KRISTALOGRAFI-2

Munasir (1109301002)

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 Kajian : Simetri Sistem Kristal

Unsur Simetri Kristal

Operasi Simetri Kristal
Bidang Kristal
Sistem kristal Bravais
Poin Group
Space Group

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 Kristalografi (2)

7 Sistem Kristal :
Triklinik
Monoklinik
Orthorombik
Tetragonal
Trigonal
Heksagonal
Kubik

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 7 Sistem Kristal (2)

Hexagonal : a = b ≠ c dan
 = β =90o ,  = 120o

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 7 Sistem Kristal (1)

Kubic : a = b = c dan
 = β =  = 90o
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 7 Sistem Kristal (3):
Karakteristik simetri

Crystal Characteristic Unit-Cell Independent

Syngony
System Symmetry Parameters Parameters

a ≠ b ≠ c; α ≠ β ≠
Triclinic 1× 1-fold -1 6
γ

a ≠ b ≠ c; α = γ =
Monoclinic 1× 2-fold 2/m 4
90°; β ≠ 90°

Orthorhom a ≠ b ≠ c; α = β =
3× 2-fold mmm 3
bic γ = 90°

a = b ≠ c; α = β =
Tetragonal 1× 4-fold 4/mmm 2
γ = 90°

Trigonal 6/mmm (P) a = b ≠ c; α = β =

1× 3-fold 2
(see note) -3m (R) 90°; γ = 120°

a = b ≠ c; α = β =
Hexagonal 1× 6-fold 6/mmm 2
90°; γ = 120°

a = b = c; α = β =
Cubic 4× 3-fold m-3m 1
γ = 90°
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 Kristal Bravais (1)

14 Kisi Bravais:
Triklinik (aP)
Monoklinik (mP, mC)
Orthorombik (oP,oC,oF, oI)
Tetragonal (tP, tI)
Trigonal (hR)
Heksagonal (hP)
Kubik (cP,cF,cI)

Catatan : hrf pertama menunjukan nama

sistem kristalnya & yg kedua menunjukan
pemusatan kisi

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 Kristal Bravais (2)

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 Kristal Bravais (2)

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 32 Crystals Classes (1)

Terbentuknya 32 jenis kristal yg baru ini didasarkan pada

peristiwa simetri poin group :
Independent
Bravais
Systems lattice Crystal classes
lattices
parameters

a=b=c
Cubic m3m, m3, 43m, 432, 23 P, I, F
α=β=γ=90°

a=b, c 4/mmm, 42m, 4mm,

Tetragonal P, F
α=β=γ=90° 422, 4/m, 4, 4

a=b, c
6/mmm, 6mm, 6m2,
Hexagonal α=β=90°, P
622, 6/m, 6, 6
γ=120°

a=b, c
α=β=90°,
10 Trigonal
γ=120°
3m, 3m, 32, 3, 3 R
 32 Crystals Classes (2)

Terbentuknya 32 jenis kristal yg baru ini didasarkan pada

peristiwa simetri poin group :
Independent
Bravais
Systems lattice Crystal classes
lattices
parameters

a, b, c P, C (or A or
Orthorhombic mmm, mm2, 222
α=β=γ=90° B), I, F
a, b, c
Monoclinic α=γ=90°, β 2/m, m, 2 P, C
(+cyclic perm.)
a, b, c
Triclinic 1, 1 P
α, β, γ

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 32 Crystals Classes : Poin Group

Crystal
32 Crystallographic Point Groups
System

Triclinic 1 -1

Monoclinic 2 m 2/m

Orthorhombic 222 mm2 mmm

Tetragonal 4 -4 4/m 422 4mm -42m 4/mmm

Trigonal 3 -3 32 3m -3m

Hexagonal 6 -6 6/m 622 6mm -62m 6/mmm

Cubic 23 m-3 432 -43m m-3m

Catatan : mangenta :centrosymmetric, merah :enantiomorphic,

dan huruf tebal :polar.

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 10 Crystals Classes : Poin Group Polar

Crystal System Polar Point Groups

Triclinic 1

Monoclinic 2 m

Orthorhombic mm2

Tetragonal 4 4mm

Trigonal 3 3m

Hexagonal 6 6mm

Cubic (None)

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 Laue Classes : Poin Group

Crystal System Laue Classes

Triclinic -1

Monoclinic 2/m

Orthorhombic mmm

Tetragonal 4/m 4/mmm

Trigonal -3 -3m

Hexagonal 6/m 6/mmm

Cubic m-3 m-3m

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 320 Sistem Kristal : Space Group (1)

Laue Crystal Lattice 230 3-Dimensional

Crystal System
Class Class Centring Space Groups
1 P1
Triclinic -1 P
-1 P-1
P P2, P21
2
C C2
P Pm, Pc
m
Monoclinic 2/m C Cm, Cc
P2/m, P21m, P2/c,
P
2/m P21c
C C2/m, C2/c

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 320 Sistem Kristal : Space Group (2)
Crystal Laue Crystal Lattice
230 3-Dimensional Space Groups
System Class Class Centring
P P222, P2221, P21212, P212121
C C222, C2221
222
F F222
I I222, I212121
Pmm2, Pmc21, Pcc2, Pma2, Pca21, Pnc2,
P
Pmn21, Pba2, Pna21, Pnn2
Cmm2, Cmc21, Ccc2,
mm2 C or A
Amm2, Abm2, Ama2, Aba2
Orthorhombic mmm
F Fmm2, Fdd2
I Imm2, Iba2, Ima2
Pmmm, Pnnn, Pccm, Pban, Pmma, Pnna,
P Pmna, Pcca, Pbam, Pccn, Pbcm, Pnnm,
Pmmn, Pbcn, Pbca, Pnma
mmm
C Cmmm, Cmcm, Cmca, Cccm, Cmma, Ccca
F Fmmm, Fddd
I Immm, Ibam, Ibcm, Imma

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 320 Sistem Kristal : Space Group (3)
Crystal Laue Crystal Lattice
230 3-Dimensional Space Groups
System Class Class Centring
P P4, P41, P42, P43
4
I I4, I41
P P-4
4/m -4
I I-4
P P4/m, P42/m, P4/n, P42/n
4/m
I I4/m, I41/a
P422, P4212, P4122, P41212, P4222,
P
422 P42212, P4322, P43212
I I422, I4212
P4mm, P4bm, P42cm, P42nm, P4cc,
Tetragonal P
4mm P4nc, P42mc, P42bc
I I4mm, I4cm, I41md, I41cd
P P-42m, P-42c, P-421m, P-421c
4/mmm -42m
I I-42m, I-42d
P P-4m2, P-4c2, P-4b2, P-4n2
-4m2
I I-4m2, I-4c2
P4/mmm, P4/mcc, P4/nbm, P4/nnc, P4/mbm, P4/mnc,
P P4/nmm, P4/ncc, P42/mmc, P42/mcm, P42/nbc,
4/mmm
P42/nnm, P42/mbc, P42/mcm, P42/nmc, P42/ncm
17 I I4/mmm, I4/mcm, I41/amd, I41/acd
 320 Sistem Kristal : Space Group (4)
Crystal Laue Crystal Lattice
230 3-Dimensional Space Groups
System Class Class Centring
P P3, P31, P32
3
R R3
-3
P P-3
-3
R R-3
312 P312, P3112, P3212
P
P321, P3121, P3221
321
Trigonal R R32
31m P31m, P31c
P
-3m P3m1, P3c1
3m1
R R3m, R3c
-31m P-31m, P-31c
P
P-3m1, P-3c1
-3m1
R R-3m, R-3c
6 P6, P61, P62, P63, P64, P65
6/m -6 P-6
6/m P6/m, P63/m
P622, P6122, P6222, P6322, P6422,
622 P6522
Hexagonal P
P6mm, P6cc, P63cm, P63mc
6mm
18 6/mmm
-6m2
P-6m2, P-6c2
 320 Sistem Kristal : Space Group (5)
Crystal Laue Crystal Lattice 230 3-Dimensional Space
System Class Class Centring Groups
P P23, P213
23 F F23
I I23, I213
m-3
P Pm-3, Pn-3, Pa-3
m-3 F Fm-3, Fd-3
I Im-3, Ia-3
P P432, P4232, P4332, P4132
432 F F432, F4132
Cubic I I432, I4132
P P-43m, P-43n
-43m F F-43m, F-43c
m-3m I I-43m, I-43d
Pm-3m, Pn-3n, Pm-3n, Pn-
P
3m
m-3m Fm-3m, Fm-3m, Fd-3m,
F
Fd-3c
I Im-3m, Ia-3d

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 (3). Bidang & Arah Kristal

 Bidang Kristal

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 kemudian tentukan inversnya :

(3). Bidang & Arah Kristal (lanjut-1)

Langkah Menentukan Bidang Kristal & Arah

Kristal dg Indek Miller :
Ambil perbandingan titik potong dan
sumbu2 kristal yang bersangkutan
Kemudian tentukan Inversnya kumpulan bilangan
tersebut dapat
disederhanakan
menjadi bilangan bulat
terkecil yang
menyatakan indeks
Miller, dan selanjutnya
dinyatakan dengan
notasi (hkl)

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 (3). Bidang & Arah Kristal (lanjut-2)

 Bidang Kristal

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 (3). Bidang & Arah Kristal (lanjut-3)

 Bidang Kristal

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 (3). Bidang & Arah Kristal (lanjut-4)

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 (3). Bidang & Arah Kristal (lanjut-5)

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 (3). Bidang & Arah Kristal (lanjut-6)

Jarak antar Bidang

dalam Indeks Miller
yang Sama

Jarak antar bidang dengan indeks yang

sama perlu diketahui. Jika n
menyatakan faktor bersama yang akan
membagi indeks bidang menjadi
bilangan bulat terkecil, maka jarak antar
bidang berindeks (hkl) adalah :

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 (3). Bidang & Arah Kristal (lanjut-7)

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 (3). Bidang & Arah Kristal (lanjut-8)

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 Struktur Kristal pada Logam

Sebenarnya struktur kristal

pada logam itu cukup
banyak jenisnya, misalnya :
Face Centered Cubic,
Orthohombic, dll. Berikut ini
akan disajikan masalah
Face Centered Cubic
(FCC), dan Body Centered
Cubic pada kristal logam

Kristal Struktur BCC

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= 0,68 =68%.

Struktur Kristal pada Logam (lanjut-1)

Atomic Packing Factor (APF) ialah

Fraksi Volume yang diisi oleh atom,
yang secara matematis diperoleh dari
Volume atom pada unit cell satuan
dibagi dengan Volume unit cell satuan.

Kristal Struktur BCC

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 Struktur Kristal pada Logam (lanjut-2)

Kristal Struktur FCC

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 Struktur Kristal pada Logam (lanjut-3)

Struktur Fase Fe

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 Crystal Systems
 Unit cell has at least as
much symmetry as crystal
itself
– Unit cell defines the crystal
system
 Geometry of 3D polyhedral
solids
– Defined by axis length and
angle
– Applies to both megascopic
crystals and unit cells
– Results in geometric
arrangements of
 Faces (planes)
 Edges (lines)
 Corners (points)
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 Crystal Systems:
6 (or 7, including Trigonal)
 Defined by symmetry
– Physical manipulation resulting in repetition
 Symmetry elements
– Center of symmetry = center of gravity; every face,
edge and corner repeated by an inversion (2 rotations
about perpendicular axis)
– Axis of symmetry = line about which serial rotation
produces repetition; the number of serial rotations in
360° rotation determines “foldedness”: 1 (A1), 2 (A2), 3
(A3), 4 (A4), 6 (A6)
– Plane of symmetry = plane of repetition (mirror plane)
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 The 6 Crystal Systems
 Cubic (isometric)
– High symmetry: 4A3
– a=b=c
– All angles 90°

 Tetragonal
– 1A4
– a=b≠c
– All angles 90°
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 The 6 Crystal Systems
 Hexagonal (trigonal)
– 1A6 or 1A3
– a=b≠c
– α = β = 90°; γ = 120°

 Orthorhombic
– 3A2 (mutually perpendicular)
– a≠b≠c
– All angles 90°
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 The 6 Crystal Systems
 Monoclinic
– 1A2
– a≠b≠c
– α = γ = 90°; β ≠ 90°

 Triclinic
– 1A1
– a≠b≠c
– α ≠ β ≠ γ ≠ 90°
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 Sekian, Terimakasih

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