3 Phase Rectifier

Introduction
three-phase diode bridge rectifier
what is this all about?

vA
D1
D3
D5
+
iOU T
D2
D4
D6
vB
i1
i2
i3
+
v1
+
v2
v3
vOU T
input voltages
v1 = Vm cos (0 t)

2
v2 = Vm cos 0 t
3

4
v3 = Vm cos 0 t
3

2
vk = Vm cos 0 t (k 1)
,
3
k {1, 2, 3}
input voltages, waveforms
normalization of voltages
mX ,
vX
Vm
m1 = cos (0 t)

2
m2 = cos 0 t
3

4
m3 = cos 0 t
3
voltages?

vk = Vm cos 0 t (k 1) 2
3 ,
k {1, 2, 3}
voltages?

vk = Vm cos 0 t (k 1) 2
3 ,
k {1, 2, 3}
voltages?

vk = Vm cos 0 t (k 1) 2
3 ,
k {1, 2, 3}
voltages?

vk = Vm cos 0 t (k 1) 2
3 ,
k {1, 2, 3}
voltages?

vk = Vm cos 0 t (k 1) 2
3 ,
k {1, 2, 3}
voltages?

vk = Vm cos 0 t (k 1) 2
3 ,
k {1, 2, 3}
v1 , spectrum
v2 , spectrum
v3 , spectrum
voltages, quantitative characterization
k
1
2
3
Vk RM S
103.83 V
103.70 V
105.12 V
all graphs and data PyLab processed
T HD(vk )
3.34 %
2.77 %
3.06 %
T HD
And what is THD?
qP
2
k=2 Ik RM S
T HD ,
I1 RM S
Parsevals identity:
2
IRM
S =
Ik2 RM S
assumed I0 = 0
k=1
results in
q
T HD ,
2
2
IRM
S I1 RM S
I1 RM S
simple, but important

computational issues, finite sums . . .
normalization of currents and time

jX ,
iX
IOU T
unless otherwise noted
, 0 t
good: physical dimensions lost, reduced number of

variables, results are generalized, core of the
problem focused
bad: physical dimensions lost, perfect double-check
tool is lost
how does it work? part 1: theory

vA
D1
D3
D5
+
iOU T
D2
D4
D6
vB
i1
i2
i3
+
v1
+
v2
v3
vOU T
one of the three: D1, D3, D5
vA
vA , analytical
mA = max (m1 , m2 , m3 )
vA , spectrum
3 3
mA =
2
1+2
X
(1)k+1
k=1
9k 2 1
!
cos (3k0 t)
what about vB ?
vA
D1
D3
D5
+
iOU T
D2
D4
D6
vB
i1
i2
i3
+
v1
+
v2
v3
vOU T
one of the three, again: D2, D4, D6
vB
vB , analytical
mB = min (m1 , m2 , m3 )
vB , spectrum
3 3
mB =
2
1 + 2
X
k=1
!
1
cos (3k0 t)
9k 2 1
the output voltage, vOU T
mOU T = mA mB = max (m1 , m2 , m3 ) min (m1 , m2 , m3 )
vOU T , spectrum
mOU T
3 3
=
12
k=1
36k 2 1
!
cos (6k0 t)
currents?
i1 (t) = (d1 (t) d2 (t)) IOU T

i2 (t) = (d3 (t) d4 (t)) IOU T
i3 (t) = (d5 (t) d6 (t)) IOU T
states of the diodes
the input currents
consider i1
spectra of the input currents
spectra of the input currents, analytical

j1 (t) =
+
X
J1C, k cos (k0 t)
k=1
J1C, k
, k = 6n 1
k
2 3 1
=
, k = 6n + 1

k
0, otherwise
for n N0 , k > 0
double-check:
PIN
obtained using wxMaxima
3
2 3
3 3
= 1
=
= POU T
2
numerical verification, Gibbs phenomenon
THD of the input currents
2
IOU T
3
6
=
IOU T
Ik RM S =
Ik RM S, 1
T HD ,
q
Ik2 RM S Ik2 RM S, 1
Ik RM S, 1
r
2
1 31.08 %
9
Parsevals identity based formula turned out to be useful
T HD =
voltages and currents
some more parameters

s
XRM S ,
1
2
(x(0 t))2 d(0 t),
x {i, v}
already used for the THD
S , IRM S VRM S
P ,
1
2
v(0 t) i(0 t) d(0 t)

0
PF ,
P
S
DP F , cos 1
and 1 is . . .
and if the voltages are sinusoidal . . .

S = VRM S IRM S
P = VRM S I1, RM S cos 1
PF =
I1, RM S
I1, RM S
P
=
cos 1 =
DP F
S
IRM S
IRM S
DP F = cos 1
T HD =
q
2
2
IRM
S I1, RM S
I1, RM S
s
=
IRM S
I1, RM S
2
1
i.e. everything depends on the current waveform and its position
some more parameters, plain rectifier

r
Ik RM S =
2
IOU T
3
1
Vk RM S = Vm
2
2
1
IOU T Vm = 3 Vm IOU T
3
2
3 3
P = VOU T IOU T =
Vm IOU T
S =3
PF =
3
95.5%
DP F = 1
actually, not so bad; T HD is the problem
back to the rectifier:

how does it work? part 2: experiment
vA
D1
D3
D5
+
iOU T
D2
D4
D6
vB
i1
i2
i3
+
v1
+
v2
v3
vOU T
input, at IOU T = 3 A
output, at IOU T = 3 A
in quantitative terms, input, 1st

IOU T
0A
3A
6A
9A
k
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
Ik RM S [A]
2.60
2.61
2.63
5.12
5.12
5.13
7.59
7.64
7.66
Vk RM S [V]
101.29
100.63
102.40
98.23
97.73
98.82
94.87
94.34
96.80
92.38
91.95
94.04
Sk [VA]
255.01
254.60
259.71
485.41
482.67
496.95
701.53
702.47
720.00
Pk [W]
245.16
244.37
251.00
466.87
464.25
477.08
673.86
675.16
692.30
in quantitative terms, input, 2nd

IOU T
0A
3A
6A
9A
k
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
P Fk
0.9614
0.9598
0.9665
0.9618
0.9618
0.9600
0.9605
0.9611
0.9615
T HD(ik ) [%]
30.50
29.57
29.97
29.26
28.37
28.31
28.00
27.21
27.06
T HD(vk ) [%]
4.33
3.75
4.75
4.17
3.86
5.38
3.87
3.66
3.87
4.01
3.92
4.19
in quantitative terms, output
IOU T [A]
0.00
3.21
6.27
9.41
VOU T [V]
239.79
229.51
221.23
212.91
POU T [W]
1.07
736.72
1386.56
2004.12
PIN [W]
0.81
740.53
1408.20
2041.32
[%]
99.49
98.46
98.18
overall impressions
I
pretty good rectifier
simple, robust, cheap
good symmetry
excellent DP F
acceptable P F
poor T HD (but not that poor)
up to this point:
I
I
diode bridge rectifier analyzed

measurement tools developed
is there a way to do something with the T HD?
fruitless effort #1: shaping the output current

vA
iOU T
D1
D3
D5
+
ROU T
D2
D4
D6
vB
i1
i2
i3
+
v1
+
v2
v3
vOU T
fruitless effort #1: waveforms
fruitless effort #1: quantitative
T HD = 30.79%
not a big deal of an improvement
only one degree of freedom, iOU T
shaping i1 , i2 , and i3 is the goal
two degrees of freedom needed, since i1 + i2 + i3 = 0
fruitless effort #2: additional deegree of freedom

vA
+
iA
D1
D3
D5
ROU T
2
vOU T
D2
D4
ROU T
2
D6
iB
vB
i1
i2
i3
+
v1
iN
+
v2
v3
fruitless effort #2: waveforms
fruitless effort #2: neutral current
fruitless effort #2: quantitative
T HD = 24.76%
somewhat better
all of i1 , i2 , and i3 cannot be fixed by programming iA and

iB in this circuit
example: i1 = iA , i2 = iB , no way to fix i3
gaps in the input currents in both of the patches
the additional degree of freedom is taken by iN
which is a disaster of itself
we would need another degree of freedom to fix iN
but this is a wrong approach, iN was not an issue before
conclusions
three-phase diode bridge rectifier analyzed
quantitative measures of rectifier performance introduced
measurement tools developed
theoretical predictions related to experiments
gaps in the input currents identified as a problem
how to fill in the gaps?
an answer is current injection . . .

3 Phase Rectifier

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Introduction

three-phase diode bridge rectifier

what is this all about?

input voltages, waveforms

voltages, quantitative characterization

all graphs and data PyLab processed

simple, but important

normalization of currents and time

unless otherwise noted

good: physical dimensions lost, reduced number of

how does it work? part 1: theory

one of the three: D1, D3, D5

one of the three, again: D2, D4, D6

the output voltage, vOU T

mOU T = mA mB = max (m1 , m2 , m3 ) min (m1 , m2 , m3 )

i1 (t) = (d1 (t) d2 (t)) IOU T

states of the diodes

the input currents

spectra of the input currents

spectra of the input currents, analytical

J1C, k cos (k0 t)

numerical verification, Gibbs phenomenon

THD of the input currents

voltages and currents

some more parameters

(x(0 t))2 d(0 t),

already used for the THD

v(0 t) i(0 t) d(0 t)

and if the voltages are sinusoidal . . .

i.e. everything depends on the current waveform and its position

some more parameters, plain rectifier

back to the rectifier:

in quantitative terms, input, 1st

in quantitative terms, input, 2nd

in quantitative terms, output

pretty good rectifier

simple, robust, cheap

poor T HD (but not that poor)

diode bridge rectifier analyzed

is there a way to do something with the T HD?

fruitless effort #1: shaping the output current

fruitless effort #1: waveforms

fruitless effort #1: quantitative

not a big deal of an improvement

only one degree of freedom, iOU T

shaping i1 , i2 , and i3 is the goal

two degrees of freedom needed, since i1 + i2 + i3 = 0

fruitless effort #2: additional deegree of freedom

fruitless effort #2: waveforms

fruitless effort #2: neutral current

fruitless effort #2: quantitative

all of i1 , i2 , and i3 cannot be fixed by programming iA and

example: i1 = iA , i2 = iB , no way to fix i3

gaps in the input currents in both of the patches

the additional degree of freedom is taken by iN

which is a disaster of itself

we would need another degree of freedom to fix iN

but this is a wrong approach, iN was not an issue before

three-phase diode bridge rectifier analyzed

quantitative measures of rectifier performance introduced