Implement ByteStr and ByteString types

Approved ACP: rust-lang/libs-team#502
Tracking issue: rust-lang#134915

These types represent human-readable strings that are conventionally,
but not always, UTF-8. The `Debug` impl prints non-UTF-8 bytes using
escape sequences, and the `Display` impl uses the Unicode replacement
character.

This is a minimal implementation of these types and associated trait
impls. It does not add any helper methods to other types such as `[u8]`
or `Vec<u8>`.

I've omitted a few implementations of `AsRef`, `AsMut`, `Borrow`,
`From`, and `PartialOrd`, when those would be the second implementation
for a type (counting the `T` impl) or otherwise may cause inference
failures. These impls are important, but we can attempt to add them
later in standalone commits, and run them through crater.

In addition to the `bstr` feature, I've added a `bstr_internals` feature
for APIs provided by `core` for use by `alloc` but not currently
intended for stabilization.

This API and its implementation are based *heavily* on the `bstr` crate
by Andrew Gallant (@BurntSushi).

Author: joshtriplett