Modul Guru Chapter 2
Modul Guru Chapter 2
Modul Guru Chapter 2
2
Sel Sebagai Unit Asas Hidupan
Cell as the Basic Unit of Life
PETA Konsep
SEL SEBAGAI UNIT ASAS HIDUPAN
CELL AS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE
Organ
Organ
Nota
Sistem
System
Organisma
Organism
Tujuan Memerhatikan sel pipi manusia dan sel epidermis bawang dengan menggunakan mikroskop
Aim
To observe human cheek cell and epidermal cell of onion using a microscope
BAB
Bahan Pencungkil gigi, bawang, air suling, larutan metilena biru dan larutan iodin
Materials
Toothpick, onion, distilled water, methylene blue solution and iodine solution
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Radas Kertas turas, slaid kaca, mikroskop, penutup kaca, pisau, forseps, penitis dan jarum tenggek
Apparatus
Filter paper, glass slide, microscope, cover slip, knife, forceps, dropper and mounting pin
Slaid kaca
Glass slide
1. Gunakan pisau kecil untuk memotong sebahagian daun sisik sukulen bawang besar dengan
cermat.
By using a razor blade, carefully cut some inner scale leaves of the onion.
2. Kupil lapisan epidermis dalam daun sisik sukulen bawang dengan menggunakan forseps.
Peel off the inner epidermal layer of onion scale leaves by using a forceps.
3. Letakkan lapisan epidermis di atas slaid kaca dan titiskan setitik larutan iodin ke atasnya.
Place the epidermal layer on a glass slide and add a drop of iodine solution on it.
4. Dengan menggunakan jarum tenggek, letakkan kaca penutup di atas spesimen tanpa
memerangkap gelembung udara dengan perlahan-lahan.
By using a mounting pin, slowly place a cover slip on the specimen without trapping any air bubbles.
5. Gunakan kertas turas untuk menyerap larutan iodin yang berlebihan.
Use filter paper to absorb excess iodine solution.
6. Perhatikan sel epidermis bawang di bawah mikroskop dengan menggunakan kanta objek
kuasa rendah, diikuti dengan kanta objek kuasa tinggi. Lukiskan dan labelkan sel epidermis
2
bawang pada ruang yang disediakan.
Examine the epidermal cells of an onion under the microscope by using low power objective lens followed by high
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power objective lens. Draw and label the epidermal cells of an onion in the space provided.
Perbincangan 1. Mengapakah larutan metilena biru dan larutan iodin digunakan dalam eksperimen ini?
Discussion
Why are methylene blue solution and iodine solution used in this experiment? TP 3 Mengaplikasi
Larutan-larutan ini digunakan untuk mewarnakan sel supaya struktur sel dapat
dilihat dengan jelas.
These solutions are used to colour the cells so that the cell structures can be seen clearly.
2. Berdasarkan pemerhatian yang diperoleh, kelaskan sel-sel yang diperhatikan kepada sel
haiwan dan sel tumbuhan. TP 4 Menganalisis
Based on the observation, classify the cells into animal cell and plant cell.
3. Apakah perbezaan antara sel pipi dengan sel epidermis bawang dari segi bentuk? TP 2
What is the difference between cheek cells and epidermal cells of an onion in terms of shape?
Sel pipi berbentuk tidak tetap. Sel epidermis bawang mempunyai bentuk tetap .
A cheek cell does have a fixed shape. An epidermal cell of onion has a fixed shape.
4. Berdasarkan pemerhatian anda, nyatakan dua struktur yang terdapat pada kedua-dua sel
haiwan dan sel tumbuhan. TP 2
Based on your observations, state two structures that can be found in both animal cell and plant cell.
Membran sel / Sitoplasma / Nukleus
Cell membrane / Cytoplasm / Nucleus
Kesimpulan 1. Sel ialah unit asas hidupan. / A cell is a basic unit of life.
Conclusion
2. Sel haiwan mempunyai membran sel , nukleus , sitoplasma dan
mitokondria manakala sel tumbuhan mempunyai membran sel , dinding sel ,
sitoplasma , nukleus , vakuol , mitokondria dan kloroplas.
Animal cells have cell membrane , nucleus , cytoplasm and mitochondria while plant
cells have membrane , cell wall , cytoplasm , nucleus , vacuole ,
mitochondria and chloroplast.
1. Namakan struktur sel haiwan dan sel tumbuhan dalam rajah berikut. TP 1
Name the structures of animal and plant cells in the following diagram.
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(b) Nukleus Mengawal semua aktiviti sel dan mengandungi kromosom yang
Nucleus membawa maklumat genetik
Controls all the activities of cell and contains chromosomes which carry genetic information
(c) Vakuol Memberi sokongan kepada sel apabila dipenuhi sap sel
Vacuole Supports the cell when filled with cell sap
(e) Dinding sel Menyokong dan memberi bentuk yang tetap kepada sel
Cell wall Supports and gives a fixed shape to the cell
(g) Membran sel Mengawal pergerakan bahan ke dalam dan ke luar sel
Cell membrane Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell
3. Tandakan (✓) bahagian-bahagian yang terdapat dalam sel haiwan dan sel tumbuhan. TP 2
Tick (✓) the parts that are present in an animal cell and a plant cell.
Sel haiwan ✓ ✓ ✓
2
Animal cell
Sel tumbuhan
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✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Plant cell
4. Lengkapkan peta buih berganda berikut untuk membanding dan membezakan sel tumbuhan dan sel haiwan.
Complete the following double bubble map to compare and contrast plant cell and animal cell. TP 2
-THINK
Ada nukleus
Have a nucleus
Tiada bentuk
Bentuk
yang tetap yang tetap
Fixed shape No fixed shape
Mempunyai
Ada Tiada
dinding sel
mitokondria dinding sel
Has cell wall No cell wall
Have
mitochondria
Tiada
Sel Ada membran
Ada kloroplas Sel haiwan kloroplast
tumbuhan
Has chloroplast Plant cell sel Animal cell No chloroplast
Have cell
membrane
Ada vakuol
Has vacuole Ada Tiada vakuol
sitoplasma No vacuole
Have cytoplasm
microscope .
2. Apakah organisma unisel? TP 2
What is a unicellular organism?
Organisma unisel terdiri daripada satu sel sahaja.
Unicellular organism consists of only one cell.
3. Apakah organisma multisel? TP 2
What is a multicellular organism?
Organisma multisel terdiri daripada lebih daripada satu sel.
Multicellular organism consists of more than one cell.
4. Namakan mikroorganisma di bawah. TP 2
Name the microorganisms below.
5. Kelaskan organisma unisel dan multisel berikut dalam peta pokok di bawah. TP 2
Classify the following unicellular and multicellular organisms in the tree map below.
Mikroorganisma
Microorganism -THINK
Unisel Multisel
Unicellular Multicellular
Tarikh:
2
Sel saraf Sel epitelium Sel pembiakan Sel darah putih Sel darah merah Sel otot
BAB
Nerve cells Epithelial cells Reproductive cells White blood cells Red blood cells Muscle cells
Epidermis
Stoma Epidermis
Stoma
1. Nyatakan urutan yang betul bagi organisasi sel dalam organisma dan lengkapkan setiap pernyataan. TP 2
State the right order of cell organisation in an organism and complete each of the statements.
BAB
2
(a) Sel (b) Tisu (c) Organ (d) Sistem (e) Organisma
2. Lengkapkan jadual di bawah tentang sistem dalam badan manusia dan fungsinya. TP 2
Complete the following table on systems in the human body and their functions.
(c) Sistem saraf Membawa maklumat dari otak ke seluruh badan dalam
Nervous system impuls
bentuk
Carries information from brain to body parts as impulses
(d) Sistem peredaran darah Mengangkut oksigen , karbon dioksida, nutrien dan hormon
Blood circulatory system dalam badan
Transports oxygen , carbon dioxide, nutrients and hormone in the body
(h) Sistem respirasi Membolehkan pertukaran gas antara darah dan persekitaran luar
2
Respiratory system Enables gaseous exchange between blood and external environment
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Integumentary system Protects the body
(j) Sistem limfa Mengalirkan bendalir limfa ke dalam saluran darah dan
Lymphatic system
mempertahankan badan daripada jangkitan
Channels lymphatic fluid into blood vessels and protects the body against infections
Tarikh:
Standard Kandungan 2.2 Respirasi sel dan fotosintesis
3. Tuliskan Benar pada pernyataan yang betul dan Palsu pada pernyataan yang salah. TP 2
Write True for the correct statement and False for the wrong statement.
4. Lengkapkan persamaan perkataan di bawah tentang proses respirasi sel dan fotosintesis. TP 2
Complete the word equation below about cell respiration process and photosynthesis.
Radas Bikar, penunu Bunsen, tabung uji, rod kaca, kasa dawai, tungku kaki tiga, jubin putih, penitis,
Apparatus
forseps dan jam randik
Beaker, Bunsen burner, test tube, glass rod, wire gauze, tripod stand, white tile, dropper, forceps and stopwatch
Prosedur
Procedure
(a) (b)
Penitis
Dropper
Jubin putih
White tile
(c) (d)
1. Rendamkan daun segar di dalam sebuah bikar berisi air mendidih selama lima minit.
Immerse the fresh leaf in a beaker of boiling water for five minutes.
2. Gunakan forseps untuk memindahkan daun dari bikar itu ke dalam tabung uji yang berisi
alkohol.
Use the forceps to transfer the leaf from the beaker to a test tube filled with alcohol.
3. Masukkan tabung uji ke dalam sebuah bikar berisi air panas selama beberapa minit sehingga
daun itu tidak lagi berwarna hijau.
Place the test tube into a beaker of hot water for several minutes until the leaf is no longer green in colour.
Tip Praktikal
4. Keluarkan daun daripada alkohol dan celupkan ke dalam air panas di dalam bikar tadi.
Remove the leaf from the alcohol and dip it into the hot water in the beaker.
5. Bentangkan daun di atas jubin putih. Titiskan beberapa titis larutan iodin ke atas daun.
Perhatikan warna daun itu.
Spread the leaf on a white tile. Add a few drops of iodine solution on the leaf. Observe the colour of the leaf.
Pemerhatian Daun itu berwarna biru tua apabila diuji dengan larutan iodin.
2
Observation
BAB
Perbincangan 1. Nyatakan tujuan menjalankan langkah-langkah yang berikut dalam aktiviti ini.
Discussion
State the purposes of carrying out the following steps in the activity.
Langkah Tujuan
Step Purpose
Kesimpulan Jika kanji hadir dalam daun, daun itu akan menjadi biru tua apabila diuji dengan
Conclusion
larutan iodin.
If starch is present in a leaf, the leaf turns blue-black when tested with iodine solution.
Bahan Tanaman pasu, larutan iodin, alkohol dan larutan natrium hidroksida
Materials
Potted plants, iodine solution, alcohol and sodium hydroxide solution
Radas Bikar, penunu Bunsen, tabung uji, rod kaca, kasa dawai, tungku kaki tiga, jubin putih, penitis,
Apparatus
forseps, spatula, serkup kaca dan kepingan kaca
Beakers, Bunsen burner, test tube, glass rod, wire gauze, tripod stand, white tile, dropper, forceps, spatula, bell jar and
glass piece
Tip Praktikal
Serkup kaca
Bell jar
Tanaman pasu
Potted plant
Video
Prosedur 1. Simpan pasu S dan T dalam keadaan gelap selama dua hari.
Procedure
Keep pot S and T in the dark for two days.
2. Sediakan susunan radas seperti dalam Rajah (a).
Set up the apparatus as shown in Diagram (a).
3. Letakkan pasu S dan T di bawah cahaya matahari selama tiga jam.
Place pot S and T under the sunlight for three hours.
4. Petik daun dari pasu S dan T dan jalankan ujian kanji.
Pluck the leaves from both pots S and T and test for the presence of starch.
Kaedah 1. Pasu S dan T disimpan dalam keadaan gelap selama dua hari.
Method
Pot S and T were kept in the dark for two days.
2
Pot S and T were placed under the sunlight for three hours.
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The leaves were plucked from both pots S and T and the presence of starch was tested.
Pemerhatian
Pasu
Observation S T
Pot
(b) pasu T : Fotosintesis tidak berlaku kerana karbon dioksida tidak hadir dalam set T
pot T : Photosynthesis did not occur because carbon dioxide was not present in set T
2. Apakah tujuan meletakkan pasu S dan T dalam keadaan gelap selama dua hari? TP 2
What is the purpose of placing pot S and T in in the dark for two days?
2. Hipotesis diterima .
The hypothesis is accepted .
Radas Bikar, penunu Bunsen, tabung uji, rod kaca, kasa dawai, tungku kaki tiga, jubin putih, penitis
Apparatus
dan forseps
Beakers, Bunsen burner, test tube, glass rod, wire gauze, tripod stand, white tile, dropper and forceps
Klip kertas
Paper clip
C
A
Video B Kertas hitam
Black paper
Prosedur 1. Simpan tanaman pasu dalam keadaan gelap selama dua hari.
Procedure
Keep a potted plant in the dark for two days.
2. Pilih sehelai daun daripada tumbuhan tersebut.
Choose a leaf from the plant.
3. Tutup sebahagian daripada daun dengan sehelai kertas hitam menggunakan klip kertas
seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.
Cover a part of the leaf with a piece of black paper using paper clips as shown in the diagram.
4. Dedahkan pasu tersebut di bawah cahaya matahari selama tiga jam.
Expose the pot under the sunlight for three hours.
5. Petik daun yang ditutup dengan kertas hitam untuk menjalankan ujian kanji.
Pluck the leaf covered with black paper to test the presence of starch.
Kaedah 1. Tanaman pasu disimpan dalam keadaan gelap selama dua hari.
Method
A potted plant was kept in the dark for two days.
3. Sebahagian daripada daun ditutup dengan sehelai kertas hitam menggunakan klip kertas
seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.
A part of the leaf was covered with a piece of black paper using paper clips as shown in the diagram.
2
5. Daun yang ditutup dengan kertas hitam dipetik untuk menjalankan ujian kanji.
BAB
The leaf covered with black paper was plucked to test the presence of starch.
Keputusan
Result Ujian kanji
Starch test
Bahagian daun
Part of the leaf
Pemerhatian Kehadiran kanji
Observation Presence of starch
Perbincangan 1. Berdasarkan pemerhatian anda, lukiskan satu rajah berlabel untuk menunjukkan keputusan
Discussion
yang diperoleh. TP 2
Based on your observations, draw a labelled diagram to show the results obtained.
Biru tua
Blue-black
Perang
Brown
Biru tua
Blue-black
2. Hipotesis diterima .
The hypothesis is accepted .
Pemboleh Ubah (a) yang dimanipulasikan / that is manipulated : Kehadiran klorofil / Presence of chlorophyll
Variables
(b) yang bergerak balas / that is responding :
Kehadiran kanji / Presence of starch
Radas Bikar, penunu Bunsen, tabung uji, rod kaca, kasa dawai, tungku kaki tiga, jubin putih, penitis
Apparatus
dan forseps / Beaker, Bunsen burner, test tube, glass rod, wire gauze, tripod stand, white tile, dropper and forceps
Prosedur 1. Petik sehelai daun bervariegasi yang telah didedahkan pada cahaya matahari selama dua jam.
Procedure
Pluck a variegated leaf that has been exposed to sunlight for two hours.
2. Uji kehadiran kanji pada daun. Lukis dan labelkan pemerhatian anda.
Test the leaf for the presence of starch. Draw and label your observation.
1. Sehelai daun bervariegasi yang telah didedahkan pada cahaya matahari selama dua jam
Kaedah
Method
dipetik.
A variegated leaf that has been exposed to sunlight for two hours was plucked.
Pemerhatian
Observation
Perang
Brown
Biru tua
Blue-black
Perbincangan 1. Apakah itu klorofil? / What is chlorophyll? Pigmen hijau dalam daun / The green pigment in leaves
Discussion
2. Bahagian hijau daun mengandungi klorofil.
The green part of the leaf contains chlorophyll.
3. Daun tidak bervariegasi tidak sesuai digunakan kerana hanya mempunyai
bahagian berwarna hijau yang menghasilkan kanji.
Non-variegated leaf not suitable because it only has green part which produces starch.
Tarikh:
2
Pernyataan Adakah air diperlukan untuk fotosintesis?
BAB
Masalah Is water needed for photosynthesis?
Problem statement
Pemboleh Ubah (a) yang dimanipulasikan / that is manipulated : Kehadiran air / Presence of water
Variables
(b) yang bergerak balas / that is responding :
Kehadiran kanji / Presence of starch
2. Pasu A disiram dengan air setiap hari. Manakala, pasu B tidak disiram.
The plant in pot A was watered daily. Whereas, pot B was not watered.
3. Sehelai daun dipetik daripada kedua-dua pasu selepas 7 hari dan ujian kanji dilakukan.
A leaf was plucked from both pots after 7 days and the presence of starch was tested.
Pemerhatian
Observation Pasu Keadaan daun Ujian kanji
Pot Condition of leaf Starch test
A Segar / Fresh Daun bertukar menjadi biru tua / Leaf turns blue-black
B Layu / Wilt Daun bertukar menjadi perang / Leaf turns brown
1. Lengkapkan jadual berikut tentang perbezaan antara respirasi sel dan fotosintesis.
Complete the following table on differences between cell respiration and photosynthesis.
BAB
Proses yang membebaskan Tenaga diserap atau Proses yang menyerap tenaga
tenaga dibebaskan?
Process that absorbs energy
Energy absorbed or
Process that releases energy released?
Pada semua organisma hidup Berlaku pada Pada tumbuhan hijau dan
organisma mana? mikroorganisma
In all living organisms
Occurs in which organism? In green plants and microorganisms
Tarikh:
Praktis PT3
Bahagian A / Section A
1. Rajah 1 menunjukkan cara-cara penyediaan slaid bagi sel A C
2
epidermis bawang.
Diagram 1 shows the steps to prepare a slide of onion
BAB
epidermal cells.
Kertas turas
Filter paper
B D
Lapisan
epidemis
Epidermal
layer Larutan iodin
Iodine solution
J K
Jarum tenggek Lapisan epidemis 4. Encik Lim telah disahkan mengalami kegagalan buah
Mounting needle Epidermal layer
pinggang. Ini bermakna salah satu daripada sistem badan
Encik Lim akan berkurang kecekapannya. Apakah sistem
Penutup kaca
Cover glass tersebut?
Mr. Lim has been diagnosed to have kidney failure. This
L M means one of his body systems will be less efficient. What is
Rajah 1 / Diagram 1 the system affected?
A Sistem pencernaan
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah menunjukkan turutan
Digestive system
langkah yang betul? B Sistem pembiakan
Which of the following shows the correct sequence of the Reproductive system
steps?
C Sistem endokrin
A J, K, L, M Endocrine system
B K, J, M, L D Sistem perkumuhan
C M, J, L, K Excretory system
D M, K, J, L
5. Kotak di bawah menunjukkan bahan-bahan yang
2. Antara struktur berikut, yang manakah dijumpai dalam diperlukan untuk menjalankan proses fotosintesis.
sel daun tetapi tidak dalam sel otot? The box below shows the substances needed to carry out
Which of the following structures is found in a leaf cell but not photosynthesis process.
in a muscle cell?
A Nukleus Air Cahaya Bahan X
Nucleus Water Light Substance X
B Kloroplast
Chloroplast
C Sitoplasma Bahan X mungkin mewakili
Substance X probably represents
Cytoplasma
D Membran sel I Klorofil
Cell membrane Chlorophyll
II Baja
3. Pernyataan di bawah menunjukkan ciri-ciri bagi Fertiliser
organisma. III Garam mineral
The statements below show the characteristics of an Mineral salt
organisms. IV Karbon dioksida
Carbon dioxide
• Menjalankan semua proses hidup A I dan II
Carry out all life processes I and II
• Terdiri daripada hanya satu sel B III dan IV
Made up of only one cell III and IV
C II dan III
II and III
Antara organisma berikut, yang manakah mempunyai
D I dan IV
ciri-ciri yang dinyatakan di atas? I and IV
Which of these organisms has characteristics as stated
above?
Bahagian B / Section B
1. (a) Padankan peringkat organisasi sel dengan pernyataan yang betul.
MR01S7M
Match MRSM
the level of cell organisation with the correct statement.
2
Dua atau lebih organ yang bekerjasama untuk menjalankan fungsi tertentu.
BAB
Tisu
Two or more organs working together to carry out specific functions.
Tissue
Sekumpulan sel yang sama jenis yang menjalankan fungsi yang sama.
2
A group of cells of the same type carrying out the same function.
Sistem
System Unit asas bagi semua hidupan.
Basic unit for all living things.
[2 markah / 2 marks]
(b) Rajah 1 menunjukkan dua sistem dalam badan manusia. Apakah sistem M dan N?
Diagram 1 shows two systems in the human body. What are systems M and N?
M N
Rajah 1 / Diagram 1
M N
[2 markah / 2 marks]
Bahagian C / Section C
2. (a) Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan salah satu jenis fungsi hidup bagi benda hidup.
Diagram 2.1 shows one of the life's functions of living things.
• Membentuk sel baharu untuk menggantikan sel yang rosak / Forming new cells to replace damaged cells
• Untuk tumbesaran / For growth
[1 markah / 1 mark]
(b) Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan pemerhatian seorang murid setelah menjalankan satu aktiviti untuk mengkaji sel benda hidup di
2
bawah mikroskop.
Diagram 2.2 shows the observation of a student after carrying out an activity to study the cells of living things under a microscope.
BAB
Sel X / Cell X Sel Y // Cell
Sel Y CellsY Y
Rajah 2.2 / Diagram 2.2
Berdasarkan pemerhatian, kenal pasti sel X dan sel Y. Berikan alasan untuk menyokong jawapan anda.
Based on the observations, identify cell X and cell Y. Give reasons to support your answer.
• Sel X tidak mempunyai bentuk tetap, manakala sel Y mempunyai bentuk tetap.
Cell X does not have a fixed shape, while cell Y has a fixed shape.
• Sel X tidak mempunyai dinding sel, manakala sel Y mempunyai dinding sel.
Cell X does not have a cell wall, while cell Y has a cell wall.
[3 markah / 3 marks]
(c) Rajah 2.3 menunjukkan satu struktur sel yang wujud pada kedua-dua sel haiwan dan sel tumbuhan. Menilai
Diagram 2.3 shows a structure of cell which presents in both animal cell and plant cell.
Nukleus / Nucleus
[1 markah / 1 mark]
(ii) Terangkan tiga kepentingan struktur itu.
Explain the three importances of the structure.
[3 markah / 3 marks]
Cabaran
1. Mengapakah dinding sel pokok getah lebih kuat berbanding dengan
dinding sel pokok bunga matahari? PANDUAN MENJAWAB
Why is the cell wall of the rubber plant is strong compared to the cell wall of sunflower
BAB
pokok getah memerlukan dinding sel yang kuat dan tegar untuk Cell wall provides support, protection
and fixed shape to the cell.
menyokongnya berbanding dengan pokok bunga matahari.
Rubber trees will grow tall and big. Hence, their cells need stronger and more rigid cell walls
to support the plant compared to sunflower plant.
3. Amri mendapati ikan di dalam akuariumnya mati apabila bekalan elektrik Proses respirasi sel dan
di rumahnya putus untuk beberapa hari. Bapa Amri mencadangkan fotosintesis saling melengkapi.
supaya meletakkan beberapa tangkai rumpai air di dalam akuarium. Oksigen yang dihasilkan oleh
Wajarkan cadangan bapa Amri. Mengaplikasi tumbuhan hijau semasa
Amri found his fish have been died after a few days without electrical supply in his home. fotosintesis digunakan oleh
His father suggests to put some seaweeds inside the aquarium. Justify his father’s action. semua organisma untuk respirasi
sel.
Rumpai air menjalankan fotosintesis dan membebaskan oksigen. Maka, The processes of cell respiration and
photosynthesis complement each
ikan akan mendapat bekalan oksigen daripada rumpai air walaupun other. Oxygen produced by green
plants during photosynthesis is used
ketiadaan bekalan elektrik. by all organisms for cell respiration.
The seaweeds carry out photosynthesis and releases oxygen. Therefore, the fish will get
oxygen supply from the seaweed although without electrical supply.