able to + verb
Ex.: You have to be able to negotiate.
to be capable of + V-ing
Ex.: Are you capable of adapting
yourself to any situation?
LE LEXIQUE
DESCOMPTENCES
ET QUALITS
PROFESSIONNELLES
qualifications, skills: les comptences
to be qualified for the job : avoir
les comptences requises pour la
fonction
a career: une carrire
to apply for a job: postuler, poser
sa candidature pour un emploi
to be adaptable: tre capable de
sadapter
independent: indpendant
self-reliant: autonome
hard-working: travailleur (tre
capable de travailler dur)
smart, intelligent: intelligent
witty: spirituel, plein desprit
talented: talentueux
wise: sage
respectful: respectueux
humble/ modest: humble, modeste
motivated: motiv
ambitious: ambitieux
comitted: engag, convaincu,
dvou
to be practically minded: avoir
lesprit pratique
to be efficient: tre efficace
to have team spirit: avoir lesprit
dquipe
Espaces et changes
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Document B
COMPRENDRE
ADJECTIVES
underpaid: sous-pay
low-skilled: peu qualifi
rootless: sans racines
uprooted: dracin
VERBS
to welcome: accueillir
to gain citizenship:
acqurir une nationalit
to regularize: rgulariser
to emigrate: migrer
to flee (fled/fled) =to run away
from: fuir
to escape from:
schapper, svader de
to seek: chercher
68
David Cameron
Announces Immigration
Benefits Crackdown
Benefits for EU migrants in the UK
will be cut off after three months,
says PM, as he promises Coalition
changes will put Britain first.
David Cameron is to announce
tough action on immigration that
will halve the amount of time foreigners can claim benefits in the
UK.
The Coalition will introduce laws
to ensure that European Union
migrants can only claim out-ofwork benefits for three months,
Mr Cameron says in an article for
The Telegraph.
The Prime Minister also pledges to
stop more than 500,000 British
jobs being advertised across the EU
and announces tough new curbs on colleges offering
visas to bogus students.
The Government will make changes to the immigration system that put Britain first and ensure that the
UK is a country that is not a soft touch, Mr Cameron
says. We changed the rules so that no one can come
to this country and expect to get out-of-work benefits
immediately; they must wait at least three months,
Mr Cameron adds.
And we are announcing today that we are cutting
the time people can claim these benefits for. It used
to be that European jobseekers could claim Job
Seekers Allowance or child benefit for a maximum
of six months before their benefits would be cut off,
unless they had very clear job prospects. I can tell
Telegraph readers today that we will be reducing that
cut-off point to three months, saying very clearly: you
DICTIONARY
crackdown: restraint
tough: strong
to halve: to cut in half
to claim: to ask for
to pledge: to promise
curbs: restrictions
bogus: false, fake
jobseekers: applicants
prospects: outlook for future
Espaces et changes
to expect: to hope
attempt: effort
to woo: to charm
Ukip: the UK Independence
Party
to warn: to inform
growth: development
to upgrade: to improve
a forecast: prediction
a shortage: deficit, lack
a boost: an improvement
to take on (took/taken):
toemploy
a scheme: a plan
Downing Street: the UK Prime
Ministers official residence
(no.10)
to request: to ask
to ban: to forbid
further: additional
vacancies: job offers
to shut down: to close down
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MOTS CLS
COMPRENDRE
past, all vacancies advertised in Jobcentre Plus were
automatically advertised on an EU-wide job portal.
This meant advertising over a million job vacancies
across the EU. So we are going to massively restrict
this, aiming to cut back the vacancies on this portal
by over 500,000 jobs.
There have also been growing concerns that colleges
are abusing immigration rules offering visas for
money so that people can come to the UK to work by
pretending that they are here to study.
Some of the most egregious examples were those
claiming to be students, enrolling at bogus colleges,
Mr Cameron says. We have taken radical action
shutting down more than 750 of these colleges.
Today we are announcing a further step to make sure
colleges do proper checks on students: if 10 per cent
of the students they recruit are refused visas, they
will lose their licence.
In his article, the Prime Minister also highlights a
series of measures that have come into force in recent
days, including new restrictions on abuses of
European human rights laws, which immigrants have
used to avoid deportation.
Peter Dominiczak The Telegraph, July 29th, 2014
FOCUS ON
Immigration in the UK
There are about eight million foreign-born residents in
the UK, corresponding to about 12% of the population.
The five most common foreign countries of birth are
the Republic of Ireland, India, Pakistan, Germany and
the United States.
Since the 1990s immigration from Australia, Canada,
New Zealand and South Africa and from some countries
of the EU has shifted towards migration from India
and since 2004 particularly from the new EU accession
countries such as Poland and Lithuania.
The UK has now for the first time a conservative
government that has an explicit policy to reduce net
immigration to the tens of thousands by 2015. While
non EU net immigration has fallen by a third since the present government came to power, EU migration
has increased significantly and is now almost at a similar level to non EU migration.
The electoral success of the UK Independent Party (UKIP) led by Nigel Farage in local and European elections
in May 2014 shows that immigration is not an abstract, distant policy issue for voters.
There are many similarities between UKIP and the French Front national as both parties express nationalist
feelings in their opposition to the EU and the appeal of both parties rests in their anti-immigrant platform.
SEXPRIMER
EXPRESSING CONTRAST:
USING WHEREAS
David Cameron wants to introduce new laws to ensure that
European Union migrants can
only claim out-of-work benefits
for three months, whereas it used
to be six months.
Whereas (= alors que) can be used
in formal speech and writing to
express contrast.
While can also be used instead
of whereas.
Ex.: Mary gets lots of homework
whereas/while her brother gets
very little.
OTHER WAYS
OF EXPRESSING
CONTRAST
Though (= bien que) is used to
introduce a contrasting clause; it
is used at the beginning of a clause.
Ex.: Though she was ill, she went
to school.
Though can also mean
nevertheless.
When though means nevertheless, it cannot be used at the
beginning of a clause. It is used in
between commas or at the end of
a clause, after a comma.
Ex.: She went to school. She was
ill, though.
Although can also be used to
express contrast; it is more formal
than though, and cannot be used
at the end of a clause.
Ex.: Although she was ill, she went
to school.
EXPRESSING A CONTRAST
BETWEEN PAST AND
PRESENT: USED TO
It used to be that European
jobseekers could claim Job Seekers
Allowance of child benefit for a
maximum of six months.
When we want to express a contrast between past and present,
or when we want to talk about
repeated events in the past that
dont happen now, we can use
used to + infinitive.
Ex.: I used to play tennis. (I no
longer play tennis.)
We can also use would + infinitive to talk about repeated events
in the past.
Espaces et changes
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SENTRANER
COMPRENDRE
True or False?
BOTE OUTILS :
PRESENT PERFECT ET PRTRIT
immigration policy.
upgraded its forecast for UK growth to 3.2 per cent this year []
Le prtrit est ici utilis car laction est termine (last week).
prtrit est donc toujours associ (soit dans la phrase mme, soit
8. Job offers will only be posted on the EURES website if they have
anymore.
Exercices de grammaire
A. Choose the correct word or phrase underlined in each sentence.
Ex.: The bus has arrived (sous-entendu: the bus has just arrived).
I . five years.
I before.
I a friend of yours.
Have . before?
70
Espaces et changes
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Questions de comprhension
COMPRENDRE
RDIGER
SENTRANER
Sujet national, juin2014, sries ES, L, S
NOTIONS CLS
Document B
POUR EXPRIMER
LIMPORTANCE
Analyse du sujet
Proposition de corrig
Repres essentiels
1. Prparez vos ides au brouillon: des arguments en
faveur des changes, dautres qui sy opposent ou qui
en soulignent les limites. Vous pouvez vous inspirer
en partie du texte propos (document B): lauteur
y dveloppe un point de vue trs favorable la
ncessit dchanger au sein et au-del des diffrentes
classes sociales. Pour lui, il sagit dun moyen den
apprendre davantage sur lhumanit et la dignit de
chacun (cf. dernire phrase du texte), ces changes
constituent donc clairement ses yeux une source
denrichissement et de progrs. Toutefois, vous devez
veillez ne pas reprendre le texte de lnonc mot
pour mot ! Par ailleurs, rien ne vous empche de
dvelopper un point de vue tout fait oppos celui
de lauteur: lessentiel consiste rester nuanc dans
vos propos, et prsenter le plus objectivement
possible lensemble des arguments propres tayer
des thses divergentes (le pour/le contre).
2. Prparez un plan cohrent et quilibr avant de
rdiger au propre.
3. Contrlez la qualit de votre production en vous
relisant attentivement.
important/essential
vital/crucial
people need to/its important
(for people) to/we should
POUR EXPRIMER
LANOTION DCHANGE
to talk to each other
to communicate
to mix/to mingle
to live side by side (with)
LE LEXIQUE DES
RELATIONS SOCIALES
socio-professional categories:
catgories socio-professionnelles
from all walks of life:
de tous les milieux sociaux
social condition:
la condition sociale
social welfare:
la protection sociale
social mixity: la mixit sociale
social housing:
logement social (HLM)
social status: le statut social
social progress: le progrs social
social class: la classe sociale
members: les membres
a community: une communaut
income: les revenus
the elite: llite
wealth distribution:
la rpartition des richesses
the poor: les pauvres
poverty: la pauvret
the underprivileged:
les dfavoriss
the lower class:
les classes populaires
the middle class:
les classes moyennes
the upper class:
les classes suprieures
the ruling (or dominant) class:
la classe dominante
the working classes:
les masses laborieuses
the socially excluded, the underclass: les exclus
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The experience of life in the city comprises the sum total of all encounters, relationships and experiences
with other people during the course of the day. Well being arises from contacts that are satisfying, and
enjoyable, that affirm persons as individuals and as members of a community. The city must provide
occasions and places for such good experiences to occur. Participation in social interactions makes an
essential contribution to personal well being. Impoverishment in social contact may result in a sense
of isolation, meaninglessness for individuals and in the dissolution of social bonds for the community.
Once we think about cities in terms of this conception, we must consider the nature of public social life,
the conditions both architectural and social, under which it flourishes, and how the public and private
domains interconnect.
The relation of public and private involves the flow of interest and attention from the private to the public
world to what is happening out there as well as from the public to the private world. In the public realm,
multiple perspectives and viewpoints prevail that inform and correct the single one-sided perspective of
the private world. The public realm makes possible the exchange of opinion and information that forms
the basis of civic dialogue and development of consensus. It is in the public realm that we learn about
each other, through observation and participation, and develop a public conscience that pays heed to the
foibles and needs of our fellow citizens. []
The public realm facilitates learning about ways of being and relating! We learn how persons relate within
and across generational, social class, and experiential difference, and become skilled in making inferences
about the fate and biography of our fellow beings. We learn about the humanity and dignity of all persons.
TRADUIRE ET COMPARER
72
KEY POINT
The lure of an El Dorado?
Since this article from The Independent was published, the UK has pledged 12m (five million euros a year
for three years) to help tackle the problem of illegal immigrants trying to enter Britain through Calais.
Aplan was announced in September 2014 by Home Secretary Theresa May and her French counterpart
Bernard Cazeneuve to bolster security at the port and target organized crime gangs behind people trafficking. Britain has therefore now recognized that it has a responsibility in securing the port.
El Dorado is frequently used by the French press to describe the lure that the UK holds for the migrants.
Many of the 2,000 migrants living in squats in Calais desperately hope to get to the UK because they
feel that they are not welcome in France and they are aware of Frances high unemployment rate. The
language is also another obstacle and as the migrants come from Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Afghanistan,
Pakistan and Syria, if they speak a western language, it is most likely to be English and not French. They
know their prospects of finding work are poor without basic French.
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TRADUIRE ET COMPARER
VOCABULARY TOREMEMBER!
deadlock: impasse
to threaten: menacer
to sleep rough: dormir la dure
relations are increasingly tense: les relations sont
de plus en plus tendues
to bow to pressure: cder aux pressions
peoples smugglers: les passeurs
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Ni la France ni laGrande-Bretagne ne semblent pouvoir contrler la situation des migrants, dont les problmes ne font que saggraver.
TRADUIRE ET COMPARER
74
KEY POINT
A humanitarian crisis on the US border
Undocumented immigrants from El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras have been coming to the US in
massive numbers over the course of the last year as they seek to reunite with family members and escape
from gang violence back home. In previous times it was primarily adult men who tried to enter the US
undetected, but this time it has been a wave of women and children surrendering themselves to patrol
agents on the border and asking for asylum.
According to the US Department of Homeland Security, 52,000 unaccompanied children were apprehended in 2014. President Obama has called the issue a humanitarian crisis. Many children are being
held in crowded detention centres, including makeshift warehouses, while US officials struggle to hold
deportation hearings fast enough. The shelters are intended to be short-term, but the average length of
stay is 35 days. Both political parties agree that the US immigration system is in need of reform.
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TRADUIRE ET COMPARER
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TRADUIRE ET COMPARER
UN ARTICLE DU MONDE
CONSULTER :
Lamiti lpreuve de
Facebook p.84-86.
(Frdric Joignot, 4 janvier 2014)
KEY POINT
Generation Y
Born in the mid-1980s and later, Generation Y are in their 20s and entering work. They have grown up in a world where they are surrounded by
technology, technology that has developed at a faster rate than ever before. Subsequently, this new generation has an intuitive understanding
of technology and is plugged in 24/7. Social media is part of their world and even more natural to them than talking on the phone.
A worldwide survey discovered that 90% of Generation Y check their emails, texts and social media accounts using their smartphones before
they even get out of bed and that one in five will check their smartphone at least once every ten minutes. This apparent obsession with
technology comes from a desire to ensure they arent missing out on anything.
Although some may say that this is a distraction from work, it can be positive for employers. Generation Y are, by far, the most agile, responsive
and informed generation thanks to their Internet use, smartphones and other gadgets. In an employers eyes a Generation Y employee will
have a natural ability to communicate as well as respond quickly to information.
Generation Y are also labeled as the Peter Pan generation because they tend to live with their parents for longer periods than previous
generations.
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TRADUIRE ET COMPARER
VOCABULARY
TO REMEMBER!
workplace: lieu de travail
to be social-media savvy: tre
familier des rseaux sociaux
skills: comptences
mentor: tuteur
a prospect: une perspective
a high-profile executive:
uncadre de haut niveau
to avoid: viter
to brand oneself: se positionner
to rely on: dpendre de
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COMPRENDRE
ADJECTIVES
reliable: fiable
self-confident: sr de soi
bossy: autoritaire
shy: timide
cautious: prudent
outgoing: ouvert
selfish: goste
sensitive: sensible
loving: affectueux
nasty: mchant
gifted: dou
narrow-minded: born
unpredictable: imprvisible
VERBS
to get on well with someone =to
get along with: bien sentendre
avec quelquun
to agree with someone:
tre daccord avec quelquun
to disagree with someone:
tre en dsaccord avec quelquun
to side with someone:
prendre parti pour quelquun
to change ones mind:
changer davis
to support =to back somebody
up: soutenir
to have an argument with:
se disputer
to hate =to loathe: dtester
to harass: harceler
Ex.: Children who are being
harassed at school should talk to
their parents about it.
to make somebody do something:
forcer quelquun faire quelque chose
to harm: faire du mal
to neglect: ngliger
to cheat: tricher
to deceive: tromper
to despise: mpriser
78
DICTIONARY
wanton: uncontrolled
to inquire: to ask
grossness: offensiveness
to stifle: to prevent from
happening
to make up ones mind:
to decide
to endeavour: to try
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to overflow: to flood
grimly: with determination
sternly: firmly
to evade: to avoid
to sob out: to say while
crying
threshold: doorstep
to remain: to stay
faintly: quietly
entertainment: amusement
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MOTS CLS
COMPRENDRE
Henry James
child; you will have given your old father the greatest
pain of his life.
This was more than the poor girl could bear; her
tears overflowed, and she moved towards her grimly
consistent parent with a pitiful cry. Her hands were
raised in supplication, but he sternly
evaded this appeal. Instead of letting her sob out her misery on his
shoulder, he simply took her by the
arm and directed her course across the
threshold, closing the door gently but
firmly behind her. After he had done
so, he remained listening. For a long
time there was no sound; he knew
that she was standing outside. He was
sorry for her, as I have said; but he was
so sure he was right. At last he heard
her move away, and then her footsteps
creaked faintly upon the stairs.
The Doctor took several turns round
his study, with his hands in his
pockets, and a thin sparkle, possibly
of irritation, but partly also of something like humour, in his eye. By
Jove, he said to himself, I believe she
will stick I believe she will stick! And
this idea of Catherine sticking
appeared to have a comical side, and
to offer a prospect of entertainment.
He determined, as he said to himself,
to see it out.
Henry James,
Washington Square (1880)
FOCUS ON
Henry James (18431916) was born in New York City
into a wealthy family. He travelled widely when he
was young, studying in New York, London and Paris. He
spent most of his life in Europe, becoming a British citizen in 1915. His most famous novels include The Wings
of the Dove, The Portrait of a Lady, The Ambassadors
and What Maisie Knew. Many of the themes in Henry
James work were centered around the innocence of the
New World (the United States) and the corruption and
wisdom of the Old World (Europe). His protagonists
are often young American women facing oppression
or abuse.
Washington Square is a short novel published in 1880
that recounts the conflict between a daughter and her
domineering father. Catherine Sloper is the plain, obedient daughter of the widowed Dr Sloper of Washington
Square. When a handsome young man proposes to
Catherine, her father forbids the marriage because
Washington Square, New York City
he believes the man to be after Catherines fortune. The
main theme of the book is therefore family relationships. Unlike much of Henry James work Washington
Square is a thoroughly American novel the characters are American as is the setting.
Washington Square is one of Henry James most famous novels.
SEXPRIMER
EXPRESSING ADVICE
AND OPINION
Using ought to
I ought not in that case have a
farthing of your money.
Ought to and ought not to give
the speakers opinion of what is a
good or bad action.
As this is an opinion, it is often
used for giving advice.
Ex.: You ought to talk to your
teacher about it.
Ex.: I dont think you ought to go.
Ex.: You ought not to go out
tonight because you have exams
next week.
Using should and shouldnt
Should and shouldnt can be used
in the same way as ought to and
ought not to to express advice
and opinion.
Should is more frequently used
than ought to.
Ex.: I think you should talk to your
teacher about it.
Ex.: You shouldnt go out tonight
because you have very important
exams next week.
Using had better
Had better has a similar meaning
to should and ought to.
Had is usually contracted.
Ex.: They had better reduce their
ridiculously high prices.
Ex.: Youd better talk to your
teacher about it.
EXPRESSING
A CONDITION:
USING UNLESS
Unless you should like him the
better for being rude to you.
Unless means except if.
Unless is used to say that something will only happen in certain
circumstances (= sauf si).
Ex.: You cant travel on this train
unless you have a reservation.
Ex.: Unless the infection is treated,
there is a real danger that she
will die.
With unless, we use present
tenses when we talk about the
future.
Ex.: Well go out for a walk
tomorrow, unless it rains.
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SENTRANER
COMPRENDRE
Questions de comprhension
1. Catherine and her father are having a conversation about
Will et shall
3. Catherine doesnt think her father will change his mind about
Morris.
about Morris.
concernant le futur.
hermoney.
Morris.
9. Catherine informs her father that she will see Morris again.
11. The Doctor doesnt feel any pity for his daughter.
Exercices de grammaire
A. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning
to the first one.
1. My party is on Friday.
I on Friday.
2. Tomorrows weather forecast is for rain.
Its tomorrow.
3. I dont plan to sell my car after all.
I . my car after all.
4. I promise to phone you before our next meeting.
Before weyou.
5. The work wont take us longer than an hour.
Wethe work in an hour.
B. Choose the correct form of the future (present simple,
present continuous, be going to or will).
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BOTE OUTILS:
LEXPRESSION DU FUTUR
True or false?
NOTIONS CLS
Document A (extrait)
ARTS, EDUCATION
AND EXCHANGE
[] Picasso snapped his fingers and asked Benoit for the bill. Soon the restaurateur did the maths, writing
everything down on a yellow sheet of paper and approached the table. But just as he reached Picasso he
put the bill in his pocket and slid a blank sheet of paper beneath the artists nose.
Whats this? asked Picasso.
Well, Master, perhaps if... perhaps if you were to draw a quick picture...?
The artist gazed at him with a thin smile.
What, instead of paying?
Certainly sir, if you wouldnt mind...
I felt tense, excited. Was this the moment Id see the great artist at work?
Picasso glanced around the table with a childish smile and started scribbling something on the paper.
Everyone was looking. Benoit perched at his shoulder, his left eye twitching, excited.
There! said Picasso with a flourish, handing the restaurateur the sketch. Will this do?
Monsieur Picasso! How wonderful!
There was a murmur of appreciation around the table and every customer in the caf wanted to see this
spontaneous creation. Benoit sidled away, admiring the sketch. Then he stopped. He turned, then hesitated
as his customer threw back some more wine, stroking the ladys arm.
The restaurateur came back to the table, his eye twitching faster than ever.
Sir, he murmured, awkward.
Picasso went on chatting and drinking.
Sir said Benoit, a little louder. This is marvelous, but would matre mind signing it?
Picasso put his glass down.
Excuse me?
Just a signature, to prove its you.
The artist gave a thin smile.
Im buying the meal, he said. Not the whole restaurant.
Peter Flynn, Picasso on the Beach and Other Stories, 2013.
Expression crite:
Is a work of art necessarily a question of money? Discuss and illustrate by giving examples.
Analyse du sujet
Il sagit dun essai argumentatif au sujet du lien entre
lart et largent : on vous demande sils sont troitement lis ou non, et dillustrer votre argumentation
avec des exemples.
Proposition de corrig
Picassos defense of artists in document A underlines
the fact that only the most successful artists are able
to make a living of their art, and that most artists
lead a life of poverty hoping for the stroke of genius
that will enable them to rise above mediocrity. In this
essay, we will examine whether art is necessarily a
question of money or not.
On the one hand, it seems obvious that initially art
has nothing to do with money at all. Art is a form of
creation. An artist follows his inspiration to produce
a work of art that no doubt evokes a deep personal
meaning for him. Of course, certain art forms require
costly materials, such as precious metals or rare
COMMUNITY SPIRIT:
BELONGING
TO A WIDENED FAMILY
OR COMMUNITY
Cliques, fashion tribes, gangs,
clothing, musical tastes (cliques,
tribus de la mode, gangs, tenue
vestimentaire, gots musicaux).
Virtual communities, gaming
networks, social networks (communauts virtuelles, jeux en
rseaux, rseaux sociaux).
the appearance/ looks: lapparence
fashion: la mode
fashionable: la mode
hip: branch
in: dans le vent
the sense of community:
lesprit de communaut
to belong to: appartenir
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COMPRENDRE
RDIGER
SENTRANER
LES ARTICLES DU
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Selon un rapport de la Commission des droits de lhomme australienne, huit Aborignes sur dix nont pas accs au march du travail. Des
entreprises lancent des politiques dembauche spcifiques.
LES ARTICLES DU
salles de sport de Gap Ridge depuis
un an. Cest lui qui a donn sa
mre lide de passer dans le priv.
Je savais quils avaient besoin de
quelquun comme ma mre, dit-il.
Matthew Dawson entretient les
meilleures relations avec les techniciens qui habitent Gap Ridge et
construisent une usine de liqufaction de gaz quelques kilomtres.
Il les accueille dans sa salle de sport
et les conseille sur leur alimentation. Il exerce galement une veille
contre la dpression. Sil note le
coup de blues dun habitu de sa
salle de sport, il en parle aux amis
pour leur recommander dentourer
particulirement cette personne.
Le problme de Matthew Dawson
nest pas le racisme, mais peuttre la possibilit de trouver
lme sur. Pas beaucoup de
femmes, et encore moins de
femmes jeunes, dans le camp.
lexception dAmanda, la barmaid.
Amanda Korp, 24ans, de la tribu
des Wemba Wemba, aurait pu
La surenchre europhobe
de David Cameron
Frein de secours
Cest ce cheval-l que M. Cameron
a enfourch. Devant le congrs
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LES ARTICLES DU
non dans lUE, ne contenait pas le
mot immigration. Le Premier
ministre laissait entendre quaprs
avoir rengoci les rgles de fonctionnement de lUnion, il ferait
campagne contre le Brexit. Je
crois profondment, affirmait-il,
que lintrt national de la GrandeBretagne sera mieux servi par une
Union europenne flexible, adaptable et ouverte. Aujourdhui, sous
la pression de lUKIP, il suggre
quil pourrait appeler sortir
de lUnion.
Tout se passe comme si M.
Cameron senferrait dans un
pige quil avait lui-mme conu.
Il essuie les rebuffades de ses
partenaires europens chaque
fois quil exige une rengociation.
Et les sarcasmes de lUKIP, qui le
trouve toujours trop mou dans
ses attaques contre lUE. Si, en
mai2015, M.Cameron est reconduit dans ses fonctions dans un
contexte de monte de lUKIP
et de surenchre europhobe, on
voit mal comment il pourrait
faire campagne pour le maintien
dans lUE. moins de renoncer au
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LES ARTICLES DU
LES ARTICLES DU
en rseau, o le lien social
fort, traditionnel et amical, est
complt par des liens faibles,
nombreux et varis, mais aussi
denses et indispensables. Mme
sils restent centrs sur une communaut ou une famille, les individus connects jettent des ponts
vers dautres collectifs, se font de
nouveaux amis, sur la dure ou
le temps dune exprience partage, se trouvent confronts des
influences indites, des faons de
vivre surprenantes et des relations affectives inhabituelles. En
cela, ils redploient lamiti, dans
sa diversit, et au final en rvlent
de nouvelles formes.
Lactuel essor, massif, des rseaux
de rencontres amoureuses et
sexuelles conforte ces analyses.
Ces sites permettent de dvelopper, comme le montrent les
enqutes et les rcits du sociologue
du CNRS Jean-Claude Kaufmann
(Sex@mour, Armand Colin, 2010)
ou encore du professeur en
sciences de linformation Pascal
Lardellier (Les Rseaux du cur.
Sexe, amour et sduction sur
Internet, Franois Bourin, 2012),
une palette damitis rotiques
qui semble sadapter aux qutes
des individus en rseau.
Ainsi, les sites de clibataires
comme Adopteunmec, EDarling,
Attractive World ou Meetic, avec
leurs centaines de milliers de
visiteurs, aident les solitaires
construire, aprs plusieurs tentatives ou la suite de soires festives organises entre membres,
une liaison si possible durable.
Dautres plates-formes, comme
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Langue lui-mme
Gabriel Anctil, qui, en bon
Qubcois, consacra un article
du Devoir (5septembre 2007) la
francophonie de Kerouac, prcise
quon a dcouvert dans un fonds
darchives dix pages en franais,
intitules Sur le chemin, et crites
avant que lauteur opte pour langlais du coin. Puis, lecture faite,
il comprend que Sur le chemin a
t crit un an aprs le rouleau
dOn the Road, Mexico. Mais
il existe dautres pages, dates
du 19janvier 1950, manuscrites,
en franais, et aussitt traduites
par Kerouac sous le titre On the
Road: Aprs la mort de son
pre, Peter Martin se retrouva seul
au monde
Kerouac ne va pas tarder la
trouver, cette langue luimme, et il dira en devoir
la libert Joyce et Cline.
Il crivit une biographie de
Rimbaud et tenait lhomme
aux semelles de vent pour le
premier des clochards clestes.
Quant au mouvement beatnik,
Jack Kerouac en a plus subi
ltendard quil ne la revendiqu.
Une interview datant de 1959
fut reprise aprs sa mort sous
ce titre: Feriez-vous une fugue
pour devenir un beatnik si vous
saviez que lhomme qui a crit
Sur la route vit chez sa mre?
Ginsberg et Burroughs furent ses
compagnons de jeunesse, dexpriences littraires et dautres plus
droutantes et substantielles,
mais il finit par sen loigner.
Il se dfia des hippies, et, lui, le
pacifiste de toujours, lui qui avait
jet son fusil aux orties lors de
manuvres avec la marine, prit
largement autobiographique de
diffrents road trips travers
les tats-Unis et le Mexique;
enfin parce que tout artiste, tout
crivain, a un rle fondamental
jouer dans la stimulation et
lenrichissement des changes au
sein de la socit.
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LES ARTICLES DU
LES ARTICLES DU
La voix de la douleur
88
Fragile et approximatif
En 1990, le groupe signe avec
Geffen, filiale de MCA-Matsushita.
lautomne de la mme anne, le
batteur Dave Grohl, originaire de la
cte Est, rejoint le groupe, qui enregistre Nevermind sous la direction
du producteur Butch Vig. Le disque
se vend plus de 5millions dexemplaires aux tats-Unis, 730000
en France. Mais, on lentend bien
lors de son passage au Znith de
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Kurt Cobain, chanteur et guitariste du groupe de rock Nirvana, sest donn la mort vendredi 8avril [1994] dans ltat de Washington.
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Corrigs
des exercices
CORRIGS
Mandela
p.8 Grammaire
Comprhension
A.
A.
C.
watched.
B.
other one.
C.
than I expected.
B.
magnanimity, dignity.
the year.
ring my shorts.
more difficult.
3. This is one of the most famous paintings in 8. Today, I feel worse than I did yesterday.
Frankenstein
p.16
B. Comprhension dtaille
Grammaire
Comprhension
A.
A. Comprhension gnrale
ght
B.
embodies evil.
4. The narrator had promised to create a mate 6.might/ 7.cant come/ 8.cant be
man race.
B.
15.False
p.26 Grammaire
Comprhension
police station.
A.
my bag.
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the world.
CORRIGS
castic humour and seems to take pleasure in
A.
p.34
Comprhension
B.
Grammaire
A.
In Missouri,
artists broadcasting pain through
hip hop
p.46
B.
Comprhension
1.a/ 2.a/ 3.b/ 4.b/ 5.b/ 6.b/ 7.a/ 8.b/ 9.a/ 10.b/ 4. a.have been checking/ b.have already
11.b/ 12.a/ 13.a/ 14.a
checked
Grammaire
1. a.has disappeared/ b.have been disappearing
The Age of
Innocence
p.54
Comprhension
nounced tomorrow.
clubs.
A.
dents.
B.
Grammaire
B.
1. Countess Olenska.
2. Countess Olenska.
A.
ner.
C.
Corrigs
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Pride and
Prejudice
CORRIGS
The taming
of a vast
wilderness
Grammaire
A.
p.66
Comprhension
B.
1. If Id known it was your birthday, I would 1. If I had gone to bed early, I would have woken
have sent you flowers.
up at 6am.
Grammaire
David
Cameron
p.70
Comprhension
A.
1.True/ 2.False/ 3.True/ 4.False/ 5.True/ 1. I have worked here for five years.
6.True/ 7.True/ 8.False/ 9.False/ 10.True
Washington
Square
Grammaire
p.80
Comprhension
A.
off []
1.False/ 2.True/ 3.False/ 4.True/ 5.True/ 4. Before we meet again, Ill phone you.
6.True/ 7.True/ 8.False/ 9.True/ 10.True/
11.False
B.
92
Corrigs
rue des coles & Le Monde, 2015. Reproduction, diffusion et communication strictement interdites.
B.
rue des coles & Le Monde, 2015. Reproduction, diffusion et communication strictement interdites.
guide pratique
GUIDE PRATIQUE
Mthodologie et conseils
CONSEILS POUR
LPREUVE
CRITE DE
Lpreuve crite
COMPRHENSION Si vous tes en Srie L (LV1 et LV2), sries S et ES (LV1):
lpreuve dure 3heures. 10 minutes sont consacres
DE TEXTE(S)
Lors de la lecture du sujet, ne cherchez pas vouloir tout comprendre
tout de suite. Prenez le temps de
relire le texte. Pensez galement
utiliser le contexte pour trouver le
sens des mots inconnus.
Lisez toutes les questions
plusieurs fois. Les questions sont
souvent poses dans un ordre
qui va de lexplicite vers limplicite, et parfois certaines questions
fournissentunindice.
Si une question vous pose problme, ne restez pas bloqu. Il nest
pas impossible que les rponses
venir clairent la question sur
laquelle vous butiez.
vitez dcrire au fil de la plume:
cest la pire des mthodes, elle ne
vous permettra pas darriver une
rponse correcte et structure.
94
Guide pratique
La lecture du sujet
Pensez identifier le thme principal, la situation et les
personnages. Soulignez dans le texte les expressions
qui vous aident les reprer.
Lexpression personnelle
L encore, le brouillon est indispensable pour organiser son travail. Lisez bien le sujet et respectez la forme
que doit prendre votre production. Attention, il est
rue des coles & Le Monde, 2015. Reproduction, diffusion et communication strictement interdites.
GESTION DU
TEMPS LORS
DE LPREUVE
CRITE
GUIDE PRATIQUE
Lpreuve orale
Comprhension de loral
(toutes sries sauf L)
Vous serez valus lors du deuxime trimestre par les
enseignants de votre tablissement. La note obtenue
ne vous sera pas communique.
Vous couterez un ou plusieurs documents audio
(ou vido) dune dure d1 minute 30 maximum, en
lien avec les notions tudies pendant lanne. Vous
couterez le ou les documents trois fois, avec une
pause dune minute entre chaque coute. Vous pouvez
prendre des notes pendant ces coutes.
Vous disposerez ensuite de 10 minutes pour rdiger un
compte rendu en franais de ce que vous avez compris.
Expression orale
(preuve obligatoire LV1 seule
ou LV2, srieL uniquement)
Vous serez interrog par un examinateur extrieur
votre tablissement. Vous lui prsenterez la liste des
notions tudies dans lanne et les documents qui
les ont illustres. Lexaminateur choisira lune de ces
notions.
Lpreuve dure 30 minutes: 10 minutes consacres
la prparation et 20 minutes linterrogation.
Linterrogation se droule en deux parties:
10 minutes de prise de parole en continu o vous
prsentez la notion tudie (ce que vous avez tudi
CONSEILS POUR
LPREUVE
CRITE
DEXPRESSION
PERSONNELLE
Utilisez le ou les les texte(s) que
vous aurez lus : ils peuvent vous
servir de rservoir lexical: sans
faire de paraphrase, vous avez la
possibilit de remployer des mots
et des expressions tirs du texte
propos.
La relecture est une tape absolument indispensable: il convient
donc de lui consacrer tout le temps
ncessaire.
Noubliez pas non plus que lon
vous impose un certain nombre
de mots ou de lignes (une ligne
fait environ 10 mots). Pensez
indiquer, la fin de chaque texte,
le nombre de mots utiliss.
CONSEILS POUR
LPREUVE
ORALE
Vous devez prsenter lune des
quatre notions du programme de
Terminale. Il vous est conseill de
trouver une problmatique reliant
la notion que vous devrez prsenter
aux documents que vous aurez tudis en classeavecvotreprofesseur.
Prsentez un plan organis en
plusieurs parties (introduction,
deux ou trois arguments ou ides
importantes, conclusion). Pensez
relier les ides entre elles par des
liens logiques.
Vous serez surtout valu sur votre
niveau de langue. Il faut donc soigner
votre expression, votre prononciation et votre accent. Reprenez-vous
si vous pensez avoir fait une faute et
parlez un rythme normal.
Noubliez pas que linteraction
compte pour moiti de la note
finale. Montrez que vous comprenez les questions. Ne laissez pas
lexaminateur parler seul : vous
devez prendre part lchange.
Guide pratique
95
rue des coles & Le Monde, 2015. Reproduction, diffusion et communication strictement interdites.
Crdits
COUVERTURE
Medioimages/Photodisc ; PetarPaunchev/iStock
MYTHES ET HROS
p.5 Daniel Berehulak/Getty Images News; The British Library/Rue des Archives; DR; iStockphoto/Thinkstock
Frankenstein
LIDE DE PROGRES
p.23 DR; DR; DR; Getty Images/Thinkstock
The App That Lets You Spy on Yourself and Sell Your Own Data
p.24 iStockphoto/Thinkstock
p.25 Getty Images/Thinkstock
p.27 Ingram publishing/ Thinkstock
p.32 GeorgiosArt/iStock
p.33 ClaudeLux/iStock; BasPhoto/iStock
ESPACES ET CHANGES
p.63 Goodshoot; art2002/iStock; mattjeacock/Signature/iStock; Petar Chernaev/Signature/iStock
Washington Square
LE GUIDE PRATIQUE
p.93 DR
rue des coles & Le Monde, 2015. Reproduction, diffusion et communication strictement interdites.
HORS-SRIE
avec
NOUVEAU
PROGRAMME
2015
ANGLAIS
Term ES, L, S
N1
LESSENTIEL DU COURS
COMPRENDRE
SENTRANER
SENRICHIR
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