Duba tsatso na Shaye-shaye

{{databox}}

'''Shaye-shaye''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''rashin amfani da barasa''' ('''AUD'''),<ref name="MESH2020">{{cite web|title=Alcoholism MeSH Descriptor Data 2020|url=https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000437|website=meshb.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=9 May 2020}}</ref> shine, gabadaya, duk wani shan barasa wanda ke haifar da matsalolin tunani ko na jiki.<ref>{{cite book|first=Jill|last=Littrell|title=Understanding and Treating Alcoholism Volume I: An Empirically Based Clinician's Handbook for the Treatment of Alcoholism: Volume Ii: Biological, Psychological, and Social Aspects of Alcohol Consumption and Abuse|date=2014|publisher=Taylor and Francis|location=Hoboken|isbn=978-1-317-78314-5|page=55|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2k57AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA55|quote=The World Health Organization defines alcoholism as any drinking which results in problems|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720112756/https://books.google.com/books?id=2k57AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA55|archivedate=20 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="NIH2013">{{cite web|title=Alcohol Use Disorder: A Comparison Between DSM–IV and DSM–5|url=http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/dsmfactsheet/dsmfact.htm|accessdate=9 May 2015|date=November 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518080640/http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/dsmfactsheet/dsmfact.htm|archivedate=18 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="DSM5">{{cite book|last1=Association|first1=American Psychiatric|title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5|date=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-0-89042-554-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/490 490–97]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/490}}</ref> A baya an raba cutar zuwa nau'i biyu: shan barasa da kuma barasa.<ref name="NIH2013" /><ref name="NIH2003">{{cite journal|last1=Hasin|first1=Deborah|title=Classification of Alcohol Use Disorders|volume=27|issue=1|pages=5–17|url=http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh27-1/5-17.htm|journal=Alcohol Research & Health : The Journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism|accessdate=28 February 2015|date=December 2003|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318014903/http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh27-1/5-17.htm|archivedate=18 March 2015|pmid=15301396|pmc=6676702}}</ref> A cikin yanayin likita, an ce shaye-shaye yana wanzuwa lokacin da abubuwa biyu ko fiye da haka sun kasance: mutum yana shan barasa mai yawa na tsawon lokaci, yana da wahalar yankewa, samun da shan barasa yana daukar lokaci mai yawa. , Barasa yana da karfi sosai, sakamakon amfani da rashin cika nauyin nauyi, sakamakon amfani da shi a cikin matsalolin zamantakewa, sakamakon amfani da matsalolin kiwon lafiya, sakamakon amfani da shi a cikin yanayi mai hadari, janyewa yana faruwa a lokacin tsayawa, kuma hakurin barasa ya faru tare da amfani.<ref name="NIH2013" /> Yin amfani da barasa na iya shafar dukkan sassan jiki, amma yana shafar kwakwalwa, zuciya, hanta, pancreas da tsarin rigakafi.<ref name="DSM5" /><ref name="NIHHx">{{cite web|title=Alcohol's Effects on the Body|url=http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/alcohols-effects-body|accessdate=9 May 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603230352/http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/alcohols-effects-body|archivedate=3 June 2015|date=14 September 2011}}</ref> Shaye-shaye na iya haifar da tabin hankali, delirium tremens, ciwo na Wernicke-Korsakoff, bugun zuciya na yau da kullun, rashin amsawar rigakafi, hanta cirrhosis da hadaka hadarin kansa.<ref name="DSM5" /><ref name="NIHHx" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Romeo|first6=Ascensión|pmid=17922947|issn=0007-1145|doi=10.1017/S0007114507838049|pages=S111–115|volume=98 Suppl 1|journal=The British Journal of Nutrition|title=Moderate alcohol consumption and the immune system: a review|date=October 2007|last6=Marcos|first1=Javier|first5=Sonia|last5=Gómez-Martinez|first4=Ligia E.|last4=Díaz|first3=Esther|last3=Nova|first2=Julia|last2=Wärnberg|doi-access=free}}</ref> Sha a lokacin daukar ciki na iya haifar da rashin lafiyar barasa na tayin.<ref name="FAS2015">{{cite web|title=Fetal Alcohol Exposure|url=http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/fetal-alcohol-exposure|accessdate=9 May 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404182156/http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/fetal-alcohol-exposure|archivedate=4 April 2015|date=14 September 2011}}</ref> Gabadaya mata sun fi maza kula da illolin barasa, da farko saboda karancin nauyin jikinsu, karancin ƙarfin sarrafa barasa, da yawan kitsen jiki.<ref name="WHO2014">{{cite book|title=Global status report on alcohol and health 2014|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-069276-3|pages=8, 51|url=http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msb_gsr_2014_1.pdf?ua=1|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413011848/http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msb_gsr_2014_1.pdf?ua=1|archivedate=13 April 2015}}</ref>

Abubuwan muhalli da kwayoyin halitta abubuwa biyu ne da ke da alaqa da shaye-shaye, tare da kusan rabin hadarin da aka danganta ga kowane.<ref name="DSM5" /> Wanda ke da iyaye ko dan'uwa mai shaye-shaye ya fi sau uku zuwa huɗu damar zama mashawarcin da kansa.<ref name="DSM5" /> Abubuwan muhalli sun haɗa da tasirin zamantakewa, al'adu da halaye.<ref name="Agarwal-Kozlowski-2000">{{cite journal|last1=Agarwal-Kozlowski|first1=K|last2=Agarwal|first2=DP|title=[Genetic predisposition for alcoholism]|journal=Ther Umsch|volume=57|issue=4|pages=179–84|date=April 2000|pmid=10804873|doi=10.1024/0040-5930.57.4.179}}</ref> Babban matakan damuwa da damuwa, da kuma farashin barasa mara tsada da sauƙi mai sauƙi, yana ƙara haɗarin.<ref name="DSM5" /><ref name="Moon2012">{{cite journal|last1=Moonat|first1=S|last2=Pandey|first2=SC|title=Stress, epigenetics, and alcoholism|journal=Alcohol Research : Current Reviews|date=2012|volume=34|issue=4|pages=495–505|pmid=23584115|pmc=3860391}}</ref> Mutane na iya ci gaba da sha don hana ko inganta alamun janyewar.<ref name="DSM5" /> Bayan mutum ya daina shan barasa, za su iya samun ƙarancin janyewar da zai yi na tsawon watanni.<ref name="DSM5" /> A likitance, ana daukar shaye-shaye duka cuta ce ta jiki da ta kwakwalwa.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mersy|first1=DJ|title=Recognition of alcohol and substance abuse|journal=American Family Physician|date=1 April 2003|volume=67|issue=7|pages=1529–32|pmid=12722853}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Health and Ethics Policies of the AMA House of Delegates|page=33|url=http://www.ama-assn.org/ad-com/polfind/Hlth-Ethics.pdf|accessdate=10 May 2015|date=June 2008|quote=H-30.997 Dual Disease Classification of Alcoholism: The AMA reaffirms its policy endorsing the dual classification of alcoholism under both the psychiatric and medical sections of the International Classification of Diseases. (Res. 22, I-79; Reaffirmed: CLRPD Rep. B, I-89; Reaffirmed: CLRPD Rep. B, I-90; Reaffirmed by CSA Rep. 14, A-97; Reaffirmed: CSAPH Rep. 3, A-07)|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320143132/http://www.ama-assn.org/ad-com/polfind/Hlth-Ethics.pdf|archivedate=20 March 2015}}</ref> Tambayoyi da wasu gwaje-gwajen jini na iya gano yiwuwar shan giya.<ref name="DSM5" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Higgins-Biddle|first1=John C.|last2=Babor|first2=Thomas F.|date=2018|title=A Review of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), AUDIT-C, and USAUDIT for Screening in the United States: Past Issues and Future Directions|journal=The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse|volume=44|issue=6|pages=578–586|doi=10.1080/00952990.2018.1456545|issn=0095-2990|pmc=6217805|pmid=29723083}}</ref> Sannan ana tattara ƙarin bayani don tabbatar da ganewar asali.<ref name="DSM5" />

Ana iya ƙoƙarin rigakafin shaye-shaye ta hanyar tsarawa da iyakance siyar da barasa, sanya harajin barasa don ƙara farashinsa, da ba da magani mara tsada.<ref>{{cite web|author=World Health Organization|title=Alcohol|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs349/en/|accessdate=10 May 2015|date=January 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523020339/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs349/en/|archivedate=23 May 2015}}</ref> Maganin shaye-shaye na iya ɗaukar nau'i da yawa.<ref name="Blondell-2005">{{cite journal|last=Blondell|first=RD|title=Ambulatory detoxification of patients with alcohol dependence|journal=Am Fam Physician|volume=71|issue=3|pages=495–502|date=February 2005|pmid=15712624}}</ref> Saboda matsalolin likita da zasu iya faruwa a lokacin janyewa, ya kamata a kula da tsabtace barasa a hankali.<ref name="Blondell-2005" /> Wata hanyar gama gari ta haɗa da amfani da magungunan benzodiazepine, kamar diazepam.<ref name="Blondell-2005" /> Ana iya ba da waɗannan ko dai yayin shigar da su a cibiyar kiwon lafiya ko kuma wani lokaci yayin da mutum ya kasance a cikin al'umma tare da kulawa sosai.<ref name="Blondell-2005" /> Ciwon hauka ko wasu abubuwan maye na iya dagula magani.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=DeVido|first1=JJ|last2=Weiss|first2=RD|title=Treatment of the depressed alcoholic patient|journal=Current Psychiatry Reports|date=December 2012|volume=14|issue=6|pages=610–08|pmid=22907336|doi=10.1007/s11920-012-0314-7|pmc=3712746}}</ref> Bayan cirewa, ana amfani da magungunan rukuni ko ƙungiyoyin tallafi don taimakawa mutum ya dawo shan giya.<ref name="Morgan-Lopez-2006">{{cite journal|last1=Morgan-Lopez|first1=AA|last2=Fals-Stewart|first2=W|title=Analytic complexities associated with group therapy in substance abuse treatment research: problems, recommendations, and future directions|journal=Exp Clin Psychopharmacol|volume=14|issue=2|pages=265–73|date=May 2006|pmid=16756430|doi=10.1037/1064-1297.14.2.265|pmc=4631029}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Albanese|first1=AP|title=Management of alcohol abuse|journal=Clinics in Liver Disease|date=November 2012|volume=16|issue=4|pages=737–62|pmid=23101980|doi=10.1016/j.cld.2012.08.006}}</ref> Wani nau'i na tallafi da aka saba amfani dashi shine ƙungiyar Alcoholics Anonymous.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tusa|first1=AL|last2=Burgholzer|first2=JA|title=Came to believe: spirituality as a mechanism of change in alcoholics anonymous: a review of the literature from 1992 to 2012|journal=Journal of Addictions Nursing|date=2013|volume=24|issue=4|pages=237–46|pmid=24335771|doi=10.1097/jan.0000000000000003}}</ref> Hakanan ana iya amfani da magungunan acamprosate, disulfiram ko naltrexone don taimakawa hana ci gaba da sha.<ref name="Test2014">{{cite journal|last1=Testino|first1=G|last2=Leone|first2=S|last3=Borro|first3=P|title=Treatment of alcohol dependence: recent progress and reduction of consumption|journal=Minerva Medica|date=December 2014|volume=105|issue=6|pages=447–66|pmid=25392958}}</ref>

Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta yi kiyasin cewa ya zuwa shekarar 2010, akwai mutane miliyan 208 da ke da shaye-shaye a duk duniya (kashi 4.1 na yawan mutanen da suka haura shekaru 15).<ref name="WHO2014" /><ref name="Pew2015">{{cite web|title=Global Population Estimates by Age, 1950–2050|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/01/30/global-population/|accessdate=10 May 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510001645/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/01/30/global-population/|archivedate=10 May 2015|date=30 January 2014}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2015 a Amurka, kusan miliyan 17 (7%) na manya da miliyan 0.7 (2.8%) na masu shekaru 12 zuwa 17 ne abin ya shafa.<ref name="NIH2015Stats">{{cite web|title=Alcohol Facts and Statistics|url=http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/alcohol-facts-and-statistics|accessdate=9 May 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081638/http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/alcohol-facts-and-statistics|archivedate=18 May 2015}}</ref> Shaye-shaye ya fi zama ruwan dare a tsakanin maza da matasa, kuma ba a cika samunsa ba a tsakiyar da tsufa.<ref name="DSM5" /> A geographically, ba shi da yawa a Afirka (1.1% na yawan jama'a) kuma yana da mafi girman ƙimar a Gabashin Turai (11%).<ref name="DSM5" /> Shaye-shaye ya haifar da mutuwar 139,000 kai tsaye a cikin shekarar 2013, sama da 112,000 da suka mutu a 1990.<ref name="GDB2013">{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first1=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|pmc=4340604}}</ref> An yi imanin cewa jimlar mutuwar miliyan 3.3 (5.9% na duk mace-mace) ta kasance ta hanyar barasa.<ref name="NIH2015Stats" /> Shaye-shaye na rage tsawon rayuwar mutum da kusan shekaru goma.<ref name="Schu2014">{{cite journal|last1=Schuckit|first1=MA|title=Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens)|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=27 November 2014|volume=371|issue=22|pages=2109–13|pmid=25427113|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1407298|url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/08b9z9th}}</ref> An yi amfani da kalmomin da yawa, wasu na zagi wasu kuma na yau da kullun, an yi amfani da su don yin nuni ga mutanen da shaye-shaye ya shafa; maganganun sun haɗa da ''tippler'', ''mashaya'', ''dipsomaniac'' da ''souse''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Chambers English Thesaurus|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-86062-04-3|page=175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IamKT5uk5lMC&pg=PA175}}</ref> A shekara ta 1979, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta hana amfani da "shaye-shaye" saboda rashin ma'anarsa, ta fifita "ciwon dogara ga barasa".<ref name="ladtpwho">{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/terminology/who_lexicon/en/|title=Lexicon of alcohol and drug terms published by the World Health Organization|author=WHO|publisher=World Health Organization|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205230313/http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/terminology/who_lexicon/en/|archivedate=5 February 2013}}</ref>

== Manazarta ==