Pipes. Flow Rate and Pressure Loss Equations
Pipes. Flow Rate and Pressure Loss Equations
Pipes. Flow Rate and Pressure Loss Equations
2 1
20 1.9 2.8 2
25 2.3 3.5 3
7 1/2 21.3 1.65 2.11 - 2.41 2.77 - 3.73 - 0 - 4.78 2.77 3.73 7.47
8 3/4 26.7 1.65 2.11 - 2.41 2.87 - 3.91 - 0 - 5.56 2.87 3.91 7.82
9 1 33.4 1.65 2.77 - 2.9 3.38 - 4.55 - 0 - 6.35 3.38 4.55 9.09
10 1 1/4 42.2 1.65 2.77 2.97 3.56 4.85 6.35 3.56 4.85 9.7
11 1 1/2 48.3 1.65 2.77 - 3.18 3.68 - 5.08 - 0 - 7.14 3.68 5.08 10.15
12 2 60.3 1.65 2.77 - 3.18 3.91 - 5.54 - 0 - 8.74 3.91 5.54 11.07
13 2 1/2 73 2.11 3.05 4.78 5.16 7.01 9.53 5.16 7.01 14.02
14 3 88.9 2.11 3.05 - 4.78 5.49 - 7.62 - 0 - 11.13 5.49 7.62 15.24
15 3 1/2 101.6 2.11 3.05 4.78 5.74 8.08 5.74 8.08
16 4 114.3 2.11 3.05 - 4.78 6.02 - 8.56 - 11.13 - 13.49 6.02 8.56 17.12
17 5 141.3 2.77 3.4 - - 6.55 - 9.53 - 12.7 - 15.88 6.55 9.53 19.05
18 6 168.3 2.77 3.4 - - 7.11 - 10.97 - 14.27 - 18.26 7.11 10.97 21.95
19 8 219.1 2.77 3.76 6.35 7.04 8.18 10.31 12.7 15.09 18.26 20.62 23.01 8.18 12.7 22.23
20 10 273 3.4 4.19 6.35 7.8 9.27 12.7 15.09 18.26 21.44 25.4 28.58 9.27 12.7 25.4
21 12 323.8 3.96 4.57 6.35 8.38 10.31 14.27 17.48 21.44 25.4 28.58 33.32 9.53 12.7 25.4
22 14 355.6 3.96 6.35 7.92 9.53 11.13 15.09 19.05 23.83 27.79 31.75 35.71 9.53 12.7 -
23 16 406.4 4.19 6.35 7.92 9.53 12.7 16.66 21.44 26.19 30.96 36.53 40.49 9.53 12.7 -
24 18 457 4.19 6.35 7.92 11.13 14.27 19.05 23.83 29.36 34.93 39.67 45.24 9.53 12.7 -
25 20 508 4.78 6.35 9.53 12.7 15.09 20.62 26.19 32.54 38.1 44.45 50.01 9.53 12.7 -
26 22 559 4.78 6.35 9.53 12.7 - 22.23 28.58 34.93 41.28 47.63 53.98 9.53 12.7 -
27 24 610 5.54 6.35 9.53 14.27 17.48 24.61 30.96 38.89 46.02 52.37 59.54 9.53 12.7 -
28 26 660 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
29 28 711 - 7.92 12.7 - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
30 30 762 6.35 7.92 12.7 15.88 - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
31 32 813 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 17.48 - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
32 34 864 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 17.48 - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
33 36 914 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 19.05 - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
34 38 965 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
35 40 1016 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
36 42 1067 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
44 1118 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
46 1168 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
39 48 1219 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
2
7 1/2 21.3 1.65 2.11 - 2.41 2.77 - 3.73 - 0 - 4.78 2.77 3.73 7.47
8 3/4 26.7 1.65 2.11 - 2.41 2.87 - 3.91 - 0 - 5.56 2.87 3.91 7.82
9 1 33.4 1.65 2.77 - 2.9 3.38 - 4.55 - 0 - 6.35 3.38 4.55 9.09
10 1 1/4 42.2 1.65 2.77 2.97 3.56 4.85 6.35 3.56 4.85 9.7
11 1 1/2 48.3 1.65 2.77 - 3.18 3.68 - 5.08 - 0 - 7.14 3.68 5.08 10.15
12 2 60.3 1.65 2.77 - 3.18 3.91 - 5.54 - 0 - 8.74 3.91 5.54 11.07
13 2 1/2 73 2.11 3.05 4.78 5.16 7.01 9.53 5.16 7.01 14.02
14 3 88.9 2.11 3.05 - 4.78 5.49 - 7.62 - 0 - 11.13 5.49 7.62 15.24
15 3 1/2 101.6 2.11 3.05 4.78 5.74 8.08 5.74 8.08
16 4 114.3 2.11 3.05 - 4.78 6.02 - 8.56 - 11.13 - 13.49 6.02 8.56 17.12
17 5 141.3 2.77 3.4 - - 6.55 - 9.53 - 12.7 - 15.88 6.55 9.53 19.05
18 6 168.3 2.77 3.4 - - 7.11 - 10.97 - 14.27 - 18.26 7.11 10.97 21.95
19 8 219.1 2.77 3.76 6.35 7.04 8.18 10.31 12.7 15.09 18.26 20.62 23.01 8.18 12.7 22.23
20 10 273 3.4 4.19 6.35 7.8 9.27 12.7 15.09 18.26 21.44 25.4 28.58 9.27 12.7 25.4
21 12 323.8 3.96 4.57 6.35 8.38 10.31 14.27 17.48 21.44 25.4 28.58 33.32 9.53 12.7 25.4
22 14 355.6 3.96 6.35 7.92 9.53 11.13 15.09 19.05 23.83 27.79 31.75 35.71 9.53 12.7 -
23 16 406.4 4.19 6.35 7.92 9.53 12.7 16.66 21.44 26.19 30.96 36.53 40.49 9.53 12.7 -
24 18 457 4.19 6.35 7.92 11.13 14.27 19.05 23.83 29.36 34.93 39.67 45.24 9.53 12.7 -
25 20 508 4.78 6.35 9.53 12.7 15.09 20.62 26.19 32.54 38.1 44.45 50.01 9.53 12.7 -
26 22 559 4.78 6.35 9.53 12.7 - 22.23 28.58 34.93 41.28 47.63 53.98 9.53 12.7 -
27 24 610 5.54 6.35 9.53 14.27 17.48 24.61 30.96 38.89 46.02 52.37 59.54 9.53 12.7 -
28 26 660 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
29 28 711 - 7.92 12.7 - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
30 30 762 6.35 7.92 12.7 15.88 - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
31 32 813 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 17.48 - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
32 34 864 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 17.48 - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
33 36 914 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 19.05 - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
34 38 965 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
35 40 1016 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
36 42 1067 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
44 1118 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
46 1168 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
39 48 1219 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
Flow rate and pressure loss
3. Darcy
(analytical equation with an experimental coefficient)
Darcy-Weisbach equation for pressure loss
Deduction of equation
rev. Cjc. 10.07.2017
4. Channels
Flow velocity in channels according Manning
and Darcy-Weisbach
5. Friction factors
Visual Basic functions for:
- Serghides equation
- Swamee-Jain equation
- Colebrook equation
6. Colebrook
Colebrook equations for Darcy-Weisbach and
Fanning friction factors, using natural and decimal
logarithmus
www.piping-tools.net
Pipes. Flow rate and pressure loss equations.xls
[email protected]
1. Manning
The Maning equation relates the velocity of a fluid in an open channel, to properties of the open
It was introduced by the Irish Engineer Robert Manning in 1889 as an alternative to the Chezy E
The Mannings equation is an empirical equation that applies to uniform flow in open channels an
function of the channel velocity, flow area and channel slope.
Manning equation
1
A 2
Q Rh 3 S 2
N
.
Q: flow rate (m³/s)
Rh: hydraulic radius (m)
Rh = A/P
A: area of fluid section (m²)
P: wetted perimeter (m)
S: slope (-)
N: Manning coefficient
This coefficient is a function of
the channel material
From
For example,
S1/2
v f -1/2 2 d g
1/ 2
Eq. (7) 1
1 S 2 1/ 4 for S 2 %,
1 S 2 1
Q Av 1
for S 4 %,
S1/2 1 S 2 1
Q A f -1/2 2 d g
1/ 2
Eq.(8)
1 S
2 1/ 4
for S 8 %,
1
1
1 S 2 1
. Page 12
.
can be writen with hig
Q A f N-1/2 2 R h g
1
Manning equation
Q A f N-1/2 2 R h g
1
f
equation
2 2 g 1/ 2 R 1/6
1/ 2
A v 1/6
h
R 3/6
h S
1/2
Q 1/2 2 d g S1/2
1/ 2
Eq. (9) f 1/2
Rh
f
23 / 2 g 1/ 2 2/3 1/2
The velocity is v 1/2 1/6 R h S
f Rh
v
2 g
1/ 2
d S1/2
1/ 2
1
f 1/2 v 1/2 1/6
R 2/3
h S
1/2
f Rh
For a circular pipe
23 / 2 g 1/ 2
d Defining
Rh
4
f 1/2 R 1/6
and N D 3 / 2 1h/ 2 Eq. (11)
2 g
d 4Rh
1
v R 2/3
h S
1/2
Eq. (12)
v
2 g
1/ 2
4 R h S1/2
1/ 2
Eq. (10)
ND
1/2
f .
.
Page 13
1. Manning
f R 1/3
N h
Eq. (11)
23 g
For a circular pipe, full
d
Rh
4
1
d 3
f
N 4
3
2 g
1
d3
f 1
N 4 3
23 g
1
f d3
N 2
23 2 3 g
1
f d3
N 11 Eq. (14)
23 g
.
Page 14
1. Manning
[3]
1 S 2 1/ 4
can be writen with high approximation as
1
Q A f -1/2 2 d g
1/ 2
for S 8 %, 0.9984 S1/2
1 S 2 1/ 4
1
for S 10 %, 0.9975
1 S 2 1/ 4 Modified Darcy equation
1/ 2
Thus equation 2d g
S1/2 Q A S1/2 Eq. (
Q A f N-1/2 2 R h g f
1/ 2
(8)
1 S
2 1/ 4
Page 16
.
can be writen with high approximation as
Q A f N-1/2 2 R h g
1/ 2
S1/2 (9)
1
for S 10 %, 0.9975
1 S 2 1/ 4 Modified Darcy equation
1/ 2
Thus equation 2d g
1. Manning
S1/2 Q A S1/2 Eq. (
2 R h g f
-1/2 1/ 2
Q Af (8)
N
1 S 2 1/ 4
Manning equation
Q A f N-1/2 2 R h g
1/ 2
S1/2 (9)
.
1/2 1/6
R 2/3
h S
1/2
v Rh 3 S 2 Eq. (13)
ND
f R 1/3
h
Eq. (11)
f Rh N 3
2 g
Thus, a full equivalence between
23 / 2 g 1/ 2 .
Equation (12) and (13) requires that
ining N ND
f 1/2 R 1/6 Therefore, the Manning equation is
3 / 2 1h/ 2 Eq. (11) equivalent to the Darcy equation if
2 g
the Manning's coefficient is equivalent
1
R 2/3
h S
1/2
Eq. (12) to
ND f 1/2 R 1/6
N ND h
Eq. (11)
23 / 2 g 1/ 2
.
Page 17
1. Manning
An equation defining the Manning's coefficient and that makes that the
Manning's equation is equivalent to the Darcy-Weisbach equation
N: Manning's coefficient
1/3
f R
N ND h
Eq. (11)
23 g ND: Manning's coefficient required to m
1
f d 3
N 11 Eq. (14)
2 g
3
Page 18
1. Manning
Equating equations
L v2
Component of gravity force F f A f Eq. (5)
d 2
n the pipe direction and
F g A L sin( ) Page 19
F g A L
S
Eq. (6)
2
1 S
with
Equating equations
L v2
Component of gravity force F f A f Eq. (5)
d 2
1. Manning
n the pipe direction and
F g A L sin( ) F g A L
S
Eq. (6)
2
1 S
with
S L v2 S
sin( ) A f A L g
1 S2 d 2 1 S2
S f v2 S
F g A L (6) d 2
g
1 S 2 1 S2
S
v 2 f -1 2 d g
1 S2
S1/2
2d g
-1/2 1/ 2
vf Eq. (7)
1 S
2 1/ 4
Manning's equation
S1/2
d g
1/ 2
Eq.(8)
1 S
2 1/ 4
A 2 1
Page 21
1. Manning
N: Manning's coefficient
Page 22
1. Manning
Page 1 of 5
Page 2 of 5
Page 23
1. Manning
Page 3 of 5
Page 24
1. Manning
Page 4 of 5
Page 25
1. Manning
Page 5 of 5
Page 26
1a. Manning apps
g= 9.80665 m/s²
From [3], the Manning coefficient for a new unlined steel is 0.001
[3]
Page 27
1a. Manning apps
Page 28
1a. Manning apps
Page 29
1a. Manning apps
Page 30
1a. Manning apps
From [3], the Manning coefficient for a new unlined steel is 0.0110
That is, a value 15.5 % greater than the calculated value
Page 31
1a. Manning apps
Page 32
1a. Manning apps
Page 1 of 2
Page 2 of 2
Page 33
1a. Manning apps
Page 34
2. Hazen Williams
Q C 0.2787
L
C 0.85 Page d 2.63
1.6336 L
4 hf
C 1.85 0.27871
0.85 0.2787
41.63 1 L
0.54 hf
hf
Q
1
C 0.2787
L C 0.85 0.63 d 2 d 0.63
4 4 Q1.8
hf L
hf
0.54
Q Williams
2. Hazen C 0.2787
L
C 0.85 1.63
d 2.63 L
4 hf
C 1.85 0.27871
0.85 0.2787
41.63 1 L
hf
0.54 hf
Q 0.0941 C 1.85
L C 0.2787 d 2.63
L
. h f 10.626 1.85
C d
.
From
v 0.85 C Rh0.63 S 0.54 Eq. (a)
Q Av
Q 0.85 A C Rh0.63 S 0.54
Hazen - Williams
0.54
hf
Q 0.85 A C Rh0.63
L
h f 1.35
hf
0.54
Q
A1.85 C
L 0.85 A C Rh0.63
1
.
hf Q 0.54
1
L
0.85 A C R 0.63 0.54
h
L Q1.85
hf
0.85 A C R 0.63 1.85
h
L Q1.8
hf
0.851.85 A1.85 C 1.85 Rh0.631.85
L
hf Q1.85
0.740 A C 1.85 Rh1.166
1.85
L
h f 1.35 Q1.85 Eq. (d)
A1.85 C 1.85 Rh1.166
.
Page 37
2. Hazen Williams
Page 38
2. Hazen Williams
0.54
hf v
0.63
L d
0.85 C
4
1
A 4
d 0.85 C d
Rh 4
P d
Page 39
d v1.85
Rh hf L
4
0.85 C 0.25 d
0.63 1.85
v 0.85 C Rh0.63 S 0.54 Eq. (a) v1.85
0.63 h L
4
1
0.54
hf Q
L C 0.2787 d 2.63
1
Q 0.54
hf L 1
C 0.2787 d 2.63 0.54
Q1.85
hf L
C 0.2787 d 2.63 1.85
L 1.85
hf Q Page 40
Q1.85
hf L
C 0.2787 d
2.63 1.85 2. Hazen Williams
L
hf 1.85 1.85 2.631.85
Q1.85
C 0.2787 d
1 L
hf 1.85 4.8674
Q1.85
0.0941 C d
L
h f 10.626 1.85 4.867 Q1.85 Eq. (c)
C d
.
Page 41
2. Hazen Williams
Page 42
2. Hazen Williams
[3]
3 1.85 v 0.85 C Rh0.63 S 0.54 Eq. (a)
.
Hazen Will2.iams equation for the
Hazen Williams
flow velocity
3 1.85 v 0.85 C Rh0.63 S 0.54 Eq. (a)
.
.63 1.85
631.85
d 0.631.85
Hazen Williams equation for the
1.166
Page 44
2. Hazen Williams
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/william-hazens-equation-d_645.html
Page 46
2. Hazen Williams
Page 1 of 4
Page 2 of 4
Page 47
2. Hazen Williams
Page 3 of 4
Page 48
2. Hazen Williams
Page 4 of 4
Page 49
2. Hazen Williams
Page 50
3. Darcy-Weisbach
32 L v
The pressure loss in a circular pipe p Pa
g d2
in laminar flow is given by the 64 L v2
p Pa
equation of Hagen - Poiseuille vd d 2g
Page 51
32 L v
p Pa Eq. (d)
p Pa
64 L v 2
d2 vd d 2g
or
32 L v
The pressure loss in a circular pipe p Pa
g d2
in laminar flow is given by the
3. Darcy-Weisbach 64 L v2
p Pa
equation of Hagen - Poiseuille vd d 2g
32 L v
p 2
Pa Eq. (d) p Pa
64 L v 2
d vd d 2g
or
32 L v 64 L v 2
p Pa
p (m) Eq. (e) Re d 2 g
g d2
64
. where the term is
Re
the friction factor in
laminar flow
64
f
Re
Thus,
L v2
p Pa f Eq. (f)
d 2g
.
p1 - p 2 g z P Replacing equation
- w 0 (g) A
L A Rh
P
p1 - p 2 g z w into equation
- 0
L A p1 - p 2 g z w
- 0
P L A
The first term represents the piezometric P
one gets
head loss of the length L
p1 - p 2 g z w
- 0
The piezometric head is L Rh
p* p g z (h) that can be writen
Page 53
Darcy - Weisbach friction loss equation
for a circular pipe
L
p f v 2 (Pa) Eq. (q)
3. Darcy-Weisbach d 2
.
Flow velocity derived from Darcy The Manning equation for the
equation velocity is
Page 54
1 1 2 1
v R 2/3
h S
1/2
Eq. (12) v Rh S 2
3 Eq. (13)
ND N
where Thus, a full equivalence between
1/2 1/6
3. Darcy-Weisbach
Flow velocity derived from Darcy The Manning equation for the
equation velocity is
1 1 2 1
v R 2/3
h S
1/2
Eq. (12) v Rh 3 S 2 Eq. (13)
ND N
where Thus, a full equivalence between
f 1/2 R 1/6 Equation (12) and (13) requires that
N D 3 / 2 1h/ 2
2 g N ND
f R 1/3 Therefore, the Manning equation is
ND h
Eq. (11)
3
2 g equivalent to the Darcy equation if
. the Manning' s coefficient is evaluated
according
f R 1/3
N h
Eq. (11)
23 g
.
Page 55
3. Darcy-Weisbach
Average
pressure
p1 Flow
Equating both forces direction
w P L p A
hus
Figure 1
p A Pressures acting on both end
w a fluid element
L P
efining the hydraulic radius as
A
h
P A
P
p
w R h (c)
L
Figure 2
Shear stress acting on the exteri
surface of the fluid element
oiseuille equation
laminar flow Pressure loss in turbulent flow
Replacing equation
A In turbulent incompressible flows in steady state
Rh (i)
P through uniform cross - section ducts, the shear
nto equation stress on the walls is approximately proportional
p1 - p 2 g z w to the square of the average velocity
- 0 (g)
L A 2
P w fF v (Pa) Eq. (n)
2
one gets w : shear stress at the wall (Pa)
p1 - p 2 g z w f F : Fanning friction factor (-)
- 0 (j)
L Rh : fluid density (kg/m³)
that can be writen v : flow velocity (m/s)
p1* - p*2 w .
- 0 (k)
L Rh
nd for a length element dx
Page 57
dp* w
- 0 (L)
dx Rh
hus
*
p1 - p 2 g z w
- 0 (j)
L Rh
that can be writen
p1* - p*2 w
- 0 (k) 3. Darcy-Weisbach
L Rh
nd for a length element dx
dp* w
- 0 (L)
dx Rh
hus
dp*
w Rh (m)
dx
.
iction loss
(p)
L 2
n factor p f v (q)
4 Rh 2
riction factor f
Darcy - Weisbach fric
of section, valid also f
For a circular pipe with full
L
flow section p Pa f F v 2
Rh 2
(q) 2
d L 2
4 d p Pa f v
Rh
d 4 4 Rh 2
f L
p v 2
4 d 2 Darcy - Weisbach fric
y - friction factor f 4 for a full circular pipe
L
p f v 2 (Pa) (r) 2
d 2 d
A 4 d
Rh
P d 4
Darcy - Weisbach friction loss equation L
p Pa f v 2
for a circular pipe with a full flow section d 2
L 2
Pa) Eq. (q) p f v (Pa) (r)
d 2 f F : Fanning friction f
. f : Darcy - Weisbach f
iction loss equation
.
Page 58
iction loss equation
Page 59
1
2
Eq. (13)
uivalence between
3. Darcy-Weisbach
equation for the
1
2
Eq. (13)
uivalence between
and (13) requires that
Manning equation is
he Darcy equation if
coefficient is evaluated
Eq. (11)
Page 60
3. Darcy-Weisbach
Page 1 of 6
Average
pressure
Flow p2
direction
Figure 1
Pressures acting on both ends of
a fluid element
A
P
gure 2
ear stress acting on the exterior
rface of the fluid element
Page 2 of 6
Page 61
3. Darcy-Weisbach
Page 3 of 6
Replacing equation
2
w fF v (Pa) (n)
2
into equation
p1 - p 2 g z w
- 0 (j)
L Rh
one obtains
fF v2
p1 - p 2 g z 2
- 0
L Rh
L
p1 - p 2 g z f F v 2
Rh 2
L
p1 - p 2 f F v 2 g z Page
(o) 62
Rh 2
.
2
fF v
p1 - p 2 g z 2
- 0
L Rh
L
p1 - p 2 g z f F v 2
Rh 23. Darcy-Weisbach
L
p1 - p 2 f F v 2 g z (o)
Rh 2
.
Page 4 of 6
Page 63
3. Darcy-Weisbach
Page 5 of 6
Page 6 of 6
Page 64
3. Darcy-Weisbach
Page 65
4. Channels
Manning equation
1
Expression of Darcy - Weisbach
A 2
Q Rh 3 S 2 equation, for channels
N
1 8g Rh S
2
v N 1 Rh 3 S 2 v (t)
f
1
1 2
8g
v Rh 3 S 2 Eq. (13) v Rh S
N f
.
A
Q R 1/2
h S
1/ 2
(u)
f
8 g
.
Page 66
4. Channels
isbach equations
From sheet 1
Darcy - Weisbach
Flow velocity derived from Darcy
hannels
equation
S
(t) 1
v R 2/3
h S
1/2
Eq. (12)
ND
S .
f R 1/3
2
S 1/ 2 (u) ND h
Eq. (11)
23 g
Page 67
4. Channels
Page 68
4. Channels
Page 1 of 1
Page 69
5. Friction factors
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darcy_friction_factor_formulae#Swamee.E2.80.93Jain_equation
f= Pipe_Friction_Factor_Rrel_Re Swamee
RabsMM = 0.1 mm
dMM = 300 mm
Rrel = Rabs / d
Rrel = 0.000333333
Re = 100,000 -
f= #VALUE! fswamee =
Rabs =
Turbulent flow d=
Re =
fswamee =
1 Rabs 2.523
-0.869 ln
f 3.7 d R f
h
1 R 2.523
2 Log rel
f 3.71 Re f
Laminar flow
64
f
Re
Churchill equation for Darcy friction factor f, for laminar and turbulent flow
Spans all fluid-flow regimes
Rrel = 0.0003
Re = 100,000
B= ( 37530 / Re )^16
B= 1.54902E-07
Page 70
5. Friction factors
[7]
Laminar zone
Re <= 2000
Equation 2
Critical zone
2000 < Re < 4000
Flow is unstable and can exhibit either laminar or turbulent behavior
Page 71
5. Friction factors
Serghides equation
R 12
A -2 log10 abs
3.7 d Re
R 2.51 A
B -2 log10 abs
0.25 * ( Log10( Rabs/(3.7*d) + 5.74 / Re^0.9 ) )^-2 3 .7 d Re
R 2.51 B
0.1 mm C -2 log10 abs
3 .7 d Re
300 mm
100,000 - 1
A-
B A
2
0.01966 f C 2 B A
.
Page 72
5. Friction factors
Page 73
5. Friction factors
ides equation
RabsMM = 0.1 mm
dMM = 300 mm
R 12
-2 log10 abs Re = 100,000 -
3.7 d Re
R 2.51 A A= -2*LOG( Rabs/(3.7*d) + 12/Re )
2 log10 abs
3.7 d Re A= 7.355188865
R 2.51 B
2 log10 abs B= -2*LOG( Rabs/(3.7*d) + 2.51*A/Re )
3.7 d Re
B= 7.122265826
A -
B A 2
C 2 B A C= -2*LOG( Rabs/(3.7*d) + 2.51*B/Re )
C= 7.140950964
Page 74
5. Friction factors
Page 75
6. Colebrook
1 R 1.256
-4 Log rel (a)
fF 3.7 Re f F
f F : Fanning friction factor
Rabs
R rel
d
R rel : relative rugosity
R abs : absolute rugosity
d : pipe interior diameter
Re : Reynolds number
vd
Re
.
1 2 R 2.512
Ln rel
f Ln(10)
3.71 Re f
2
0.8686
Ln(10)
1 R 2.512
0.8686 Ln rel (e)
f 3.71 Re f
.
Page 78
6. Colebrook
Darcy - Weisbach friction factor for a full Darcy - Weisbach friction factor for a full
pipe, Colebrook using natural logarithmus pipe, Colebrook using decimal logarithmus
1 Rabs 2.523
2 Log
1 Rabs 2.523 f 3.71 d Re f
-0.869 ln (5.8.7)
f 3.71 d Re f
Log10 (z) Ln(z) / Ln(10) For a general shape, replacing
Ln(z) Ln(10) Log10 (z) Rh d / 4 d 4 Rh
1 Rabs 2.523 1 Rabs 2.523
-Ln(10) 0.869 Log 2 Log
3.71 4 R
f 3.71 d Re f f h Re f
1 Rabs 2.523 1 Rabs 2.523
-2.3026 0.869 Log 2 Log
f 3.71 d Re f
f Page 80 14.84 R h Re f
. .
10 For a general shape, replacing
Ln(z) Ln(10) Log10 (z) Rh d / 4 d 4 Rh
1 Rabs 2.523 1 Rabs 2.523
-Ln(10) 0.869 Log 2 Log
f 3.71 d Re f
f 3.71 4 R h Re f
6. Colebrook
1 Rabs 2.523 1 Rabs 2.523
-2.3026 0.869 Log 2 Log
14.84 R
f 3.71 d Re f f h Re f
. .
Page 81
6. Colebrook
Decimal logarithmus
Darcy
Fanning
Natural logarithmus
Darcy
1 R 2.512
0.8686 Ln rel (e)
f 3.71 Re f
.
Fanning
1 R 1.256
1.737 Ln rel (f)
fF 3.71 Re f
F
.
1 Rabs 2.523
2 Log
f 3.71 d Re f
1 R 2.523
2 Log rel
f For a 3general
.71 Re f
shape
Page 83
6. Colebrook
1 Rabs 2.523
2 Log
f 14.84 R h Re f
Page 84
6. Colebrook
Page 1 of 3
Page 2 of 3
Page 85
6. Colebrook
Page 3 of 3
Page 86
6. Colebrook
Page 87
[1]
[2]
[3]
[5]
Carlos J. Cruz
www.piping-tools.net
[email protected]
[6] Slurry pumping manual
Warman International Ltd.
1st edition, 2002
Microsoft Equation
3.0