Raphael
Raffaello Sanzio wanda aka fi sani da Raphael (Afrilu 6, 1483 - Afrilu 6, 1520) ya kasance mai zane-zane na Renaissance. Tare da Leonardo da Vinci da Michelangelo, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu zane-zane uku na Babban Renaissance.
An fi saninsa da zane-zane na Madonna da Christ Child da kuma zane-zanen da ya yi a fadar Vatican a birnin Rome na Italiya.
Ana sha'awar aikinsa saboda bayyananniyar sigarsa, sauƙi na haɗawa, da nasarar gani na maƙasudin Neoplatonic na girman ɗan adam.[1] Tare da Leonardo da Vinci da Michelangelo, ya kafa Triniti na gargajiya na manyan masters na wancan lokacin.[2] Mahaifinsa ya kasance mai zanen kotu ga mai mulkin ƙaramar birnin Urbino amma mai yawan al'ada. Ya mutu lokacin da Raphael ke da shekaru goma sha ɗaya, kuma da alama Raphael ya taka rawa wajen gudanar da bitar iyali tun daga wannan lokacin. Ya horar da a cikin bitar na Perugino, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin cikakken horar da "master" ta 1500. Ya yi aiki a ko da dama birane a arewacin Italiya har a 1508 ya koma Roma bisa gayyatar da Paparoma Julius II, ya yi aiki a kan Fadar Apostolic a fadar Vatican. An ba shi jerin ayyuka masu mahimmanci a can da sauran wurare a cikin birni, kuma ya fara aiki a matsayin gine-gine. Har yanzu yana kan iyakar ikonsa a mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1520. Raphael ya kasance mai fa'ida sosai, yana gudanar da wani babban taron bita da ba a saba gani ba, kuma, duk da mutuwarsa da wuri yana da shekara 37, ya bar babban aiki. Ayyukansa sun faɗi a zahiri zuwa matakai uku da salo uku, wanda Giorgio Vasari ya fara bayaninsa: shekarunsa na farko a Umbria, sannan tsawon kusan shekaru huɗu (1504-1508) yana ɗaukar al'adun fasaha na Florence, sannan ya biyo bayansa na ƙarshe da nasara goma sha biyu. shekaru a Roma, yana aiki ga Paparoma guda biyu da abokansu na kusa[3]. Yawancin ayyukansa suna samuwa a cikin Fadar Vatican, inda frescoed Raphael Rooms sune tsakiya, kuma mafi girma, aikin aikinsa. Mafi sanannun aikin shine Makarantar Athens a cikin Vatican Stanza della Segnatura. Bayan shekarunsa na farko a Roma, yawancin aikinsa an kashe shi ta wurin bitarsa daga zane-zanensa, tare da asarar inganci. Ya kasance mai matukar tasiri a rayuwarsa, ko da yake a wajen Rome aikinsa ya kasance sananne ne daga aikin bugawa na haɗin gwiwa. Raphael, Makarantar Athens Raphael, Cardinal da Ayyukan Tauhidi, 1511 Bayan mutuwarsa, tasirin babban abokin hamayyarsa Michelangelo ya zarce nasa har zuwa ƙarni na 18 da 19, lokacin da aka sake ɗaukar halayen Raphael mafi natsuwa da jituwa a matsayin mafi girman samfura. Godiya ga tasirin masanin tarihin fasaha Johann Joachim Winckelmann, aikinsa ya zama babban tasiri a kan zanen Neoclassical, amma daga baya za a yi watsi da fasaharsa a fili da kuma jaddadawa daga kungiyoyi irin su Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.
Sharar Fage
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Raphael a ƙaramin birni amma mai fasaha a tsakiyar Italiya na Urbino a cikin yankin Maris,[4] inda mahaifinsa Giovanni Santi ya kasance mai zanen kotu ga Duke. Federico da Montefeltro, babban ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne ya kafa kotun, wanda Paparoma Sixtus IV ya ƙirƙira Duke na Urbino - Urbino ya kasance wani yanki na Papal States - kuma wanda ya mutu shekara da ta gabata kafin a haifi Raphael. Babban mahimmancin kotun Federico ya fi na fasaha, amma Giovanni Santi mawaƙi ne kuma mai zane, kuma ya rubuta tarihin rayuwar Federico, kuma dukansu sun rubuta rubutun kuma sun samar da kayan ado don maski-kamar. nishaɗin kotu. Wakarsa ga Federico tana nuna masa yana da sha'awar nuna wayewar kan manyan masu zanen Italiyanci na Arewa, da kuma masu fasaha na farko na Netherland. A cikin ƙaramar kotun Urbino, mai yiwuwa ya kasance cikin tsakiyar da'irar gidan sarauta fiye da yawancin masu zanen kotu.[5] Ɗansa Guidobaldo da Montefeltro ne ya gaje Federico, wanda ya auri Elisabetta Gonzaga, 'yar sarkin Mantua, mafi kyawun ƙaramar kotunan Italiya don kiɗa da fasahar gani. A karkashin su, kotun ta ci gaba da zama cibiyar al'adun adabi. Girma a cikin da'irar wannan ƙaramar kotu ya ba Raphael kyawawan ɗabi'u da ƙwarewar zamantakewa da Vasari ya jaddada.[6] Rayuwar kotu a Urbino bayan wannan lokacin ya zama abin koyi na kyawawan halaye na kotunan ɗan adam ta Italiya ta hanyar Baldassare Castiglione ya kwatanta shi a cikin babban aikinsa na Littafin Kotun, wanda aka buga a 1528. Castiglione ya koma Urbino a 1504. , lokacin da Raphael bai kasance a can ba amma ana yawan ziyarta, kuma sun zama abokai na kwarai. Raphael ya kasance kusa da sauran baƙi na yau da kullun zuwa kotu: Pietro Bibbiena da Pietro Bembo, dukansu kardinalan daga baya, sun riga sun zama sanannun marubuta, kuma daga baya za su kasance a Roma a lokacin Raphael a can. Raphael ya haɗu cikin sauƙi a cikin mafi girman da'ira a duk rayuwarsa, ɗayan abubuwan da ke ba da ra'ayi mai ɓatarwa na rashin ƙoƙari ga aikinsa. Bai sami cikakken ilimin ɗan adam ba; ba a san yadda yake karanta Latin cikin sauƙi ba[7].
Shekarun Baya da Aiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mahaifiyar Raphael Màgia ta rasu a shekara ta 1491 lokacin da yake da shekaru takwas, sai mahaifinsa wanda ya riga ya sake yin aure a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 1494. Raphael ya kasance marayu a sha ɗaya; Waliyinsa na yau da kullun ya zama kawun mahaifinsa kawai, Bartolomeo, firist, wanda daga baya ya shiga shari'a tare da mahaifiyarsa. Wataƙila yaron ya ci gaba da zama tare da mahaifiyarsa lokacin da bai zauna a matsayin koyo da ubangida ba. Ya riga ya nuna hazaka, in ji Vasari, wanda ya ce Raphael ya kasance “mai matukar taimako ga mahaifinsa”[8]. Hoton kansa daga shekarun samartaka yana nuna halinsa.[9] Bitar mahaifinsa ya ci gaba kuma, watakila tare da mahaifiyarsa, Raphael ya taka rawa wajen sarrafa ta tun yana karami. A cikin Urbino, ya sami hulɗa da ayyukan Paolo Uccello, wanda a baya mai zanen kotu (d. 1475), da Luca Signorelli, wanda har zuwa 1498 ya kasance a Città di Castello kusa.[10].
A cewar Vasari, mahaifin Raphael ya sanya shi a cikin bitar Umbrian master Pietro Perugino a matsayin almajiri "duk da hawayen mahaifiyarsa"[11]. an yi jayayya; takwas ya yi da wuri don fara koyon horo. Wata ka’ida kuma ita ce, yaron ya sami aƙalla horo daga Timoti Viti, wanda ya zama mai zanen kotu a Urbino daga 1495.[12]. Yawancin masana tarihi na zamani sun yarda cewa Raphael aƙalla ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki ga Perugino daga kusan 1500; Tasirin Perugino akan aikin farko na Raphael a bayyane yake: “wataƙila babu wani ɗalibi mai hazaka da ya taɓa ɗaukar koyarwar ubangidansa kamar yadda Raphael ya yi”, in ji Wölflin.[13]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ On Neoplatonism, see Chapter 4, "The Real and the Imaginary" Archived December 16, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, in Kleinbub, Christian K., Vision and the Visionary in Raphael, 2011, Penn State Press, ISBN 978-0271037042
- ↑ See, for example, Honour, Hugh; Fleming, John (1982). A World History of Art. London: Macmillan Reference Books. p. 357. ISBN 978-0333235836. OCLC 8828368.; " Britannica online, "High Renaissance": "High Renaissance art, which flourished for about 35 years, from the early 1490s to 1527, when Rome was sacked by imperial troops, revolved around three towering figures: Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), Michelangelo (1475–1564), and Raphael (1483–1520
- ↑ Vasari, pp. 208, 230 and passim
- ↑ Osborne, June. Urbino: The Story of a Renaissance City. p. 39 on the population, as a "few thousand" at most; even today it is only 15,000 without the students of the University.
- ↑ Jones and Penny, pp. 1–2
- ↑ Vasari:207 & passim
- ↑ Jones & Penny:204
- ↑ Vasari, at the start of the Life. Jones & Penny:5
- ↑ Ashmolean Museum "Image". z.about.com. Archived from the original on December 2, 2007.
- ↑ Jones and Penny: 4–5, 8 and 20
- ↑ After a visit to Verrocchio's workshop, Santi recorded that both Perugino and Leonardo da Vinci were present, and seems to have viewed them as being at an equivalent level in artistic skill. After Leonardo left for Milan, Santi chose Perugino from one of two available artists to teach his son.[15]
- ↑ Jones & Penny:8
- ↑ contrasting him with Leonardo and Michelangelo in this respect. Wölfflin:73