The thesis describes the process that led to the design, construction and testing of a new wearable orthotic device for supporting upper-limb rehabilitation in children affected by Childhood Dyskinesia. The work starts presenting an analysis of the solutions already implemented and in use to treat Movement Disorders, investigating more in detail the neurophysiological basis of these kinds of diseases, and hypothesising a new approach to offer a valid relief. The principal requirements of the new solution, are that the orthosis be dynamic and wearable, that it impart a sufficient force field to help repositioning, support and control the voluntary motion, and dampen the involuntary ones, but mild enough to avoid hindrance to movement, while still being perceived as a stimulating sensory feedback. Moreover, the device should be fully customised, to transfer correctly the forces and be comfortable, thus augmenting the efficacy. The idea of this new approach led to the second step of the thesis, i.e. the study and the selection of some functional material, that could fulfil the technical requirements and the initial working hypothesis. In particular, the thesis presents the dynamic viscoelastic core of the orthosis, i.e. parts made of NiTi-based alloys, a class of metallic materials displaying nonlinear stress-strain relationships and damping capacity. The section about the materials finishes by illustrating the specific treatments to optimise the functional elements, and characterising their mechanical behaviour. Another important point is personalisation. The process to fully customise the dynamic device requires to deal with the construction of all the parts of the orthosis and the interfaces between the device and the limb, in order to increase the comfort and the efficacy. To accomplish this aim, in the thesis is presented an innovative method based on optoelectronic stereophotogrammetry for all-in-one-frame acquisition of upper-arm geometry and a process for the design and production of wearable orthoses. This section describes the entire procedure to acquire data from the subject, virtually design the device, and physically construct and assemble it. This method provides all the quantitative data necessary to construct the orthosis without constraining the affected limb or subjecting the patients to annoyingly long acquisition sessions. Furthermore the method allows to design and modify the device as much as needed to fulfil all the anatomical and functional requirements before it is delivered to the subject. Once the new customised dynamic wearable orthoses for the upper limb have been developed, it has been necessary to devise a protocol to test them on the affected patients, and evaluate the performance of the devices. To achieve this, a specialised method to collect kinematic data from dyskinetic patients has been created, together with a dedicated acquisition protocol, a home-written MatLab code to extract relevant kinematic parameters, and a post-processing method to evaluate the patients’ status and the results of a rehabilitation treatment. Normality data from healthy young volunteers have been obtained as well, and used first to test the whole experimental procedure and then as a baselines of comparison for the tracings measured from the patients. To conclude the study, five children affected by Childhood Dyskinesia have been enrolled and the thesis presents the results of five single-case trials conducted on those patients. The clinical trials were aimed at assessing the effect of the pseudoelastic orthoses on posture and movement control, and include the evaluation of the patients in 2 different conditions (with and without orthosis) at 2 milestones: before and after a one-month’s rehabilitation treatment. The methods comprised clinical scales, videos, interviews and the ad-hoc quantitative kinematic analysis based on the home-written subroutines devised for this purpose. The orthoses have been well accepted by all the subjects; they reported to have used them for far more hours than the minimum suggested by the clinicians. The quantitative evaluations reported a positive effect in terms of repositioning for the more dystonic patients and a more functional help for the hyperkinetic patients. On the whole, our findings give a fairly broad overview of all the aspects concerning the new orthotic treatment, from its design and construction to its use and effects. Finally we tried to suggest possible improvements and future perspectives.
La tesi presenta il processo che ha condotto alla progettazione, alla costruzione e infine alla valutazione di un nuovo dispositivo ortesico indossabile per il supporto alla riabilitazione dell’arto superiore in bambini affetti da Discinesia Infantile. Il lavoro inizia presentando un’analisi delle soluzioni già sviluppate e ad oggi in uso per il trattamento dei Disturbi del Movimento, investigando nel dettaglio le basi neurofisiologiche di questa classe di malattie ed ipotizzando un nuovo approccio che possa offrire un valido aiuto. Sono stati così delineati i requisiti del nuovo dispositivo proposto e in particolare, che l’ortesi sia dinamica ed indossabile, fornisca una forza correttiva che aiuti nel riposizionamento, sia di supporto e controllo per i movimenti volontari e smorzi quelli involontari; tali forze dovranno essere altresì sufficientemente basse da evitare di impedire il movimento pur essendo percepite, inducendo così una stimolazione sensoriale. Inoltre il dispositivo dovrà essere totalmente personalizzato sulle caratteristiche anatomiche e funzionali del paziente, trasferendo correttamente le forze per essere al contempo confortevole e massimizzare l’efficacia del trattamento terapeutico. L’idea di questo nuovo approccio porta alla seconda parte della tesi, che riguarda lo studio e la selezione dei materiali funzionali che possano esaudire i tecnici requisiti richiesti per tale applicazione. In particolare parte della tesi è focalizzata sullo studio delle leghe di NiTi, una classe di materiali metallici che possiedono caratteristiche sforzo-deformazioni non lineari e una elevata capacità di smorzamento, potendo pertanto essere utilizzate come nucleo dinamico viscoelastico delle ortesi progettate. La sezione sui materiali si conclude illustrando i trattamenti termomeccanici specifici volti all’ottimizzazione della lega e alla caratterizzazione del suo comportamento meccanico per la presente applicazione. Un altro aspetto fondamentale del nuovo dispositivo proposto è rappresentato dalla personalizzazione. Il processo di personalizzazione dell’ortesi dinamica ha preso in considerazione non solo tutte le parti dell’ortesi stessa, ma anche l’interfaccia tra il dispositivo e l’arto al fine di incrementarne il comfort e l’efficacia. A tale scopo è stato messo a punto un metodo innovativo basato sulla stereofotogrammetria optoelettronica per l’acquisizione delle superfici corporee e quindi la ricostruzione della geometria dell’arto superiore, e il processo necessario per la progettazione e la costruzione delle ortesi indossabili. Questa sezione della tesi descrive l’intera procedura per acquisire i dati dai soggetti, progettare il dispositivo, costruirlo in tutte le sue parti ed assemblarlo, senza richiedere una partecipazione continuativa e spesso fastidiosa per il paziente. Il metodo inoltre consente di progettare e modificare variamente il dispositivo al fine di adattarlo perfettamente alle caratteristiche anatomiche del soggetto e ai requisiti funzionali prima di consegnarlo per l’uso. Dopo aver sviluppato il nuovo dispositivo indossabile per l’arto superiore, è stato necessario sviluppare il protocollo sperimentale per testarlo sui pazienti al fine di valutarne l’efficacia. A tale scopo, è stato creato un metodo per l’acquisizione dei dati di cinematica ottenuti tramite uso del sistema optoelettronico, una serie di programmi MatLab per l’estrazione dei parametri di cinematica e il relativo metodo per la valutazione dello stato del paziente prima e dopo il trattamento. Sono stati acquisiti altresì dei soggetti sani con lo scopo di testare e validare l’intera procedura sperimentale prima della prova sui pazienti discinetici e per poter disporre dei tracciati da usare come riferimento per i pazienti. La tesi presenta poi, come ultima parte, una serie di 5 single-case trial clinici per valutare l’effetto delle ortesi pseudoelastiche su 5 pazienti pediatrici discinetici. Lo studio prevedeva 2 differenti condizioni (con e senza ortesi) in due tempi differenti: prima e dopo un mese di trattamento con il dispositivo. Il protocollo comprendeva la valutazione tramite scale cliniche, video, commenti dei genitori e dei terapisti e l’analisi cinematica preparata ad hoc. L’ortesi è stata ben accettata da tutti i pazienti: hanno riportato di averla utilizzata per molte più ore rispetto a quelle suggerite dai medici di riferimento. Le valutazioni quantitative hanno mostrato un effetto positivo in termini di riposizionamento dell’arto paretico per i pazienti maggiormente distonici, mentre i soggetti maggiormente ipercinetici hanno riportato un miglioramento funzionale nell’arto testato. In conclusione lo studio offre un’ampia osservazione di tutti gli aspetti riguardanti il nuovo trattamento ortesico dinamico funzionale, dalla sua progettazione fino all’utilizzo e i suoi effetti.
Development and evaluation of smart-material based solutions for the mechanical control of Movement Disorders
GARAVAGLIA, LORENZO ELIA
Abstract
The thesis describes the process that led to the design, construction and testing of a new wearable orthotic device for supporting upper-limb rehabilitation in children affected by Childhood Dyskinesia. The work starts presenting an analysis of the solutions already implemented and in use to treat Movement Disorders, investigating more in detail the neurophysiological basis of these kinds of diseases, and hypothesising a new approach to offer a valid relief. The principal requirements of the new solution, are that the orthosis be dynamic and wearable, that it impart a sufficient force field to help repositioning, support and control the voluntary motion, and dampen the involuntary ones, but mild enough to avoid hindrance to movement, while still being perceived as a stimulating sensory feedback. Moreover, the device should be fully customised, to transfer correctly the forces and be comfortable, thus augmenting the efficacy. The idea of this new approach led to the second step of the thesis, i.e. the study and the selection of some functional material, that could fulfil the technical requirements and the initial working hypothesis. In particular, the thesis presents the dynamic viscoelastic core of the orthosis, i.e. parts made of NiTi-based alloys, a class of metallic materials displaying nonlinear stress-strain relationships and damping capacity. The section about the materials finishes by illustrating the specific treatments to optimise the functional elements, and characterising their mechanical behaviour. Another important point is personalisation. The process to fully customise the dynamic device requires to deal with the construction of all the parts of the orthosis and the interfaces between the device and the limb, in order to increase the comfort and the efficacy. To accomplish this aim, in the thesis is presented an innovative method based on optoelectronic stereophotogrammetry for all-in-one-frame acquisition of upper-arm geometry and a process for the design and production of wearable orthoses. This section describes the entire procedure to acquire data from the subject, virtually design the device, and physically construct and assemble it. This method provides all the quantitative data necessary to construct the orthosis without constraining the affected limb or subjecting the patients to annoyingly long acquisition sessions. Furthermore the method allows to design and modify the device as much as needed to fulfil all the anatomical and functional requirements before it is delivered to the subject. Once the new customised dynamic wearable orthoses for the upper limb have been developed, it has been necessary to devise a protocol to test them on the affected patients, and evaluate the performance of the devices. To achieve this, a specialised method to collect kinematic data from dyskinetic patients has been created, together with a dedicated acquisition protocol, a home-written MatLab code to extract relevant kinematic parameters, and a post-processing method to evaluate the patients’ status and the results of a rehabilitation treatment. Normality data from healthy young volunteers have been obtained as well, and used first to test the whole experimental procedure and then as a baselines of comparison for the tracings measured from the patients. To conclude the study, five children affected by Childhood Dyskinesia have been enrolled and the thesis presents the results of five single-case trials conducted on those patients. The clinical trials were aimed at assessing the effect of the pseudoelastic orthoses on posture and movement control, and include the evaluation of the patients in 2 different conditions (with and without orthosis) at 2 milestones: before and after a one-month’s rehabilitation treatment. The methods comprised clinical scales, videos, interviews and the ad-hoc quantitative kinematic analysis based on the home-written subroutines devised for this purpose. The orthoses have been well accepted by all the subjects; they reported to have used them for far more hours than the minimum suggested by the clinicians. The quantitative evaluations reported a positive effect in terms of repositioning for the more dystonic patients and a more functional help for the hyperkinetic patients. On the whole, our findings give a fairly broad overview of all the aspects concerning the new orthotic treatment, from its design and construction to its use and effects. Finally we tried to suggest possible improvements and future perspectives.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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THESIS_PhD_Lorenzo_Garavaglia_XXIX_cycle.pdf
Open Access dal 03/05/2018
Descrizione: Tesi di Dottorato Lorenzo Garavaglia
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/133115