The verifier may toss coins, ask repeated questions of the prover, and run efficient tests upon the prover's responses before deciding whether to be convinced.
Private coins versus public coins in interactive proof systems. Authors: S Goldwasser S Goldwasser Computer Science Department, MIT View Profile
We provide two transformations: The first transformation—or weak duality—converts any private coin zero-knowledge proof into a public-coin zero- knowledge ...
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The probabilistic, nondeterministic, polynomial time Turing machine is defined and shown to be equivalent in power to the interactive proof system and to ...
The technique used to establish these results is a transformation from private-coin protocols into Sam-relativized public-coin protocols; for the case of fully ...
Nov 7, 2023 · In fact, IP[k] is often explicitly used to mean private coins, while AM[k] is used to mean public coins. ... Public Coins in Interactive Proof ...
The result is that public-coin and private-coin protocols are roughly equivalent. In fact, as Babai shows in 1988, AM[k]=AM for all constant k, so the IP[k] ...
Nov 28, 2019 · In a public coin protocol the honest verifier will always send random coins as their messages. A malicious verifier is under no obligation to do so.
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Aug 30, 2019 · Public coins versus private coins. A crucial aspect of interactive proofs is the verifier's randomness. Whereas we can assume, without loss of ...
Sep 25, 2017 · 3 From Private Coins to Public Coins. In our IPS protocol above, it is crucial that the verifier's private coins are not revealed to the prover,.