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Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "Beef cattle"
Tags: [1] [[MidiaWiki:Cx-nkowapagelink|NtugharịỌdịnaya]]
Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "Bull"
Ahiri 1: Ahiri 1:


[[Usòrò:WhiteBull.jpg|alt=Blonde d'Aquitaine bull|thumb|Nwa ehi nke Blonde d'Aquitaine.]]
[[Usòrò:A_Friesian_Bull,_Llandeilo_Graban_-_geograph.org.uk_-_579885.jpg|thumb|Ehi nke Holstein Friesian]]
[[Usòrò:Tajimagyu1.jpg|alt=Japanese wagyu bull|thumb|Ehi wagyu nke Japan n'ugbo dị n'ebe ugwu Kobe]]
[[Usòrò:Taureau_charolais_au_pré.jpg|thumb|Ehi Charolais]]
Oke ehi bụ nwoke na-adịghị emebi emebi (ya bụ, a naghị atụpụrụ ya) okenye nke ụdị Bos taurus (ehi). Ndị nwere ahụ ike ma na-eme ihe ike karịa ụmụ nwanyị nke otu ụdị (ntụgharị ehi kwesịrị ekwesị), oke ehi abụwo ihe nnọchianya dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ okpukpe, gụnyere maka ịchụ àjà. Ụmụ anụmanụ ndị a na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu n'ịzụ anụ ehi, ọrụ ugbo mmiri ara ehi, na ihe omume egwuregwu na omenala dị iche iche, gụnyere ọgụ ehi na ịnya ehi.
Anụ ehi bụ ehi a zụlitere maka imepụta anụ (dị ka a na-esi na ehi mmiri ara ehi, nke eji eme mmiri ara ehi). Anụ anụ nke tozuru oke ma ọ bụ nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okenye ka a na-akpọkarị anụ ehi. N'imepụta anụ ehi, e nwere usoro atọ bụ isi: arụ ọrụ ehi-ehi, nzụlite, na ọrụ nri nri. Usoro mmepụta nke anụmanụ na-amalite na ọrụ ehi-ehi; Emebere ọrụ a kpọmkwem ka ọ mụọ ehi maka ụmụ ha. Site n'ebe a ka a na-azụ ụmụ ehi maka nri nri. Anụ ọhịa ndị a na-eto kpọmkwem maka ebe nri bụ ndị a maara dị ka anụ ndị na-azụ nri, ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke anụmanụ ndị a bụ ịma abụba. Anụmanụ anaghị eto maka ebe a na-eri nri na-abụkarị nwanyị ma bụrụkwa ndị a na-akpọkarị nne ehi nọchiri anya. Ọ bụ ezie na isi ihe eji ehi ehi bụ mmepụta anụ, ihe ndị ọzọ eji eme ihe gụnyere akpụkpọ anụ, na ngwaahịa anụ ehi a na-eji swiit, ncha ntutu, ihe ịchọ mma, na insulin.


N'ihi àgwà ha, ijikwa ehi chọrọ ịkpachara anya.<ref name="BeCareful1902">O.C. Gregg, Ed., Minnesota Farmer's Institute Annual No. 15, Pioneer Press, St. Paul, Minn. (1902), at p. 125; The James Way, The James Manufacturing Co., Ft. Atkinson, Wisc. (1914), p. 103.</ref>
== Ịzụ nwa ehi na ịzụlite ==
E wezụga ịzụlite iji gboo mkpa maka mmepụta anụ ehi, ndị nwe ya na-ejikwa Ịzụlite ahọpụtara iji nweta àgwà ụfọdụ na ehi ha. Ihe atụ nke àgwà a chọrọ nwere ike ịbụ anụ na-adịghị ike <ref name="aps2350beef">{{Cite web|publisher=University of Guelph, Animal Sciences|title=Beef Production|accessdate=April 6, 2013|url=http://www.aps.uoguelph.ca/~gking/Ag_2350/beef.htm}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.aps.uoguelph.ca/~gking/Ag_2350/beef.htm "Beef Production"]. University of Guelph, Animal Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> ma ọ bụ iguzogide ọrịa. <ref name="RealAgriculture">{{Cite web|publisher=RealAgricultureOnline|title=Beef Research School: What's the Latest Research on Antimicrobial Resistance?|date=4 April 2013|accessdate=April 6, 2013|url=http://www.realagriculture.com/2013/04/beef-research-school-whats-the-latest-research-on-antimicrobial-resistance-whats-to-be-done/}}</ref> A na-ejikwa ụdị ndị a maara dị ka [[Dual-purpose breed|Ebumnuche abụọ]] emepụta anụ ehi. A họrọla ụdị ndị a maka ebumnuche abụọ n'otu oge, dị ka anụ ehi na mmepụta mmiri ara ehi, ma ọ bụ anụ ehi na mmiri ara ehi. Ụdị abụọ na-agụnye ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị Zebu nke India dị ka Tharparkar na Ongole Cattle. E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị kọntinent ndị a zụlitere maka nzube a. Simmental / Fleckvieh mbụ sitere na Switzerland bụ ihe atụ kachasị mma. Ọ bụghị naanị na ha bụ ụdị abụọ maka anụ ehi na mmiri ara ehi, mana n'oge gara aga, a na-ejikwa ha eme ihe maka ịdọrọ mmiri. Otú ọ dị, n'ime ọgbọ niile, ụdị ahụ ekewaala n'ìgwè abụọ site na ịzụlite nhọrọ.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Better Dairy Cow|title=The History of Fleckvieh Dual Purpose Cattle|date=10 October 2014|accessdate=February 1, 2018|url=http://betterdairycow.com/dairy-cows/history-of-fleckvieh-dual-purpose-cattle/}}</ref>


== Nomenclature ==
A na-ejikọta ọtụtụ ehi anụ n'ụzọ okike, ebe a na-ahapụ ehi n'ime ìgwè ehi ihe dịka ụbọchị 55 mgbe oge ịmụ nwa gasịrị, dabere na akara ọnọdụ ahụ ehi (BCS). Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ oge mbụ ehi na-amụ nwa, ọ ga-ewe ogologo oge iji mụọ ọzọ ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụbọchị 10.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources|title=Pregnant cows, timing of pregnancy, open cows, pregnancy rate|accessdate=February 1, 2018|url=https://beef.unl.edu/pregnantcows#howlong}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, a pụkwara ịzụlite ehi anụ site na insemination aka, dabere na ehi na ogo nke ìgwè ehi ahụ.<ref name="aps2350beef">{{Cite web|publisher=University of Guelph, Animal Sciences|title=Beef Production|accessdate=April 6, 2013|url=http://www.aps.uoguelph.ca/~gking/Ag_2350/beef.htm}}</ref> A na-azụkarị ehi n'oge ọkọchị ka nwa wee nwee ike ime n'oge opupu ihe ubi na-esote.<ref name="aps2350beef" /> Otú ọ dị, ịzụ ehi nwere ike ime n'oge ndị ọzọ n'afọ. Dabere na ịwa ahụ, nwa nwere ike ime n'afọ niile. Ndị nwe ya nwere ike ịhọrọ oge ịzụlite dabere na ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere arụmọrụ ọmụmụ, ọnụahịa ehi oge na ụlọ ọrụ njikwa.<ref name="aps2350beef" />
Ihe nkedo nwanyị na oke ehi bụ ehi, ebe nwoke nke ụdị a chụpụrụ bụ steer, ehi, ma ọ bụ oke ehi, ọ bụ ezie na n'Ebe Ugwu America, okwu ikpeazụ a na-ezo aka na nwa ehi. Ojiji nke usoro ndị a na-adịgasị iche na mpaghara na olumba. N'okwu ọnụ, ndị mmadụ na-amaghị ehi nwekwara ike na-ezo aka na steers na ehi dị ka "ehi", na anụ ọhịa nke ndị na-eme ihe ike ma ọ bụ ogologo mpi dị ka "oke ehi" n'agbanyeghị mmekọahụ.


A maara ehi ọhịa, nke na-eto eto, nke a na-amaghị aha ya dị ka micky na Australia. N'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị ma ọ bụ n'oge na-adịghị anya, ịkpụcha ehi na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ehi siri ike, nke a makwaara dị ka mgbada na Australia, [[Kánada|Canada]], na [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiritwoodstockyards.ca/losemoney.html|title=Sure Ways to Lose Money on Your Cattle|publisher=Spiritwoodstockyards.ca|accessdate=August 6, 2012|archivedate=January 16, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116030226/http://www.spiritwoodstockyards.ca/losemoney.html}}</ref> Na mba ụfọdụ, a makwaara nwoke a na-akparaghị ókè dị ka ''rig'' ma ọ bụ ridgling.
== Nlekọta ehi ==
A na-atụ anya na ndị na-elekọta ehi ga-enwe ọnọdụ dị ala maka ìgwè ehi ha, gụnyere nchekwa, ahụike, nkasi obi, nri na njikwa mmadụ. Dị ka Kansụl Nlekọta Ụmụ Anụmanụ nke Mba Canada si kwuo, ehi ga-enwerịrị ohere ịnweta ebe mgbaba site na ihu igwe siri ike, nlekọta na ngwá ọrụ dị nchebe, nlekọta anụmanụ na igbu anụ.<ref name="nfacc1">{{Cite web|publisher=Agriculture Canada|title=Recommended code of practice for the care and handling of farm animals: Beef cattle|accessdate=April 6, 2013|url=http://www.nfacc.ca/pdfs/codes/Beef%20Code%20of%20Practice.pdf}}</ref>Ọ bụrụ na anụmanụ butere ọrịa ma ọ bụ chee na ọ na-arịa ọrịa, ọ bụ ọrụ ndị nwe ya ịkọ ya ozugbo nye onye na-ahụ maka anụmanụ maka ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ euthanasia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Beef Cattle|url=http://www.beefproducer.ca/code-practice-care-handling-beef-cattle/|author=Eadie|first=Jim|date=May 16, 2017|work=Beef Producer|language=en|accessdate=May 30, 2020|archivedate=September 24, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924022843/https://www.beefproducer.ca/code-practice-care-handling-beef-cattle/}}</ref> Dabere n'ọtụtụ ihe (oge, ụdị usoro mmepụta, ọnụ ọgụgụ, wdg), ọrịa na ọrịa nwere ike ịgbasa ngwa ngwa site na ìgwè anụmanụ gaa na anụmanụ.<ref name="nfacc2">{{Cite web|publisher=Agriculture Canada|title=Code of practice for the care and handling of beef cattle: Review of scientific research on priority issues|accessdate=February 1, 2018|url=http://www.nfacc.ca/resources/codes-of-practice/beef-cattle/Beef_Cattle_Review_of_Priority_Welfare_Issues_Nov_2012.pdf}}</ref> A na-atụ anya ka ndị nwe ha nyochaa ọnọdụ ehi ha mgbe niile maka nchọpụta na ọgwụgwọ n'oge, dịka ụfọdụ ọrịa ehi nwere ike iyi ma ehi ma ahụike mmadụ egwu (nke a maara dị ka zoonotic) <ref name="nfacc1" /> dịka Ọrịa ehi ara ụkwara nta hụrụ.


Okwu ahụ bụ "bull" na-egosikwa ụmụ ehi ndị ọzọ, gụnyere atụ na atụ mmiri, yana ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ ndị ọzọ buru ibu, gụnyere enyí, anụ rhino, seal na walrus, Enyí mmiri, kamel, giraffe, Elk, moose, whale, dolphin, na antelopes.
Na nkezi, ehi ga-eri 1.4 ruo 4% nke ịdị arọ ha kwa ụbọchị.<ref name="alberta">{{Cite web|publisher=Ministry of Agriculture Alberta|title=How much feed will my cow eat|accessdate=April 6, 2013|url=http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/faq7811}}</ref> E nwere ụdị nri dị iche iche maka ụmụ anụmanụ ndị a. Ihe odide ọkọlọtọ na United States, Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, agafeela mbipụta asatọ n'ime ọ dịkarịa ala afọ iri asaa.<ref>[https://www.nap.edu/catalog/19014/nutrient-requirements-of-beef-cattle-eighth-revised-edition nap.edu: "Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle Eighth Revised Edition (2016)"]</ref> Mbipụta nke asaa nke 1996 dochiri echiche nke protein metabolizeable maka mbipụta nke isii nke protein na-enweghị isi.<ref>[[iarchive:bub_gb_Q2MrAAAAYAAJ/page/n1|National Research Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Beef Cattle Nutrition: "Nutrient requirements of beef cattle, sixth revised edition 1984"]]</ref> Na narị afọ nke 20, omume ndị Canada gbasoro nduzi ndị America.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070806192500/http://www.carc-crac.ca/common/Factsheet%20-%20Beef%20English.PDF www.carc-crac.ca: "Recommended code of practice for the care and handling of farm animals: Beef Cattle"], p.2 of the 1991 edition</ref> N'afọ 1970, Food and Drug Administration na-achịkwa [[Pharmaceutical supplements|ihe mgbakwunye ọgwụ]] na nri ehi dịka [[Hormone|homonụ]] na ọgwụ nje. <ref>[https://archive.org/details/beefcattlefeedin1025weic/page/8 Weichenthal, B. A; Russell, H. G (1970): "Beef cattle feeding suggestions : nutrient requirements, balancing rations, protein supplements, suggested rations" Urbana, IL : [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]], College of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service</ref>


== Ihe ndị e ji mara ya ==
Ụmụ anụmanụ ụfọdụ na-ebi n'ebe ịta nri ndụ ha niile, ya mere, ha na-ahụkarị ahịhịa ọhụrụ; ndị a na-abụkarị ọrụ ehi na ihu igwe ndị ọzọ. Ụmụ ehi na-anọ n'azụ na anụmanụ na-enwekarị nri dị iche iche nke nwere ọka karịa ụdị ahịhịa. Mkpụrụ dị oke ọnụ karịa ebe ịta nri mana ụmụ anụmanụ na-eto ngwa ngwa na ọkwa protein dị elu. Ebe ọ bụ na ehi bụ ndị na-eri ahịhịa ma chọọ roughage na nri ha, silage, hay na / ma ọ bụ Haylage bụ nhọrọ nri niile.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Mother Earth News|title=Feeding Beef Cattle: Tips for a Healthy, Pasture-Based Diet|accessdate=February 1, 2018|url=https://www.motherearthnews.com/homesteading-and-livestock/raising-cattle/feeding-beef-cattle-healthy-diet}}</ref>N'agbanyeghị nke a, 3/4 nke pound 32 (14.52 kilogram) nke ehi na-eri kwa ụbọchị ga-abụ ọka.<ref name="Pollan 2006">{{Cite book|title=The Omnivores Dilemma|author=Pollan|first=Michael|publisher=Penguin|year=2006}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPollan2006">Pollan, Michael (2006). ''The Omnivores Dilemma''. Penguin.</cite></ref> &nbsp;Ehi dị arọ 1000 lbs. &nbsp;ga-aṅụ nkezi nke 41 L kwa ụbọchị, na ihe dịka 82 L na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ.<ref name="nfaccfacts">{{Cite web|publisher=Agriculture Canada|title=Beef Cattle: The codes of practice|accessdate=April 6, 2013|url=http://www.nfacc.ca/pdfs/codes/factsheets/Beef%20Factsheet.pdf}}</ref> Ha chọrọ nri dị mma na mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị mma mgbe niile dịka nnwere onwe 5 nke ọdịmma anụmanụ si dị.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Canadian Federation of Humane Societies|title=5 Freedoms of Animal Welfare|accessdate=February 1, 2018|url=https://www.cfhs.ca/five_freedoms_of_animal_welfare|archivedate=February 2, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202012505/https://www.cfhs.ca/five_freedoms_of_animal_welfare}}</ref>
[[Usòrò:Cattle_Leveäkari_6.jpg|thumb|Ehi dị n'Ugwu Scotland]]
Ehi na-enwekwu ahụ ike karịa ehi, nwere ọkpụkpụ toro ogologo, ukwu ukwu, olu akwara, na isi ọkpụkpụ buru ibu nke nwere mgbanaka nchebe n'elu anya. Atụmatụ ndị a na-enyere oke ehi aka n'ịlụ ọgụ maka ịchịkọta ìgwè ehi, na-enye onye mmeri ohere ịnweta ehi maka ịmụ nwa. Ntutu na-adịkarị mkpụmkpụ na ahụ, mana olu na isi na-enwekarị "mane" nke curlier, ntutu ajị anụ. Ehi na-adịkarị ihe dị ka otu ehi n'ịdị elu ma ọ bụ na-adị ntakịrị ogologo, ma n'ihi ahụ ike na ọkpụkpụ agbakwunyere, ha na-atụkarị ibu karịa. Ọtụtụ mgbe, oké ehi na-enwe mkpọmkpọ n'ubu ya.<ref name="farmanddairy">{{Cite web|author=Woods|first=Katie|title=How to determine if cattle are bulls, steers, cows or heifers - Farm and Dairy|url=https://www.farmanddairy.com/top-stories/how-to-determine-if-cattle-are-bulls-steers-cows-or-heifers/274534.html|work=Farm and Dairy|accessdate=December 27, 2017|date=July 30, 2015}}</ref>


N'ụmụ ehi nwere mpi, mpi ehi na-adịkarị arọ ma dịtụ mkpụmkpụ karịa nke ehi, <ref>Klaus-Dieter Budras, et al, ''Bovine Anatomy: An Illustrated Text'' (2003), p. 36.</ref> na n'ọtụtụ ụdị, ha na-agbanye n'èzí n'oghere dị larịị kama ịga n'elu n'ụdị lyre. Ọ bụghị eziokwu, dị ka a na-ekwere, na ehi nwere mpi na ehi anaghị eme: ọnụnọ nke mpi na-adabere na ụdị, ma ọ bụ na ụdị nwere mpi ma a chụpụrụ mpi ahụ. (Ọ bụ eziokwu, Otú ọ dị, na n'ọtụtụ ụdị atụrụ, ọ bụ naanị ndị nwoke nwere mpi.) A na-akpọ ehi ndị na-enweghị mpi dị ka polled, ma ọ bụ muleys.<ref name="Muley">{{Cite web|title=Muley|url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/muley|work=The Free Dictionary|accessdate=December 27, 2017}}</ref>
A na-emecha ọtụtụ ehi n'ụlọ nri. E wuru ebe obibi mbụ na mbido afọ 1950. Ụfọdụ n'ime ebe a na-azụ anụmanụ toro nke ukwuu nke na ha nwetara aha ọhụrụ, "Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation" (CAFO). Ọtụtụ ehi America na-etinye ọkara ikpeazụ nke ndụ ha na CAFO.<ref name="Pollan 2006">{{Cite book|title=The Omnivores Dilemma|author=Pollan|first=Michael|publisher=Penguin|year=2006}}</ref>


Ehi ndị nwoke na-acha uhie uhie yiri nke ụmụ nwanyị n'ọdịdị na mpi, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụrụ na a hapụrụ ha ka ha toruru ogo mmadụ, ha nwere ike ịdị ogologo karịa ma ọ bụ ehi, nwere ubu na olu siri ike.<ref>{{Cite web|author=TIM TRAINOR Montana Standard|url=http://missoulian.com/news/state-and-regional/article_801a7346-530e-11df-a74c-001cc4c002e0.html|title=Example of large steer|publisher=Missoulian.com|date=April 28, 2010|accessdate=August 6, 2012}}</ref>
== Nhazi ehi ==
Ụgbọ ala dị 1,000 lb (450 kg) mgbe ọ dị ndụ na-eme ozu na-eru ihe dị ka 615 lb (280 kg) ozugbo ewepụrụ ọbara, isi, ụkwụ, akpụkpọ ahụ, ala na eriri afọ. A na-ekokwasị ozu ahụ n'ime ụlọ oyi maka otu izu na anọ, n'oge ahụ ọ na-efunahụ ya ka mmiri na-akpọnwụ n'anụ ahụ. Mgbe ahụ, onye na-egbu anụ ma ọ bụ ụlọ na-ebukọ ihe na-agbapụ ya ọkpụkpụ, na-eji ozu emechara na-ebute ihe dị ka 430 lb (200 kg) nke anụ ehi. Dabere n'ụdị anụ a chọrọ, a na-enwe ọnụ ọgụgụ nke anụ a kpụrụ akpụ a na-eji achọpụta àgwà ya. Marbling bụ abụba dị n'ime akwara, ọ bụghị gburugburu ya. Ka a na-egbutu marble, ka ọ ga-arị elu ma baa uru..<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=The Spruce|title=What is Marbling in Meat?|accessdate=March 22, 2018|url=https://www.thespruce.com/what-is-marbling-in-meat-995777}}</ref>


=== Ọdịdị ọmụmụ ===
Igbu anụ ụlọ nwere usoro atọ dị iche iche: njikwa tupu igbu anụ, ịtụnanya, na igbu anụ. Nchegbu kasịnụ bụ njikwa tupu igbu anụ: otu esi emeso anụmanụ ahụ tupu a tụọ ya ma gbuo ya. Nchegbu n'oge a nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta ọjọọ na anụ ahụ, mana enwere ike ịnweta mmiri na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala iji belata nke a. Otú ọ dị, a na-egbochi ịnweta nri maka awa 12-24 tupu igbu ọchụ maka ịdị mfe nke evisceration. A na-eme ihe na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ mgbe a na-egbochi anụmanụ ahụ n'ime chute ka mmegharị ahụ wee bụrụ nke a kpaara ókè. Ozugbo e jidere anụmanụ ahụ, enwere ike ịtụ ya n'otu n'ime ụzọ atọ: ịbanye n'ime bolt a na-ejide, na-abanyeghị n'ime, na ịgba égbè. Ọtụtụ Ebe a na-egbu anụ na-eji bolts kama iji égbè. Ịkụ egwu na-eme ka anụmanụ ahụ ghara inwe ihe mgbu n'oge igbu ọchụ ma belata nrụgide anụmanụ, ya mere na-emeziwanye ogo anụ ahụ. Nzọụkwụ ikpeazụ bụ igbu ọchụ. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, a ga-akwụnye anụmanụ ahụ n'ụkwụ azụ ya ma bepụ akpịrị ya iji kwe ka ọbara si n'ọbara. A ga-ewepụ akpụkpọ ahụ maka nhazi ọzọ n'oge a ma jiri evisceration na decapitation mebie anụmanụ ahụ. A ga-etinye ozu ahụ n'ime ihe na-ekpo ọkụ maka awa 24-48 tupu a bepụ anụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|title=Meat processing - Livestock slaughter procedures|accessdate=March 27, 2018|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/meat-processing/Livestock-slaughter-procedures}}</ref>
{{image frame|width=330|border=no|caption=[[Genitourinary system]] of the bull|content=<gallery mode="packed">
[[Usòrò:Herd_of_Brahma_Cattle_led_by_Pantaneiro_Cowboy_..._-_Flickr_-_berniedup.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Ehi na steeti Brazil nke Mato Grosso]]
Animal castration - a book for the use of students and practitioners (1914) (14597296668).jpg
Ịkpa ehi bụ otu n'ime ụdị nri kachasị mma, na iji ala na mmiri eme ihe dị ka ihe onwunwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fact check: How bad is eating meat for the climate? – DW – 10/30/2022|url=https://www.dw.com/en/fact-check-is-eating-meat-bad-for-the-environment/a-63595148|accessdate=2023-06-27|work=dw.com|language=en}}</ref> Ehi na-ewepụta methane buru ibu site na usoro mgbari nri ha, usoro nke ịkwadebe na ibuga anụ ehi na-ebute mmepụta dị elu nke carbon dioxide. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na gọọmentị zuru ụwa ọnụ, gụnyere United Nations, ekwuola na mmepụta anụ ehi bụ isi ihe na-akpali mgbanwe ihu igwe, ma na-adụ ọdụ na a ga-agbaso mbelata zuru ụwa ọnụ na oriri anụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-09|title=The UN says we need to reduce our meat consumption to fight climate change and improve food security|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/global-meat-consumption-reduce-mitigate-effects-global-warming/|accessdate=2023-06-27|work=World Economic Forum|language=en}}</ref>
The anatomy of the domestic animals (1914) (18191830302).jpg
The anatomy of the domestic animals (1914) (18195445165).jpg
The comparative anatomy of the domesticated animals (1908) (20676871591).jpg
</gallery>}}Ehi na-amị mkpụrụ mgbe ha dị ọnwa asaa. Mmetụta ọmụmụ ha nwere njikọ chiri anya na ogo nke testicles ha, otu ule dị mfe nke ọmụmụ bụ iji tụọ gburugburu nke scrotum; nwa ehi nwere ike ịmụ nwa ozugbo nke a ruru sentimita 28 (11 in); nke ehi zuru oke nwere ike ịbụ ihe karịrị sentimita 40 (16 in).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rep.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/rep/59/2/jrf_59_2_029.xml?rskey=31y8uQ&result=1|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510234823/https://rep.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/rep/59/2/jrf_59_2_029.xml?rskey=31y8uQ&result=1|archivedate=May 10, 2020|title=A P Carter, P D P Wood and Penelope A Wright (1980), Association between scrotal circumference, live weight and sperm output in cattle, ''Journal of Reproductive Fertility'', '''59''', pp 447–451.|format=PDF|accessdate=August 6, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=G Jayawardhana (2006), ''Testicle Size – A Fertility Indicator in Bulls'', Australian Government Agnote K44.|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/d/Content/File/p/Anim_Dis/747.pdf|work=Northern Territory of Australian|publisher=Agnote|accessdate=January 10, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528020129/http://www.nt.gov.au/d/Content/File/p/Anim_Dis/747.pdf|archivedate=May 28, 2016}}</ref> Anụ ehi nwere penis fibroelastic. N'iburu n'uche obere anụ ahụ erectile, obere mmụba na-eme mgbe erection gasịrị. Ọkpụkpụ ahụ siri ike mgbe ọ na-adịghị eguzo ọtọ, ọ na-esikwa ike karị n'oge ọ na-eguzo ọtọ. A naghị emetụta protrusion nke ukwuu site n'ịdị elu, kama karịa site na ntụsara ahụ nke muscle retractor na idozi sigmoid flexure.<ref name="Sarkar">{{Cite book|author=Sarkar|first=A.|title=Sexual Behaviour In Animals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bsCiWUiPY5UC&q=bull|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|year=2003|isbn=978-81-7141-746-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=naSWWxJLcd0C&q=bull+sigmoid+flexure|title=Functional Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals – William O. Reece – Google Boeken|date=March 4, 2009|accessdate=December 2, 2012|isbn=978-0-8138-1451-3|author=Reece|first=William O.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Z9o_vGPP4cC&q=bull+sigmoid+flexure|title=Modern Livestock and Poultry Production – James R. Gillespie, Frank B. Flanders – Google Boeken|date=January 28, 2009|accessdate=December 2, 2012|isbn=978-1-4283-1808-3|author=Gillespie|first=James R.}}</ref> Ọnọdụ a maara dị ka "ọnụ nkụ" na-emetụta ehi mgbe ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6MaO63mKKrsC&q=bull+%22corkscrew+penis%22&pg=PT1619|title=Farm Animal Surgery|isbn=1-4160-6465-6|author=Fubini|first=Susan L|date=January 15, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ww07sIWTYAAC&q=bull+%22corkscrew+penis%22&pg=PA105|title=Principles and Applications of Domestic Animal Behavior: An Introductory Text|isbn=978-1-78064-055-6|author=Price|first=Edward O|year=2008}}</ref> Ọnụnọ nke ehi tozuru etozu dị ihe dị ka 3-4 cm n'obosara, na 80-100 cm n'ogologo.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ganPdPc1tUMC&q=penis|title=Practical Atlas of Ruminant and Camelid Reproductive Ultrasonography|date=September 24, 2009|isbn=9780813808079|accessdate=June 22, 2013|author=Descôteaux|first=Luc}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0r4r5qR0NVAC&q=penis|title=Cattle Medicine – Philip R. Scott, Colin D. Penny, Alastair Macrae|date=July 15, 2011|isbn=9781840766110|accessdate=June 30, 2013|author=Scott|first=Phillip}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j87wTz362roC&q=penis|title=Reproductive Pathology of Domestic Mammals – Mark McEntee|date=August 28, 1990|isbn=9780323138048|accessdate=June 30, 2013|author=McEntee|first=Mark}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yuBSW1_MyGUC&q=penis|title=Clinical Examination of Farm Animals – Peter Jackson, Peter Cockcroft|date=April 15, 2008|isbn=9781405147392|accessdate=June 30, 2013|author=Jackson|first=Peter}}</ref><ref name="SchattenConstantinescu2008">{{Cite book|author=Heide Schatten|title=Comparative Reproductive Biology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iNdSk7gPf4C&q=bull|date=March 21, 2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-39025-2}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;Ogwe aka ehi ahụ nwere ọdịdị gbara gburugburu ma dị ogologo.<ref name="SchattenConstantinescu2008" />


== Ụdị ==
=== Echiche na-ezighi ezi ===
Echiche na-ezighi ezi a na-ekwughachi n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ihe ngosi nke omume ehi bụ na ụcha ọbara ọbara na-ewe ehi iwe, na-akpali ha ịkwụ ụgwọ. N'ezie, dị ka ọtụtụ anụ na-enye nwa ara, ehi na-acha uhie uhie na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. N'ọgụ ehi, mmegharị nke okpu matador, ọ bụghị ụcha, na-akpali mmeghachi omume n'ime ehi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.itla.net/index.cfm?sec=Longhorn_Information&con=handling|title=Longhorn_Information – handling|publisher=ITLA|accessdate=March 28, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511090201/http://www.itla.net/index.cfm?sec=Longhorn_Information&con=handling|archivedate=May 11, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ashwin|date=June 17, 2015|title=Do Bulls Hate Red Color?|url=https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/animals/do-bulls-really-hate-red-colour-blind.html|accessdate=June 26, 2022|work=Science ABC}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"

!Mkpụrụ
== Nchịkwa ==
!Mmalite

! class="unsortable" |Nkọwa
=== Mmepụta anụ ehi ===
|-
Ewezuga oke ehi ole na ole achọrọ maka ịmụ nwa, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ehi ndị nwoke ka a na-achụ ma na-egbu anụ tupu ha eruo afọ atọ, ma e wezụga ebe achọrọ (nke a chụpụrụ) dị ka ehi ọrụ maka ibupu. A na-atụba ọtụtụ n'ime anụ ehi ndị a dị ka nwa ehi iji belata akparamagwa ọjọọ ma gbochie ịkpakọ ọnụ na-achọghị, n'agbanyeghị na a na-azụ ụfọdụ dị ka anụ ehi a na-achụpụghị. Oke ehi na-adịkwa njikere igbu otu ọnwa ma ọ bụ abụọ ngwa ngwa karịa nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị a chụrụ n'anya, ma na-amịpụta ahụ ike nke ukwuu na nke na-adịchaghị ala..<ref name="Ontario">''[http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/beef/facts/07-029.htm#reasons Castration of Calves Factsheet]'', Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, June 2007.</ref>
!Onye na-eme mgbanwe

|[[Ostraliya|Australia]]
Akara bụ ụzọ bara uru iji kọwaa oke ọkpụkpụ nke ehi na ehi ndị ọzọ. Enwere ike iji akara etiti mee ihe dị ka enyemaka iji buo amụma ogo ehi tozuru etozu ma nyere aka na nhọrọ nke ehi. A na-agbakọ ha site na ịdị elu na afọ. N'ime akwụkwọ ndekọ ahịa, a na-akọkarị ọnụọgụ a na mgbakwunye na ịdị arọ na data arụmọrụ ndị ọzọ dị ka ọnụ ahịa agbụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frame scoring of beef cattle|url=https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/animals-and-livestock/beef-cattle/appraisal/publications/frame-scoring|work=New South Wales Government|publisher=Department of Primary Industries|accessdate=January 10, 2018|date=September 13, 2007}}</ref>
|Ụdị ''Bos taurus'' nke na-eme nke ọma, nke sitere na crossings n'etiti Herefords na Shorthorns.

|-
=== Mmetụta na njikwa ===
!Ehi ndị Afrikaner
[[Usòrò:Angry_Bull_in_Pasture.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Otu ehi na-eme ka uzuzu dị egwu.]]
|[[South Africa|Saụt Afrịka]]
[[Usòrò:Warning_sign_-_bull_in_field_-_keep_out.JPG|thumb|Ihe ịrịba ama ịdọ aka ná ntị maka ubi ehi]]
|Ndị Afrikaners na-adịkarị uhie uhie ma ọ bụ oji na ogologo mpi na-agbasa. Ha nwere obere cervico-thoracic hump nke dị ka ehi Sanga.
Anụ ehi toro eto nwere ike ịdị n'agbata 500 na 1,000 . Ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere ike ime ihe ike ma chọọ ka a jiri nlezianya jikwaa ha mee ihe iji hụ na nchekwa nke ụmụ mmadụ na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. Ndị nke ụdị mmiri ara ehi nwere ike ịbụ ndị na-eme ihe ike karị, ebe ụdị [[Ehi|anụ ehi]] anaghị eme ihe ike, ọ bụ ezie na a makwaara ụdị anụ ehi dị ka Spanish Fighting Bull na anụmanụ ndị yiri ya maka omume ime ihe ike, nke a na-akwalite site na ịzụlite.
|-

!Aberdeen Angus
A na-eme atụmatụ na 42% nke ndị niile metụtara anụ ụlọ nwụrụ na Canada bụ n'ihi mwakpo ehi, na ihe na-erughị otu onye n'ime mmadụ iri abụọ nwụrụ na mwakpo ehi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=''Handling Livestock Successfully''|url=http://www.cfa-fca.ca/upload/casw_livestock.pdf|work=Canadian Farming Administration|accessdate=January 10, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312233112/http://www.cfa-fca.ca/upload/casw_livestock.pdf|archivedate=March 12, 2016|date=2000}}</ref> Ehi ndị a na-azụ ehi dị ize ndụ karịsịa na ndị a na'amaghị ama; ihe ize ndụ nke ijide ehi bụ ihe dị mkpa na-akpata mmerụ ahụ na ọnwụ maka ndị ọrụ ugbo mmiri ara ehi n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke United States.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Larry D. Jacobson, Extension Agricultural Engineer, ''Safe Work Practices on Dairy Farms'', University of Minnesota Extension Services (1989)|url=http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/livestocksystems/DI0878.html|work=University of Minnesota - Extension|publisher=www.extension.umn.edu|accessdate=January 10, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712024029/http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/livestocksystems/DI0878.html|archivedate=July 12, 2013|quote="During the last 10 years, 12 farmers in Minnesota were mauled and gored to death by dairy bulls"}}</ref><ref>[http://cumberlink.com/news/local/bull-kills-southampton-man/article_594d4e4d-9c43-5582-bfc3-5e41870ee20b.html Cumberland County (Pa.) Sentinel, Shippensburg, Pa., February 12, 2008] A farmer in Southampton County, Michigan, was killed by a 2000-lb Holstein bull in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, in February 2008.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=200357|work=The Reading Pennsylvania Eagle|date=March 1, 2010|quote=On February 28, 2010, a farmer near Reading, Pennsylvania was trampled and gored to death by a 2000-lb black Angus bull that he had been urged to get rid of by friends after earlier mishaps.|author=Michelle Park|title=Bull attacks, kills owner at South Heidelberg Township farm}}</ref> Mkpa ịkwaga ehi n'ime ma pụọ n'ụlọ ya iji kpuchie ehi na-ekpughe onye na-elekọta ya na nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke ndụ na aka.<ref>Alvin H. Clement, ''We Gotta Have More Jails'', The Writer's Club Press, New York (1984–87), at pp. 79-80. A humorous description of moving a cow to a neighbor's Jersey bull for breeding purposes, and the use of a 12-foot bull staff to get the loose-running bull under control after he had already spotted the cow</ref> Ịzọ ụkwụ, ịrapara ya na mgbidi, ma ọ bụ ịra ya bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị na-akpatakarị ọnwụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmiri ara ehi tupu afọ 1940. <ref name="BeCareful1902">O.C. Gregg, Ed., Minnesota Farmer's Institute Annual No. 15, Pioneer Press, St. Paul, Minn. (1902), at p. 125; The James Way, The James Manufacturing Co., Ft. Atkinson, Wisc. (1914), p. 103.</ref> Banyere ihe ize ndụ ndị dị otú ahụ, otu magazin ọrụ ugbo a ma ama atụwo aro, "Jụọ ehi ahụ na mkpara ma ghara iwere ohere. Ehi dị nro, ọ bụghị nke jọgburu onwe ya, na-egbukarị ma ọ bụ na-egbu onye na-elekọta ya".<ref>Helpful Information for Dairymen, ''The Farmer'', Webb Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, March 12, 1927, p. 6.</ref>
|Scotland

|Ọcha ojii, mgbe ụfọdụ na-acha ọcha na udder. Polled. Nkwụsi ike na nchekwa.
=== Njikwa ===
|-
[[Usòrò:TORO.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Otu ehi nwere mgbanaka imi nke na-ejide ya n'elu osisi]]
!Alentejana
N'ọtụtụ ebe, itinye mgbaaka n'imi ehi iji nyere aka ịchịkwa ha bụ omenala. A na-ejikarị ọla kọpa eme mgbaaka ahụ, a na-etinyekwa ya site na obere oghere e gburu na septum nke imi. A na-eji ya eme ihe site na itinye eriri ndu ya ma ọ bụ na-agafe ya site na okpu isi, ma ọ bụ maka ehi siri ike karị, enwere ike iji osisi ehi (ma ọ bụ mkpara ehi). Nke a bụ ogwe osisi siri ike nke dị ihe dị ka 1 n'ogologo na clip n'otu nsọtụ; nke a na-ejikọta na mgbanaka ma na-enye ohere ka a duru ehi ahụ ma na-egbochi ya pụọ n'aka onye na-elekọta ya.
|[[Portugal]]

|
Enwere ike idebe ehi na-eme ihe ike n'ime ụlọ ehi, ebe mgbaba na ụlọ mkpọrọ siri ike, mgbe mgbe na ndokwa iji kwe ka a nye ehi ahụ nri n'ebughị ụzọ banye n'ụlọ. Ọ bụrụ na a hapụrụ ehi na-eme ihe ike ka ọ na-ata nri n'èzí, ọ ga-adị mkpa ịkpachara anya iji nyere aka zere ya imerụ ndị mmadụ ahụ. Otu usoro bụ ihe nkpuchi ehi, nke na-ekpuchi anya ehi kpamkpam, ma ọ bụ na-egbochi anya ya n'ala ozugbo n'ihu ya, ka ọ ghara ịhụ onye ọ ga-egbu. Ụzọ ọzọ bụ ịtinye ogologo agbụ ígwè na mgbaaka imi ehi ahụ, ka ọ bụrụ na ọ tụgharịa isi ya iji gbaa ya, ọ ga-aga n'elu agbụ ígwè ahụ ma mee ka ọ dị mkpụmkpụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, a pụrụ ijide ehi ahụ, ma ọ bụ jiri mgbaaka ya ma ọ bụ olu kee ya ihe siri ike dị ka mgbaaka a kwụnyere n'ala.
|-

!Ankole
N'ebe ịta nri buru ibu, ọkachasị ebe a na-azụ ehi na ehi ndị ọzọ, enwere ike inye ụmụ anụmanụ nri site na ụgbọala ma ọ bụ traktọ, ụgbọala ahụ n'onwe ya na-enye ụfọdụ nchebe maka ụmụ mmadụ. N'ozuzu, ehi ndị a na-azụ na ehi anaghị adịkarị ike karịa ndị a na'azụ naanị ha. N'ọnọdụ ìgwè ehi, ehi nwere ụmụ ehi na-adịkarị ize ndụ nye ụmụ mmadụ. N'oge ezumike, enwere ike ijikọ ọtụtụ ehi n'otu "ìgwè ndị na-alụbeghị di".
|[[Uganda]]

|
=== Mkpụrụ ndụ e ji aka mee ===
|-
[[Usòrò:San_marcos_bullfight_01.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ịlụ ọgụ ehi]]
!Braford nke Australia
Ọtụtụ ebe a na-azụ ehi na ọdụ ugbo mmiri na-azụ oké ehi na ehi, ọtụtụ ebe a na'azụ ehi ma ọ bụ anụ ehi nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ọtụtụ, ehi maka ebumnuche nke nlekọta ìgwè.<ref>U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Yearbook 1922, Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. (1922), pp. 325-28 (noting a national on-farm bull population of over 600,000 "scrub" bulls in addition to a multiyear supply of "pure bred" bulls)</ref><ref>O.C. Gregg, Ed., Minnesota Farmer's Institute Annual No. 15, Pioneer Press, St. Paul, Minn. (1902), pp.129-32 (recommending the keeping and testing of sires for dairy herd improvement).</ref> Otú ọ dị, nsogbu ndị metụtara ijikwa ehi (karịsịa ebe a ga-ewepụ ehi n'ebe ọ nọ ka a rụọ ọrụ) emeela ka ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo mmiri ara ehi gbochie onwe ha ịṅụ nwa (AI) nke ehi.<ref>C. J. C. Phillips, ''Principles of Cattle Production'' (2010), p. 121.</ref> A na-ewepụ mkpụrụ n'ụmụ ehi ma chekwaa ya n'ime ite nitrogen mmiri, ebe a na-edebe ya ruo mgbe a ga-ere ya, n'oge ahụ ọ nwere ike ịba uru nke ukwuu; n'ezie, ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ ehi na-edebe ehi maka nzube a kpọmkwem. A na-ejikwa AI eme ihe iji melite ogo nke ìgwè atụrụ, ma ọ bụ iji webata usoro ọbara. Ụfọdụ ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ na-ahọrọ iji AI mee ihe iji kwe ka ha mụọ ọtụtụ ehi dị iche iche n'otu oge ma ọ bụ mụọ ehi kachasị mma ha na ehi dị elu karịa ka ha nwere ike ịzụta ozugbo. A pụkwara iji AI mee ihe na nnyefe embryo iji kwe ka ndị na-emepụta ehi tinye ụmụ ọhụrụ na ìgwè ehi ha.
|Australia

|Mepụtara maka iguzogide akọrọ na maka ịnagide okpomọkụ site na ịgafe Brahmans Ndị Herefords.
== Mmekọrịta ya na ụmụ mmadụ ==
|-
[[Usòrò:Lascaux_painting.jpg|thumb|Otu ehi Aurochs n'ime ihe osise dị n'ọgba na Lascaux, [[France]]]]
!Brangus nke Australia
[[Usòrò:Mecklenburg_Arms.svg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ehi eji eme ihe na heraldry: Akara agha nke mpaghara Mecklenburg, [[Jémanị|Germany]].]]
|Australia
Dị ka anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, a na-ewere ụfọdụ ehi dị ka anụ ụlọ. Onye na-agụ egwu Charo, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nwere ehi a na-akpọ Manolo.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Capretto|first=Lisa|title=The Unusual Pet That Upset Charo's Neighbors (Video)|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/06/10/charo-pet-upset-neighbors_n_5476134.html|work=Huffington Post|accessdate=January 10, 2018|date=June 10, 2014}}</ref>
|Mkpụrụ Polled mepụtara site na ịgwakọta Angus na Brahman

|-
== Mkpa ọ pụtara na ọdịbendị mmadụ ==
!Charbray nke Australia
Ehi dị nsọ enweela ọnọdụ dị mkpa na ọdịbendị mmadụ kemgbe tupu mmalite nke akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ha na-apụta na Ihe osise ọgba ndị e mere atụmatụ na ha ruru afọ 17,000. Akụkọ ifo Bull of Heavens na-arụ ọrụ na akụkọ ifo Sumerian oge ochie nke Gilgamesh, nke malitere laa azụ na 2150 BC. A na-egosipụta mkpa ehi ahụ dị na ọdịdị ya na [[zodiac]] dị ka [[Taurus (ìgwè kpakpando)|Taurus]], na ọtụtụ ọdịdị ya n'akụkọ ifo, ebe a na-ejikọkarị ya na ọmụmụ. Hụkwa Korban. Na [[Okpukpe Hindu]], a na-efe ehi a na-akpọ Nandi, nke a na-egosikarị ka ọ nọ ọdụ, dị ka ụgbọ ala nke [[God|chi]] Shiva ma gosipụta ya n'ọtụtụ ihe oyiyi nke chi ahụ.
|Australia
[[Usòrò:Joroinen.vaakuna.svg|thumb|Isi ehi na uwe agha nke Joroinen]]
|Mepụtara site na ịgafe Charolais na Brahman ma họrọ maka iguzogide okpomọkụ, iru mmiri, nje na ọrịa.
N'ụzọ ihe atụ, ehi ahụ na-apụta mgbe niile na heraldry. Bulls na-apụta dị ka ebubo na akara n'aka ọtụtụ ezinụlọ ndị Britain. Ehi nwere nku na-apụta dị ka ndị na-akwado aka nke Worshipful Company of Butchers . <ref name="Davies">[[Arthur Fox-Davies]], ''A Complete Guide to Heraldry'', T.C. and E.C. Jack, London, 1909, 205-207, https://archive.org/details/completeguidetoh00foxduoft.</ref> N'oge a, a na-eji ehi ahụ eme ihe dị ka ihe nkedo site na ndị na-eme egwuregwu na ndị ọkachamara.
|-

!Bali
Bulls nwekwara ihe pụrụ iche dị mkpa na omenala Spanish, ebe emume Running of the Bulls na-eme kwa afọ n'oge ọkọchị. N'oge emume a, otu ìgwè mmadụ na-agba ọsọ a na-akpọ "mozos" na-anwa ịkpasu otu ìgwè ehi na-agba n'azụ ha iwe, ebe nnukwu ìgwè mmadụ na na-ekiri asọmpi ahụ dum.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pamplona Bull Run {{!}} RunningoftheBulls.com|url=https://www.runningofthebulls.com/about/|accessdate=November 13, 2020|language=en-US}}</ref>
|Indonesia

|
Ndị otu NBA a ma ama bụ Chicago Bulls na-egosipụta ehi na akara ya, mascot, na ngwaahịa ya.
|-

!Barzona
== Ihe ngosi ==
|[[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] ([[Arizona]])
<gallery>
|Mepụtara n'ọzara dị elu, mpaghara ugwu nke Arizona.
Usòrò:Bull_sedang_makan_bj.jpg|alt=A bull currently eating|Ehi na-eri ugbu a
|-
</gallery>
!Ịchụ Anụ
|United States
|Ngwakọta n'etiti ehi na Anụ ọhịa bea nke America.
|-
!Anụ ehi dị mkpirikpi
|England na Scotland
|Ọ dị mma maka mmiri ara ehi na anụ ehi.
|-
!Onye na-azụ ehi
|United States ([[Texas]])
|Mepụtara site n'ịzụlite Brahman, Shorthorn, na Hereford.
|-
!Blue Belgium
|[[Belgium]]
|Roan na-acha ntụ ntụ, ma ọ bụ na-acha ọcha na-acha odo odo n'isi. Ọ nwere nnukwu uru ahụ (mmiri abụọ). Ọ na-eto ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụrụ na a na-enye ya nri nke ọma.
|-
!Belmont Red
|Australia
|Ụdị ngwakọta nke na-eji Africander (African Sanga) na Hereford-Shorthorn
|-
!Galloway nwere eriri
|Scotland
|Ọcha na-acha ọcha gburugburu etiti, nnukwu, ogologo ntutu, polled. Ọ na-eguzogide onwe ya ma na-echekwa ego.
|-
!Black Hereford
|Great Britain
|Mkpụrụ a na-emepụta site n'ịgwakọta ehi Hereford na ehi Holstein ma ọ bụ Friesian; nke a na-eji enweta ụmụ ehi site na ehi mmiri ara ehi. A naghị edebe ya dị ka ụdị dị iche, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike iji ụmụ nwanyị mee ihe maka ịmụba ya na ehi ndị ọzọ.
|-
!Blonde nke Aquitaine
|[[France]]
|Anya na-acha nchara nchara, anya gbara gburugburu na imi. Ọkpụkpụ. Ọ na-eto ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụrụ na a na-enye ya nri nke ọma.
|-
!Bonsmara
|Saụt Afrịka
|Mepụtara site na ehi 10/16 Afrikaner, 3/16 Hereford na 3/16 Shorthorn.
|-
!Boran
|Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka ([[Ethiopia|Etiopia]]-[[Kenya]])
|Ọ na-adịkarị ọcha, na ehi na-agba ọchịchịrị (mgbe ụfọdụ ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ oji).
|-
!Brahman
|[[Ndia|India]], Pakistan na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]]
|Nnukwu ntị, na-agbagharị agbagharị na igirigi, na-agbadata n'ubu.
|-
!Brangus
|United States
|Mepụtara site na ịgafe Angus na Brahman.
|-
!Ndị ọcha Britain
|Great Britain
|Ahụ ọcha, nwere ntị ojii (ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ ọbara ọbara), imi na ụkwụ; polled (enweghị mpi). Nkwụsi ike na nchekwa.
|-
!Caracu
|Brazil
|
|-
!Charolais
|France
|Ọ na-acha ọcha ma ọ bụ na-acha creme, na-acha odo odo, ma ọ bụ polled. Ọ na-eto ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụrụ na a na-enye ya nri nke ọma.
|-
!Chianina
|[[Italy|Ịtali]]
|Ebumnuche abụọ, nke buru ibu na mbụ, e mechara họrọ ya maka anụ ehi.
|-
!Ihe na-aga n'ihu
|[[Mézíkọ|Mexico]]
|Hardy, obere, onye na-eme egwuregwu, ụdị criollo, sitere na ehi Iberian. A na-eji ya eme ihe na egwuregwu rodeo, a maara ya maka anụ dị nro. Mpi dị mkpirikpi, ụcha dị iche iche, na-enwekarị ntụpọ. A na-akpọkwa ya Criollo ma ọ bụ Chinampo.
|-
!Crioulo Lageano
|Ala Iberian Peninsula
|Longhorn dị afọ 400 na-amụ ihe dị ka mmadụ 700 bi nso na plateau nke Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
|-
!Akpụkpọ Akpụkpọ Mmiri
|United Kingdom
|Ọ dị mma maka mmiri ara ehi na anụ ehi.
|-
!Dexter
|Ireland
|Obere, oji ma ọ bụ dun, mpi ojii. Mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-enwe obere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na-eduga na ụkwụ dị mkpụmkpụ. Nkwụsi ike na nchekwa.
|-
!Onye Nlekọta Oké Iju
|Australia
|Mepụtara site na ịgwakọta Ehi Brahman na ụdị taurine, ọkachasị Beef Shorthorn. Ọ na-anabata okpomọkụ na akọrọ.
|-
!Longhorn nke Bekee
|England
|Ọ na-acha ọbara ọbara ma ọ bụ brindle, na-acha ọcha azụ na afọ. Ogologo mpi cylindrical na-agbasakarị n'akụkụ ma ọ bụ n'ala, na-agbakarị ma na-emecha gbaa gburugburu. Ọ dị n'etiti, sie ike.
|-
!Fleckvieh
|[[Switzerland]]
|Red pied ma ọ bụ solid red, polled ma ọ bụ horned. Ebumnuche abụọ siri ike maka anụ ehi na mmiri ara ehi. Ọ bụbu nke nwere ebumnuche atọ (anụ ehi, mmiri ara ehi na mmiri ara ehi). Ọ na-eto ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụrụ na a na-enye ya nri nke ọma.
|-
!Florida Cracker ehi
|United States
|Obere, ụdị criollo sitere na ehi ndị Spain meriri na Southern US. Emegharịrị ihu igwe subtropical, na-eguzogide nje. Ụdị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ.
|-
!Galloway
|Scotland
|Ọcha, siri ike, ntutu dị ogologo, nke a na-enyocha. Ọ na-eguzogide onwe ya ma na-echekwa ego.
|-
!Ehi ndị Gascon
|France
|Gray, hardy, nne nne. Ezigbo uto na ọdịdị nke ụmụ ehi. Ọ dị mma maka usoro ọrụ ugbo niile, zụlitere dị ọcha ma ọ bụ jikọta ya na nna ikpeazụ.
|-
!Gelbvieh
|[[Jémanị|Germany]]
|Ọ na-acha uhie uhie, na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, na-enyocha. Ịmụ nwa dị elu, ịdị mfe ịmụ nwa, ikike ịmụ nwa, na uto nke ụmụ ehi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Breeds of Livestock|work=Gelbvieh|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/gelbvieh/|accessdate=November 11, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104101303/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/gelbvieh/|archivedate=November 4, 2008}}</ref>
|-
!Hanwoo
|Korea
|
|-
!Herens
|Switzerland
|
|-
!Hereford
|England
|Isi na-acha ọbara ọbara, isi na-acha ọcha, na-acha odo odo n'olu, na-agbanwe agbanwe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ.
|-
!Ugwu
|Scotland
|Obere, buru ibu; oji, ọbara ọbara, dun ma ọ bụ ọcha. Uwe ogologo na mpi dị ogologo na-acha odo odo, nke a na-etinye n'ụmụ ehi na ụmụ ehi. Ọ na-eguzogide onwe ya ma na-echekwa ego.
|-
!Gray nke Hungary
|[[Hungary]]
|Nkwado siri ike, dị mfe ịkpụ ma dịrị ogologo ndụ. Mpi dị ogologo, gbagọrọ agbagọ ma na-aga n'elu. Ọ dị gịrịgịrị ma dị ogologo. Ọ na-eme nke ọma na usoro ịta ahịhịa sara mbara.
|-
!Ndị Irish a na-egweri egweri
|Ireland
|Ọ na-acha uhie uhie na-acha ọcha n'azụ na afọ, ma ọ bụ na-acha ọbara ọbara na ntị, imi na ụkwụ. Polled. Nkwụsi ike na nchekwa.
|-
![[Jabres]]
|Central Java, Indonesia
|Agba dịgasị iche site na nchara nchara ruo nchara nchere na akara ojii site n'azụ ruo n'ọdụ.
|-
!Akpụkpọ Akpụkpọ Akwụkwọ nke Japan
|Japan
|Ụdị obere ehi.
|-
!Limousin
|Mpaghara Limousin na Marche nke France
|Anya na-acha nchara nchara, anya gbara gburugburu na imi. Ọ na-eto ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụrụ na a na-enye ya nri nke ọma.
|-
!Lincoln Red
|England
|
|-
!Ala Dị Ala
|Australia
|Mepụtara site n'ịzụlite obere ehi Angus.
|-
!Ịgụ Ihe
|Luing na gburugburu Inner Hebrides, Scotland
|Uwe siri ike, na-acha ọbara ọbara, na-agba agba. A zụlitere ya site na ịgafe Beef Shorthorn na Highland. Ọ na-eguzogide onwe ya ma na-echekwa ego.
|-
!Ịmata etozu
|Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Java, Indonesia
|Obere ahụ, ụkwụ dị mkpụmkpụ, ntutu na-acha odo odo.
|-
!Maine-Anjou
|Ógbè Anjou na France
|Ụkwụ na-acha ọbara ọbara na-acha ọcha, nke a na-enyo enyo, nke na-eto ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụrụ na a na-enye ya nri nke ọma.
|-
!Mirandesa
|Portugal
|
|-
!Mocho National
|Brazil
|Polled
|-
!Murray Grey
|Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ AustraliaEbe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Australia
|Ehi na-acha ntụ ntụ ma ọ bụ ọlaọcha sitere na ehi Roan Shorthorn na ehi Angus. Ehi ndị dị mfe nlekọta dịgasị iche iche nke a na-ebupụ n'ọtụtụ mba.
|-
!N'dama
|Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka
|
|-
!Nelore
|India
|A na-ebupụ ya na [[Brazil]], ebe ọ ghọwo ụdị kachasị.
|-
!Nguni
|Saụt Afrịka
|Ụdị siri ike nke agbụrụ Nguni mepụtara maka ọnọdụ siri ike nke Africa. O sitere na ehi Sanga nke Africa, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị nnọọ iche. A maara obere ìgwè atọ: Makhatini, Swazi na Pedi.
|-
!Ebe Ugwu Devon
|Devon, Cornwall na Somerset, England
|Ruby-red, white tail switch, white horns.
|-
!Ndị Piedmont
|Piedmont, Ịtali
|A zụlitere ya maka anụ ehi na mmepụta mmiri ara ehi; nwere ike abụọ. Ọ na-acha ọcha ma nwee mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa myostatin.
|-
!Osisi pine
|Gulf Coast, US
|Ihe nketa Landrace nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, dị mkpụmkpụ, obere, na-anabata ihu igwe nke Deep South, na-eguzogide ọrịa. Mpi dị mkpirikpi, ụcha dị iche iche, na-enwekarị ntụpọ.
|-
!Pinzgauer
|Austria
|Ụmụ amaala nke Ndagwurugwu Pinz. Ehi mmiri ara ehi na Europe, mana ha maara nke ọma n'ebe ndị kpọrọ nkụ nke US, Australia na South Africa, ebe a na-edebe ha maka mmepụta anụ ehi. Ọ na-acha uhie uhie na-acha ọcha na-acha anụnụ anụnụ site na nkụda mmụọ, gbadaa n'ọnụ ọdụ na n'okpuru.
|-
!Red Angus
|Australia, United States
|Ụdị ụcha Angus na mba ụfọdụ: ọbara ọbara siri ike. Polled.
|-
!Nnyocha uhie
|East Anglia na England
|Red na-acha ọcha, polled (na-enweghị mpi), abụọ-purpose.
|-
!Red Sindhi
|Sindh na Pakistan
|Ehi Red Sindhi bụ ndị kachasị ewu ewu n'ime ụdị mmiri ara ehi zebu niile. Na Pakistan, a na-edebe ha maka mmepụta anụ ehi ma ọ bụ ọrụ ugbo mmiri ara ehi.
|-
!Romagnola
|Ịtali
|A zụlitere ya maka mmepụta anụ ehi; a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe dị ka anụ na-adọkpụ n'oge gara aga. Ọ na-acha ọcha ma ọ bụ na-acha ntụ ntụ na akpụkpọ ahụ na-acha oji na mpi na-agbadata n'elu.
|-
!Romosinuano
|[[Colombia]]
|
|-
!Rubia Gallega
|[[Spain]]
|Ụdị ehi a mụrụ n'obodo Galicia na-achị onwe ya n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Spain. A na-azụ ya maka anụ. A na-ekesa ya na Galicia dum, ebe ihe dị ka 75% nke ndị bi na mpaghara Lugo. Akpụkpọ ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ọbara ọbara, ọka wit, ma ọ bụ sinamọn.
|-
!Ndị na-eme nnu
|France
|Ọbara. Nkwụsi ike, ọ dị mfe ịmụ nwa.
|-
!Santa Gertrudis
|Ndịda [[Texas]], US
|Mepụtara site na ịgafe Shorthorn na Brahman.
|-
!Sibi bhagnari
|Sibi Baluchistan
|Ụdị ahụ na-enwekarị ahụ na-acha ọcha ma ọ bụ na-acha ntụ ntụ ma na-eji oji gburugburu olu ma nwee ọdụ ojii. Isi ya dị n'etiti na olu dị mkpirikpi siri ike, obere ntị, mpi dị mkpirisi, obere dewlap, azụ kwụ ọtọ, obi sara mbara na oghere dị n'agbata. Ebumnuche abụọ (anụ ehi na mmiri).
|-
!Simmental
|Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ [[Switzerland]]
|Isi na-acha odo odo, na-acha ọcha. Ọ na-eto ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụrụ na a na-enye ya nri nke ọma. Ebumnuche atọ (anụ ehi, mmiri ara ehi na nri).
|-
!Shorthorn/Beef ShorthornAnụ ehi dị mkpirikpi
|Ebe Ugwu England
|Ọ na-acha ọbara ọbara, na-acha uhie uhie na-acha ọcha n'azụ na afọ, ma ọ bụ na-acha odo odo.
|-
!Ogige Nri
|New South Wales, Australia
|Obere, ntụ ntụ ma ọ bụ ọlaọcha, polled; yiri Murray Grey.
|-
![[Stabiliser cattle|Ime ka ọ kwụsie ike]]
|America
|A zụlitere ya maka ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma, ehi dị nro, ọbara ọbara ma ọ bụ oji, nke a na-enyo enyo, nke nwere ụdị ala na nke kọntinent - nke mbụ bụ Angus, Hereford, Simmental na Gelbvieh.
|-
!Sussex
|Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ England
|Ọgaranya chestnut red na-acha ọcha ọdụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. A na-ejikwa ya eme ihe ruo na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Nkwụsi ike na nchekwa.
|-
!Tabapuan
|Brazil
|
|-
!Tajima
|Japan
|Black Wagyu zụlitere maka anụ ehi a ma ama n'ụwa niile dịka Kobe na Matsuzaka.
|-
!Texas Longhorn
|United States
|Agba dịgasị iche iche, nke nwere ogologo, nke na&#x2D;, mpi dị elu - na-agbasa ruo sentimita 80 (2.0 site n'isi ruo n'isi. Ọ na-eguzogide onwe ya n'oge ọkọchị. Ọ bụ obere anụ ahụ, ya mere a na-ejikarị ehi eme ihe maka ụmụ ehi mbụ.
|-
!Wagyū
|Japan
|Ọcha, nwere mpi, ma mara maka marbling dị arọ (mkpụrụ abụba intramuscular).
|-
!Ndị Ọcha Welsh
|Wales
|Ọcha, na-acha ọcha na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na isi ojii. Nkwado.
|-
!Ogige White
|Great Britain, Ireland
|Ọcha, nwere ntị ojii (ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ ọbara ọbara), imi na ụkwụ; mpi ọcha nwere isi ojii. Nkwụsi ike na nchekwa.
|-
!Żubroń
|[[Poland]]
|Ngwakọta n'etiti ehi na atụ Europe.
|}


== Hụkwa ==
== Hụkwa ==
 


* Ịwa nwa ehi ahụ
* Acid linoleic jikọtara ọnụ
* Ndepụta nke ụdị ehi
* Ahịa ehi


== Ebem si dee ==
== Ebem si dee ==

[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]

Orübà nà ógè 22:25, 11 Julaị 2024

Ehi nke Holstein Friesian
Ehi Charolais

Oke ehi bụ nwoke na-adịghị emebi emebi (ya bụ, a naghị atụpụrụ ya) okenye nke ụdị Bos taurus (ehi). Ndị nwere ahụ ike ma na-eme ihe ike karịa ụmụ nwanyị nke otu ụdị (ntụgharị ehi kwesịrị ekwesị), oke ehi abụwo ihe nnọchianya dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ okpukpe, gụnyere maka ịchụ àjà. Ụmụ anụmanụ ndị a na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu n'ịzụ anụ ehi, ọrụ ugbo mmiri ara ehi, na ihe omume egwuregwu na omenala dị iche iche, gụnyere ọgụ ehi na ịnya ehi.

N'ihi àgwà ha, ijikwa ehi chọrọ ịkpachara anya.[1]

Nomenclature

Ihe nkedo nwanyị na oke ehi bụ ehi, ebe nwoke nke ụdị a chụpụrụ bụ steer, ehi, ma ọ bụ oke ehi, ọ bụ ezie na n'Ebe Ugwu America, okwu ikpeazụ a na-ezo aka na nwa ehi. Ojiji nke usoro ndị a na-adịgasị iche na mpaghara na olumba. N'okwu ọnụ, ndị mmadụ na-amaghị ehi nwekwara ike na-ezo aka na steers na ehi dị ka "ehi", na anụ ọhịa nke ndị na-eme ihe ike ma ọ bụ ogologo mpi dị ka "oke ehi" n'agbanyeghị mmekọahụ.

A maara ehi ọhịa, nke na-eto eto, nke a na-amaghị aha ya dị ka micky na Australia. N'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị ma ọ bụ n'oge na-adịghị anya, ịkpụcha ehi na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ehi siri ike, nke a makwaara dị ka mgbada na Australia, Canada, na New Zealand.[2] Na mba ụfọdụ, a makwaara nwoke a na-akparaghị ókè dị ka rig ma ọ bụ ridgling.

Okwu ahụ bụ "bull" na-egosikwa ụmụ ehi ndị ọzọ, gụnyere atụ na atụ mmiri, yana ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ ndị ọzọ buru ibu, gụnyere enyí, anụ rhino, seal na walrus, Enyí mmiri, kamel, giraffe, Elk, moose, whale, dolphin, na antelopes.

Ihe ndị e ji mara ya

Ehi dị n'Ugwu Scotland

Ehi na-enwekwu ahụ ike karịa ehi, nwere ọkpụkpụ toro ogologo, ukwu ukwu, olu akwara, na isi ọkpụkpụ buru ibu nke nwere mgbanaka nchebe n'elu anya. Atụmatụ ndị a na-enyere oke ehi aka n'ịlụ ọgụ maka ịchịkọta ìgwè ehi, na-enye onye mmeri ohere ịnweta ehi maka ịmụ nwa. Ntutu na-adịkarị mkpụmkpụ na ahụ, mana olu na isi na-enwekarị "mane" nke curlier, ntutu ajị anụ. Ehi na-adịkarị ihe dị ka otu ehi n'ịdị elu ma ọ bụ na-adị ntakịrị ogologo, ma n'ihi ahụ ike na ọkpụkpụ agbakwunyere, ha na-atụkarị ibu karịa. Ọtụtụ mgbe, oké ehi na-enwe mkpọmkpọ n'ubu ya.[3]

N'ụmụ ehi nwere mpi, mpi ehi na-adịkarị arọ ma dịtụ mkpụmkpụ karịa nke ehi, [4] na n'ọtụtụ ụdị, ha na-agbanye n'èzí n'oghere dị larịị kama ịga n'elu n'ụdị lyre. Ọ bụghị eziokwu, dị ka a na-ekwere, na ehi nwere mpi na ehi anaghị eme: ọnụnọ nke mpi na-adabere na ụdị, ma ọ bụ na ụdị nwere mpi ma a chụpụrụ mpi ahụ. (Ọ bụ eziokwu, Otú ọ dị, na n'ọtụtụ ụdị atụrụ, ọ bụ naanị ndị nwoke nwere mpi.) A na-akpọ ehi ndị na-enweghị mpi dị ka polled, ma ọ bụ muleys.[5]

Ehi ndị nwoke na-acha uhie uhie yiri nke ụmụ nwanyị n'ọdịdị na mpi, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụrụ na a hapụrụ ha ka ha toruru ogo mmadụ, ha nwere ike ịdị ogologo karịa ma ọ bụ ehi, nwere ubu na olu siri ike.[6]

Ọdịdị ọmụmụ

Àtụ:Image frameEhi na-amị mkpụrụ mgbe ha dị ọnwa asaa. Mmetụta ọmụmụ ha nwere njikọ chiri anya na ogo nke testicles ha, otu ule dị mfe nke ọmụmụ bụ iji tụọ gburugburu nke scrotum; nwa ehi nwere ike ịmụ nwa ozugbo nke a ruru sentimita 28 (11 in); nke ehi zuru oke nwere ike ịbụ ihe karịrị sentimita 40 (16 in).[7][8] Anụ ehi nwere penis fibroelastic. N'iburu n'uche obere anụ ahụ erectile, obere mmụba na-eme mgbe erection gasịrị. Ọkpụkpụ ahụ siri ike mgbe ọ na-adịghị eguzo ọtọ, ọ na-esikwa ike karị n'oge ọ na-eguzo ọtọ. A naghị emetụta protrusion nke ukwuu site n'ịdị elu, kama karịa site na ntụsara ahụ nke muscle retractor na idozi sigmoid flexure.[9][10][11] Ọnọdụ a maara dị ka "ọnụ nkụ" na-emetụta ehi mgbe ụfọdụ.[12][13] Ọnụnọ nke ehi tozuru etozu dị ihe dị ka 3-4 cm n'obosara, na 80-100 cm n'ogologo.[14][15][16][17][18]  Ogwe aka ehi ahụ nwere ọdịdị gbara gburugburu ma dị ogologo.[18]

Echiche na-ezighi ezi

Echiche na-ezighi ezi a na-ekwughachi n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ihe ngosi nke omume ehi bụ na ụcha ọbara ọbara na-ewe ehi iwe, na-akpali ha ịkwụ ụgwọ. N'ezie, dị ka ọtụtụ anụ na-enye nwa ara, ehi na-acha uhie uhie na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. N'ọgụ ehi, mmegharị nke okpu matador, ọ bụghị ụcha, na-akpali mmeghachi omume n'ime ehi.[19][20]

Nchịkwa

Mmepụta anụ ehi

Ewezuga oke ehi ole na ole achọrọ maka ịmụ nwa, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ehi ndị nwoke ka a na-achụ ma na-egbu anụ tupu ha eruo afọ atọ, ma e wezụga ebe achọrọ (nke a chụpụrụ) dị ka ehi ọrụ maka ibupu. A na-atụba ọtụtụ n'ime anụ ehi ndị a dị ka nwa ehi iji belata akparamagwa ọjọọ ma gbochie ịkpakọ ọnụ na-achọghị, n'agbanyeghị na a na-azụ ụfọdụ dị ka anụ ehi a na-achụpụghị. Oke ehi na-adịkwa njikere igbu otu ọnwa ma ọ bụ abụọ ngwa ngwa karịa nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị a chụrụ n'anya, ma na-amịpụta ahụ ike nke ukwuu na nke na-adịchaghị ala..[21]

Akara bụ ụzọ bara uru iji kọwaa oke ọkpụkpụ nke ehi na ehi ndị ọzọ. Enwere ike iji akara etiti mee ihe dị ka enyemaka iji buo amụma ogo ehi tozuru etozu ma nyere aka na nhọrọ nke ehi. A na-agbakọ ha site na ịdị elu na afọ. N'ime akwụkwọ ndekọ ahịa, a na-akọkarị ọnụọgụ a na mgbakwunye na ịdị arọ na data arụmọrụ ndị ọzọ dị ka ọnụ ahịa agbụrụ.[22]

Mmetụta na njikwa

Otu ehi na-eme ka uzuzu dị egwu.
Ihe ịrịba ama ịdọ aka ná ntị maka ubi ehi

Anụ ehi toro eto nwere ike ịdị n'agbata 500 na 1,000 . Ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere ike ime ihe ike ma chọọ ka a jiri nlezianya jikwaa ha mee ihe iji hụ na nchekwa nke ụmụ mmadụ na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. Ndị nke ụdị mmiri ara ehi nwere ike ịbụ ndị na-eme ihe ike karị, ebe ụdị anụ ehi anaghị eme ihe ike, ọ bụ ezie na a makwaara ụdị anụ ehi dị ka Spanish Fighting Bull na anụmanụ ndị yiri ya maka omume ime ihe ike, nke a na-akwalite site na ịzụlite.

A na-eme atụmatụ na 42% nke ndị niile metụtara anụ ụlọ nwụrụ na Canada bụ n'ihi mwakpo ehi, na ihe na-erughị otu onye n'ime mmadụ iri abụọ nwụrụ na mwakpo ehi.[23] Ehi ndị a na-azụ ehi dị ize ndụ karịsịa na ndị a na'amaghị ama; ihe ize ndụ nke ijide ehi bụ ihe dị mkpa na-akpata mmerụ ahụ na ọnwụ maka ndị ọrụ ugbo mmiri ara ehi n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke United States.[24][25][26] Mkpa ịkwaga ehi n'ime ma pụọ n'ụlọ ya iji kpuchie ehi na-ekpughe onye na-elekọta ya na nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke ndụ na aka.[27] Ịzọ ụkwụ, ịrapara ya na mgbidi, ma ọ bụ ịra ya bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị na-akpatakarị ọnwụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmiri ara ehi tupu afọ 1940. [1] Banyere ihe ize ndụ ndị dị otú ahụ, otu magazin ọrụ ugbo a ma ama atụwo aro, "Jụọ ehi ahụ na mkpara ma ghara iwere ohere. Ehi dị nro, ọ bụghị nke jọgburu onwe ya, na-egbukarị ma ọ bụ na-egbu onye na-elekọta ya".[28]

Njikwa

Otu ehi nwere mgbanaka imi nke na-ejide ya n'elu osisi

N'ọtụtụ ebe, itinye mgbaaka n'imi ehi iji nyere aka ịchịkwa ha bụ omenala. A na-ejikarị ọla kọpa eme mgbaaka ahụ, a na-etinyekwa ya site na obere oghere e gburu na septum nke imi. A na-eji ya eme ihe site na itinye eriri ndu ya ma ọ bụ na-agafe ya site na okpu isi, ma ọ bụ maka ehi siri ike karị, enwere ike iji osisi ehi (ma ọ bụ mkpara ehi). Nke a bụ ogwe osisi siri ike nke dị ihe dị ka 1 n'ogologo na clip n'otu nsọtụ; nke a na-ejikọta na mgbanaka ma na-enye ohere ka a duru ehi ahụ ma na-egbochi ya pụọ n'aka onye na-elekọta ya.

Enwere ike idebe ehi na-eme ihe ike n'ime ụlọ ehi, ebe mgbaba na ụlọ mkpọrọ siri ike, mgbe mgbe na ndokwa iji kwe ka a nye ehi ahụ nri n'ebughị ụzọ banye n'ụlọ. Ọ bụrụ na a hapụrụ ehi na-eme ihe ike ka ọ na-ata nri n'èzí, ọ ga-adị mkpa ịkpachara anya iji nyere aka zere ya imerụ ndị mmadụ ahụ. Otu usoro bụ ihe nkpuchi ehi, nke na-ekpuchi anya ehi kpamkpam, ma ọ bụ na-egbochi anya ya n'ala ozugbo n'ihu ya, ka ọ ghara ịhụ onye ọ ga-egbu. Ụzọ ọzọ bụ ịtinye ogologo agbụ ígwè na mgbaaka imi ehi ahụ, ka ọ bụrụ na ọ tụgharịa isi ya iji gbaa ya, ọ ga-aga n'elu agbụ ígwè ahụ ma mee ka ọ dị mkpụmkpụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, a pụrụ ijide ehi ahụ, ma ọ bụ jiri mgbaaka ya ma ọ bụ olu kee ya ihe siri ike dị ka mgbaaka a kwụnyere n'ala.

N'ebe ịta nri buru ibu, ọkachasị ebe a na-azụ ehi na ehi ndị ọzọ, enwere ike inye ụmụ anụmanụ nri site na ụgbọala ma ọ bụ traktọ, ụgbọala ahụ n'onwe ya na-enye ụfọdụ nchebe maka ụmụ mmadụ. N'ozuzu, ehi ndị a na-azụ na ehi anaghị adịkarị ike karịa ndị a na'azụ naanị ha. N'ọnọdụ ìgwè ehi, ehi nwere ụmụ ehi na-adịkarị ize ndụ nye ụmụ mmadụ. N'oge ezumike, enwere ike ijikọ ọtụtụ ehi n'otu "ìgwè ndị na-alụbeghị di".

Mkpụrụ ndụ e ji aka mee

Ịlụ ọgụ ehi

Ọtụtụ ebe a na-azụ ehi na ọdụ ugbo mmiri na-azụ oké ehi na ehi, ọtụtụ ebe a na'azụ ehi ma ọ bụ anụ ehi nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ọtụtụ, ehi maka ebumnuche nke nlekọta ìgwè.[29][30] Otú ọ dị, nsogbu ndị metụtara ijikwa ehi (karịsịa ebe a ga-ewepụ ehi n'ebe ọ nọ ka a rụọ ọrụ) emeela ka ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo mmiri ara ehi gbochie onwe ha ịṅụ nwa (AI) nke ehi.[31] A na-ewepụ mkpụrụ n'ụmụ ehi ma chekwaa ya n'ime ite nitrogen mmiri, ebe a na-edebe ya ruo mgbe a ga-ere ya, n'oge ahụ ọ nwere ike ịba uru nke ukwuu; n'ezie, ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ ehi na-edebe ehi maka nzube a kpọmkwem. A na-ejikwa AI eme ihe iji melite ogo nke ìgwè atụrụ, ma ọ bụ iji webata usoro ọbara. Ụfọdụ ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ na-ahọrọ iji AI mee ihe iji kwe ka ha mụọ ọtụtụ ehi dị iche iche n'otu oge ma ọ bụ mụọ ehi kachasị mma ha na ehi dị elu karịa ka ha nwere ike ịzụta ozugbo. A pụkwara iji AI mee ihe na nnyefe embryo iji kwe ka ndị na-emepụta ehi tinye ụmụ ọhụrụ na ìgwè ehi ha.

Mmekọrịta ya na ụmụ mmadụ

Otu ehi Aurochs n'ime ihe osise dị n'ọgba na Lascaux, France
Ehi eji eme ihe na heraldry: Akara agha nke mpaghara Mecklenburg, Germany.

Dị ka anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, a na-ewere ụfọdụ ehi dị ka anụ ụlọ. Onye na-agụ egwu Charo, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nwere ehi a na-akpọ Manolo.[32]

Mkpa ọ pụtara na ọdịbendị mmadụ

Ehi dị nsọ enweela ọnọdụ dị mkpa na ọdịbendị mmadụ kemgbe tupu mmalite nke akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ha na-apụta na Ihe osise ọgba ndị e mere atụmatụ na ha ruru afọ 17,000. Akụkọ ifo Bull of Heavens na-arụ ọrụ na akụkọ ifo Sumerian oge ochie nke Gilgamesh, nke malitere laa azụ na 2150 BC. A na-egosipụta mkpa ehi ahụ dị na ọdịdị ya na zodiac dị ka Taurus, na ọtụtụ ọdịdị ya n'akụkọ ifo, ebe a na-ejikọkarị ya na ọmụmụ. Hụkwa Korban. Na Okpukpe Hindu, a na-efe ehi a na-akpọ Nandi, nke a na-egosikarị ka ọ nọ ọdụ, dị ka ụgbọ ala nke chi Shiva ma gosipụta ya n'ọtụtụ ihe oyiyi nke chi ahụ.

Isi ehi na uwe agha nke Joroinen

N'ụzọ ihe atụ, ehi ahụ na-apụta mgbe niile na heraldry. Bulls na-apụta dị ka ebubo na akara n'aka ọtụtụ ezinụlọ ndị Britain. Ehi nwere nku na-apụta dị ka ndị na-akwado aka nke Worshipful Company of Butchers . [33] N'oge a, a na-eji ehi ahụ eme ihe dị ka ihe nkedo site na ndị na-eme egwuregwu na ndị ọkachamara.

Bulls nwekwara ihe pụrụ iche dị mkpa na omenala Spanish, ebe emume Running of the Bulls na-eme kwa afọ n'oge ọkọchị. N'oge emume a, otu ìgwè mmadụ na-agba ọsọ a na-akpọ "mozos" na-anwa ịkpasu otu ìgwè ehi na-agba n'azụ ha iwe, ebe nnukwu ìgwè mmadụ na na-ekiri asọmpi ahụ dum.[34]

Ndị otu NBA a ma ama bụ Chicago Bulls na-egosipụta ehi na akara ya, mascot, na ngwaahịa ya.

Ihe ngosi

  • A bull currently eating
    Ehi na-eri ugbu a

Hụkwa

  • Ịwa nwa ehi ahụ
  • Ahịa ehi

Ebem si dee

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 O.C. Gregg, Ed., Minnesota Farmer's Institute Annual No. 15, Pioneer Press, St. Paul, Minn. (1902), at p. 125; The James Way, The James Manufacturing Co., Ft. Atkinson, Wisc. (1914), p. 103.
  2. ↑ Sure Ways to Lose Money on Your Cattle. Spiritwoodstockyards.ca. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved on August 6, 2012.
  3. ↑ Woods (July 30, 2015). How to determine if cattle are bulls, steers, cows or heifers - Farm and Dairy. Farm and Dairy. Retrieved on December 27, 2017.
  4. ↑ Klaus-Dieter Budras, et al, Bovine Anatomy: An Illustrated Text (2003), p. 36.
  5. ↑ Muley. The Free Dictionary. Retrieved on December 27, 2017.
  6. ↑ TIM TRAINOR Montana Standard (April 28, 2010). Example of large steer. Missoulian.com. Retrieved on August 6, 2012.
  7. ↑ A P Carter, P D P Wood and Penelope A Wright (1980), Association between scrotal circumference, live weight and sperm output in cattle, Journal of Reproductive Fertility, 59, pp 447–451. (PDF). Archived from the original on May 10, 2020. Retrieved on August 6, 2012.
  8. ↑ G Jayawardhana (2006), Testicle Size – A Fertility Indicator in Bulls, Australian Government Agnote K44.. Northern Territory of Australian. Agnote. Archived from the original on May 28, 2016. Retrieved on January 10, 2018.
  9. ↑ Sarkar (2003). Sexual Behaviour In Animals. Discovery Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7141-746-9. 
  10. ↑ Reece (March 4, 2009). Functional Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals – William O. Reece – Google Boeken. ISBN 978-0-8138-1451-3. Retrieved on December 2, 2012. 
  11. ↑ Gillespie (January 28, 2009). Modern Livestock and Poultry Production – James R. Gillespie, Frank B. Flanders – Google Boeken. ISBN 978-1-4283-1808-3. Retrieved on December 2, 2012. 
  12. ↑ Fubini (January 15, 2004). Farm Animal Surgery. ISBN 1-4160-6465-6. 
  13. ↑ Price (2008). Principles and Applications of Domestic Animal Behavior: An Introductory Text. ISBN 978-1-78064-055-6. 
  14. ↑ Descôteaux (September 24, 2009). Practical Atlas of Ruminant and Camelid Reproductive Ultrasonography. ISBN 9780813808079. Retrieved on June 22, 2013. 
  15. ↑ Scott (July 15, 2011). Cattle Medicine – Philip R. Scott, Colin D. Penny, Alastair Macrae. ISBN 9781840766110. Retrieved on June 30, 2013. 
  16. ↑ McEntee (August 28, 1990). Reproductive Pathology of Domestic Mammals – Mark McEntee. ISBN 9780323138048. Retrieved on June 30, 2013. 
  17. ↑ Jackson (April 15, 2008). Clinical Examination of Farm Animals – Peter Jackson, Peter Cockcroft. ISBN 9781405147392. Retrieved on June 30, 2013. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Heide Schatten (March 21, 2008). Comparative Reproductive Biology. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-39025-2. 
  19. ↑ Longhorn_Information – handling. ITLA. Archived from the original on May 11, 2010. Retrieved on March 28, 2010.
  20. ↑ Ashwin (June 17, 2015). Do Bulls Hate Red Color?. Science ABC. Retrieved on June 26, 2022.
  21. ↑ Castration of Calves Factsheet, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, June 2007.
  22. ↑ Frame scoring of beef cattle. New South Wales Government. Department of Primary Industries (September 13, 2007). Retrieved on January 10, 2018.
  23. ↑ Handling Livestock Successfully. Canadian Farming Administration (2000). Archived from the original on March 12, 2016. Retrieved on January 10, 2018.
  24. ↑ Larry D. Jacobson, Extension Agricultural Engineer, Safe Work Practices on Dairy Farms, University of Minnesota Extension Services (1989). University of Minnesota - Extension. www.extension.umn.edu. Archived from the original on July 12, 2013. Retrieved on January 10, 2018. “"During the last 10 years, 12 farmers in Minnesota were mauled and gored to death by dairy bulls"”
  25. ↑ Cumberland County (Pa.) Sentinel, Shippensburg, Pa., February 12, 2008 A farmer in Southampton County, Michigan, was killed by a 2000-lb Holstein bull in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, in February 2008.
  26. ↑ Michelle Park. "Bull attacks, kills owner at South Heidelberg Township farm", The Reading Pennsylvania Eagle, March 1, 2010. “On February 28, 2010, a farmer near Reading, Pennsylvania was trampled and gored to death by a 2000-lb black Angus bull that he had been urged to get rid of by friends after earlier mishaps.”
  27. ↑ Alvin H. Clement, We Gotta Have More Jails, The Writer's Club Press, New York (1984–87), at pp. 79-80. A humorous description of moving a cow to a neighbor's Jersey bull for breeding purposes, and the use of a 12-foot bull staff to get the loose-running bull under control after he had already spotted the cow
  28. ↑ Helpful Information for Dairymen, The Farmer, Webb Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, March 12, 1927, p. 6.
  29. ↑ U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Yearbook 1922, Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. (1922), pp. 325-28 (noting a national on-farm bull population of over 600,000 "scrub" bulls in addition to a multiyear supply of "pure bred" bulls)
  30. ↑ O.C. Gregg, Ed., Minnesota Farmer's Institute Annual No. 15, Pioneer Press, St. Paul, Minn. (1902), pp.129-32 (recommending the keeping and testing of sires for dairy herd improvement).
  31. ↑ C. J. C. Phillips, Principles of Cattle Production (2010), p. 121.
  32. ↑ Capretto (June 10, 2014). The Unusual Pet That Upset Charo's Neighbors (Video). Huffington Post. Retrieved on January 10, 2018.
  33. ↑ Arthur Fox-Davies, A Complete Guide to Heraldry, T.C. and E.C. Jack, London, 1909, 205-207, https://archive.org/details/completeguidetoh00foxduoft.
  34. ↑ Pamplona Bull Run | RunningoftheBulls.com (en-US). Retrieved on November 13, 2020.
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