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Ọrụ ugbo na Naịjirịa: Ọdịiche dị n'etiti nyochagharị

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Orübà nà ógè 03:48, 25 Julaị 2024

Mmepe nke mmepụta ugbo nke Naịjirịa na 2015 US $ kemgbe 1961
Ahịa Oshodi na LagosỌdọ Mmiri

Ọrụ ugbo bụ akụkụ bụ isi nke akụ na ụba Naijiria,[1]na-aza ihe ruru 35% nke ngụkọta ọrụ na 2020. Dị ka FAO si kwuo, [2],[3] 

ọrụ ugbo ka bụ ntọala akụnaụba Naịjirịa,[1]na-enye ọtụtụ ndị Naijiria ihe ndụ na iwepụta nde ọrụ.[4][5][6]Tinyere mmanụ ala, Naijiria na-adabere na ngwaahịa ugbo ọ na-ebupụ na ya na-ebute ọtụtụ n'ime ego mbata ya.[1] Nke Ngalaba Ngalaba ugbo na Naijiria nwere ngalaba anọ: mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ, anụ ụlọ, oke ọhịa na ịkụ azụ.

Naịjirịa nwere ngụkọta mpaghara ọrụ ugbo nke nde hekta 70.8, [3] nke nde hekita 34 bụ ala a na-akọ ugbo, [4] nde hekta 6.5 na-eji maka ihe ọkụkụ na-adịgide adịgide, na nde hekta 30.3 bụ ala ahịhịa na ahịhịhịa.

Mkpụrụ ọka, akpụ, ọka Guinea, ntụ ọka na ji bụ ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-akụ na Naịjirịa, ebe 70% nke ezinụlọ na-arụ ọrụ ugbo. N'ebe ndịda, 7.3% nke ezinụlọ na-egbu azụ, ebe 69.3% nke ezinụlọ nwere ma ọ bụ zụlite anụ ụlọ n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Naijiria.[5]

Na nkeji nke atọ nke afọ 2019, tupu ọrịa COVID-19, ngalaba ahụ jiri 14.88% too kwa afọ. Mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ ka bụ akụkụ kachasị ukwuu nke ngalaba ahụ. N'ime nkeji iri na ise nke afọ 2019, ngalaba ọrụ ugbo nyere 29.25% na GDP n'ozuzu.[6] N'agbata Jenụwarị na Machị 2021, ọrụ ugbo nyere 22.35% nke ngụkọta ngụkọta nke ngụrọ ụlọ.[3][7][8][9][10]

Ngalaba ahụ na-aga n'ihu na mgbanwe site na azụmaahịa na obere, nke dị n'etiti, na nke nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ.[11] Otú ọ dị, e nwere ọtụtụ ihe na ngalaba ọrụ ugbo nke Naijiria nke nwere ike igbochi uto ya, gụnyere usoro ala nke na-egbochi ịnweta ala, ọkwa mmepe ịgba mmiri nke mba ahụ, obere nnweta nchọpụta na teknụzụ, ọnụahịa nke ntinye ugbo, ego ịnweta ụgwọ nke njikwa nke ụlọ ọrụ pụrụ iche guzobere maka mmepe nke ngalaba ọrụ ugwo, ụzọ nke ịzụta fatịlaịza na nkesa, ịdị irè nke ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa, na ego ịnweta ahịa.

N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, mgbanwe nke okpomọkụ, Mmiri ozuzo, oke ihu igwe, na mmụba nke ụmụ ahụhụ na ọrịa ndị metụtara ya nke Mgbanwe ihu igwe kpatara na-eweta ihe ịma aka nye iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke usoro ọrụ ugbo nke mba ahụ.[12] Nke a na-ejikọta ya na ịdabere na ọrụ ugbo mmiri ozuzo, nke mere ka ngalaba ahụ nwee nsogbu maka ọnọdụ oge.[13]

Ihe ndị a niile na-enye aka na mmepụta ihe ugbo na mmebi na ihe mkpofu na Naịjirịa.[3] Enweghị akwụkwọ bụkwa otu n'ime ọtụtụ ihe na-egbochi ọganihu na mmepe nke ọrụ ugbo na Naịjirịa. Nnyocha egosila na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ na Naịjirịa enwetaghị agụmakwụkwọ.[14]

Ọganihu

N'oge nnwere onwe Naịjirịa (1960), mbupụ nri mejupụtara ihe karịrị 70% nke Gross National Product (GNP) nke mba ahụ. [15] Otú ọ dị, n'ime afọ 25 sochirinụ, ọnọdụ ahụ gbanwere, na ihe oriri na-eme ihe karịrị 50% nke mbubata. N'agbanyeghị inwe ala na-eme nri, mmepụta nri na Naijiria belatara, mmepụta ihe oriri nke onye ọ bụla belatara. na-ebute mmụba ihe karịrị okpukpu asaa n'ebubata ọka.[16]

N'afọ ndị 1970, gọọmentị Naijiria kwalitere iji fatịlaịza inorganic iji dozie nsogbu ahụ.[17]Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1990, n'ime ala Naịjirịa nke ihe dị ka nde hekta 91, a chọpụtara na nde hekta 82 dị mma maka ọrụ ugbo, mana ọ bụ naanị 42% nke ebe a na-akọ ugbo ka a na-arụ ọrụ ugbo. A na-ejikarị "usoro ahịhịa", nke na-agụnye ịhapụ ala n'efu ruo oge ụfọdụ iji kwe ka mmeghachi omume nke ala na-eme nri. Tụkwasị na nke a, e kewara nde hekta iri na asatọ dị ka ebe ịta ahịhịa na-adịgide adịgide, mana o nwere ike ịkwado ihe ọkụkụ, a kwenyere na ọtụtụ n'ime nde hekta abụọ oké ọhịa na ọhịa kpuchiri nwere ikike ọrụ ugbo.[18]

Ihe onwunwe ugbo dị obere ma gbasaa, a na-ejikwa ngwá ọrụ dị mfe arụ ọrụ ugbo. Ọrụ ugbo buru ibu abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị. Ọrụ ugbo nyere pasent 32 na GDP na 2001.

Iwu Ọrụ Ugbo nke Naịjirịa rịrị elu site na pasent 30 ruo ijeri N920 na Q1 2024, na-emesi ike ịdabere na ngwaahịa ugbo dị ka ọka wit na nri ndị dị mkpa iji gboo mkpa ndị ahịa chọrọ, nke ọrụ ugbo n'ụlọ na-agba mbọ igbo.

Ịdabere na mbubata a na-eweta ihe ịma aka maka ngalaba ọrụ ugbo nke Naijiria, nke nwere ike belata mmepụta mpaghara n'ihi ngwaahịa ndị dị ọnụ ala, ndị dị mfe. Ọnọdụ ahịa asọmpi a na-eweta ihe ize ndụ na nkwado na mmepe nke ngalaba ahụ.[19]

Ọrụ ugbo anụmanụ

Templeeti:Nigeria topicsisiokwu naijiria

Anụ ụlọ

Naịjirịa bụ ebe dị mkpa maka imepụta ihe eji eme ihe na West Africa. Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime nnukwu anụ ụlọ na-eweta mba na mpaghara ahụ. Izute mmasị na-agbasawanye na nnabata na ngalaba azụmaahịa ndị a na-aga nke ọma bụ nnukwu ego maka Naịjirịa na mba Sahel ndị gbara ya gburugburu na-azụ anụ ụlọ. Site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ya na njedebe ya n'ihe gbasara ihe e kere eke, na 25% nke anụmanụ a na-azụ n'ụlọ na mpaghara, Naịjirịa bụ onye isi na-emepụta anụmanụ na Focal na West Africa.[20]

A na-enyocha ìgwè ehi mmiri ara ehi nke mba ahụ n'ebe ugwu nke nde iri na isii, ogologo ụzọ n'ihu Niger (nde 8.7), Mali (nde 8.2) na Chad (nde 7). Akụkụ nke mba Sahel buru ibu, n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, na-ekwu maka ihe karịrị ọkara nke ìgwè ndị na-azụ anụ. Ehi ndị a na-azụlite na Naịjirịa na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma site na ọrụ anụmanụ a na-arụ n'ụlọ dị mkpirikpi, nke a na-atụle na nde atụrụ 33.8 na nde nnụnụ ọkụkọ 175.[21]

Ụmụ anụmanụ Naịjirịa Ọrụ Na-eche Nnukwu Ihe mgbochi maka imeziwanye ihu

Ịzụlite ụmụ anụmanụ n'ụlọ bụ ebe dị mkpa nke njem na Naịjirịa, agbanyeghị na o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-abụ ihe ole na ole dị mkpa. Ala ubi a na-enweta na-ebelata n'ụzọ bụ isi ka obodo ndị mepere emepe na ọrụ ugbo na-eto. Ikwenye na ihe ọmụma maka ọrụ ugbo nke anụmanụ yiri ka ọ nweghị enyemaka pụrụ iche maka ọdịmma anụmanụ na-adịghị mma. A na-eweta steers n'ụzọ bụ isi na mpaghara Sudan-Sahel nke steeti ndị dị n'ebe ugwu, ebe mmega ahụ agro-udo maka akụkụ ka ukwuu na-agụnye ịkwaga oge ụfọdụ na cross-line iji mebie ebe ịta nri Sahel n'oge oké ifufe. N'okpuru ebe a bụ ụfọdụ ihe mgbochi iji melite: [21]

  • Ịmụba Ojiji nke Anụ na Ịgbanwe Ihe Nri.

A na-atụ anya nrịgo siri ike na-ewu ewu maka ihe ndị e kere eke, ọ bụghị naanị n'ịdị elu nke ime obodo (60% nke ndị Naijiria bụ ndị bi n'obodo), Otú ọ dị ihe kasị mkpa ka ndị ahịa 'ọzọ a ma ama ịzụ ike na mmepe nke ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ na klas. Ewezụga nke ahụ, nnukwu anụ mgbanwe a na-anọchite anya ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 60% nke mgbanwe ụwa na mpaghara. N'otu oge ahụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arị elu nke ndị na-azụ ahịa chọrọ anụ ka mma si n'ụlọ anụ ndị a na-eduzi. Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ anụ ọgbara ọhụrụ na-ekewa ahịa ugbu a, na-ere anụ oyi kpọnwụrụ akpọkọtara n'otu akụkụ. Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ndị na-anya ụgbọ ala dabara na ụdị ịzụ ahịa ọhụrụ a na-etokwa ngwa ngwa. A na-elele ihe atụ ole na ole nke nchikota yinye uru bara uru n'otu aka ahụ ka mpaghara ahụ na-etolite, ya na otu di na nwunye na-ahụ maka anụ n'ụlọ anụ nke ha nke ndị otu ha na-eme ihe na-enye. N'agbanyeghị iberibe ikpeazụ a na-etolite, ọ na-anọchi anya 10% nke ahịa ihe anụ ahụ n'ozuzu. N'agbanyeghị ihe ndị a na-ebilite, ọtụtụ ndị anaghị abịaru Sahel hamburger nso, bụ nke a na-ewere dị ka ihe dị oke ọnụ site n'iberibe ndị na-enweghị ego. N'ụzọ dị otu a, dịka ndị mmadụ niile siri kwuo, iji anụ eme ihe na Naijiria ka dị n'okpuru ọnọdụ nkịtị (2kg maka onye ọ bụla na kwa afọ na Naijiria, ma e jiri ya tụnyere kilogram asatọ maka onye ọ bụla kwa afọ na ECOWAS).

  • Ndị isi anụmanụ Ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri na Focal na West Africa Ihe ọmụmụ ndị a na-aga site n'ebe ugwu gaa n'ebe ndịda site na Sahel gaa n'ahịa ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri. Ọtụtụ na-agbakọta n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na Naijiria, na isi obodo a (isi iyi: IRAM, 2009) [22]
  • Mmeziwanye nke Ịzụ Anụmanụ Naijiria

Otu isi maka Njikọ ahụ, Njikọ Ndị Mkpụrụ ya, na Anụmanụ ndị gbara ya gburugburu na-eweta Mba na Sahel. Ime ka ihe ndị ọzọ na-eri anụ dị ngwa ngwa, na-aga n'ihu na-eme ka ọrụ anụmanụ dị njọ, nkwado nke ọdịmma onwe onye na mpaghara a - usoro atụmatụ anụmanụ na-elekwasị anya na ọrụ anụmanụ na mbubata sitere na mba ndị kwalitere ụlọ ọrụ anụmanụ. Nhọrọ atụmatụ abụọ a dabere na ojiji nke ọtụtụ ọka, nnweta na ọnụahịa nke dị iche na mgbanwe ndị na-aga na Sahel na mbara ala niile. Otu onye nwekwara ike ịnọgide na-eche ma ọ bụrụ na ụzọ anụmanụ a emeela ka nsogbu nke ihe okike agropastoral na ịrụ ọrụ na nkwekọrịta n'etiti ndị na-amụ anụmanụ na ndị na-azụ anụmanụ (ụmụ ole na ole n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ malitere na 2009 na 2010 na mpaghara Bauchi, Nasarawa, Benue, Level na Ebonyi). N'ụzọ ziri ezi jikọtara ya na mmepe ndị mmadụ, mmepe ìgwè mmadụ na Naijiria na nnabata maka nri na ebe a na-agba mmiri bụ nsogbu siri ike. Okwu a bụ n'ụzọ dị otú a, karịa na mba ndị ọzọ dị na Sahel, otu n'ime ka ndị na-agagharị agagharị dị nchebe. Anụmanụ ndị na-azụlite na mpaghara Sahel na-ekere òkè dị mkpa na Naịjirịa. Njikọ dị n'etiti anụ ụlọ na-azụlite na North na South kwesịrị ka e wusie ike, na-enweghị igbu anụ sitere na Sahel. Ọnụ ego kwesịrị ịnọchite anya oke ihe ndị nwere ohere, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị na-aga n'etiti na mgbanwe nke ọnụego ahịa ego. Ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi n'obodo ukwu na obodo nta dị na Sahel na-etolite, anụ a ga-adị oke ọnụ, ya mere "nke a kapịrị ọnụ" kwekọrọ na ike ịzụta ndị ahịa. N'ime afọ iri na-aga n'ihu, mba Sahel agaghị enwe ike igbo mkpa hamburger nke Naijiria n'ozuzu ya, agbanyeghị, ha nwere ike iwere òkè dị mkpa n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla na-enyere akụ na ụba ha dị iche iche aka. Okike hamburger Sahel kwesịrị ịrụzu ihe ndị ọzọ iji mezuo ihe ndị dị mma. Ndị na-esi na Sahel na-aga igosi ihe na-adịkarị obere, nke ahụ na-egosi na a ga-ejupụta ha n'etiti ụzọ dị n'akụkụ abụọ nke akara ahụ. Maka ihe niile dị irè karị na ihe niile na-egbu egbu maka ahịa, a ga-echebe ihe mgbochi nke nnabata iji lekọta. Nke a na-egosi na njikọ ụmụ anụmanụ kwesịrị inweta ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị karịa na mgbanwe na ndị na-emepụta ihe (ndị na-emepụta ọka wit, presscake, na ihe ndị ọzọ). Nke a na-egosikwa na a ga-achọta usoro iji rụọ ọrụ na njikwa mmetụta ndị dị n'ime ime obodo. Ndị a bụ akụkụ nke ihe isi ike na-eche ndị na-amụ nwa ihu ka ha na-anwa ịrụ ọrụ na ndụ ha na ịkwado ebe ehi na-azụlite.[21]

Nnụnụ

Nnụnụ Naịjirịa

Ụmụ ọkụkọ dị mma karịa nnụnụ ọkụkọ ndị ọzọ. Ha bụ nke klas dị iche iche na-aga site na pullets (layers), grills, na noilers. A na-ejikarị grills eme ihe maka imepụta anụ ebe akwa bụ maka imepụta àkwá. Ụdị kachasị amasị na Naijiria gụnyere Marshall, ISA Brown, Cobb, Bovans Dark, Cornish Cross, Arbor Section of land Furthermore, K-22 Moyer, na Cornish Goliaths. Ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ na-enweta anụ ụlọ site na incubators ma ọ bụ site na ụbọchị (DOCs), ma ọ bụ ụbọchị iri na anọ zuru ezu, ma ọ bụ akara nke mgbọ (15-17 izu zuru ezu) site na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta anụ ụlọ.[21]

Usoro ndị isi ọkụkọ a na-eji eme ihe bụ:

  • Usoro njem n'efu, ebe a na-azụlite nnụnụ maka iji ezinụlọ. A na-ekwe ka ha na-agagharị n'ihu ọha gburugburu ebe ahụ na-achọ nri na mmiri. Usoro a dị mma na netwọk mpaghara dị anya
  • Ọkara-dị njọ, ebe a na-ekwe ka nnụnụ na-agagharị gburugburu ma ka nwere ebe obibi, na obere nri azụmaahịa iji gbakwunye ma kwụọ ụgwọ maka ụkọ na f ha na-achọ
  • Usoro a na-etinye uche, ebe a na-ejedebe nnụnụ na ogige ma ọ bụ ụlọ ebe a na'enye nri zuru oke, mmiri, nlekọta ahụike. A na-ekewa ya n'ime ihe mkpofu miri emi na usoro batrị. N'ihi ịdị irè nke usoro a, ọ bụ ihe dị mma na mpaghara ndịda nke mba ahụ, ebe mmepụta ọkụkọ azụmaahịa na-arịgo ngwa ngwa.[20]

Mmepụta

Na 2022, Naijiria mepụtara:

  • 59.6 nde tọn cassava (onye na-emepụta ihe kachasị n'ụwa). Naịjirịa na-eme ihe ruru pasent 20 nke mmepụta cassava n'ụwa, ihe dị ka pasent 34 nke Africa, na ihe dị ka 46% nke West Africa; [3]
  • 47.5 nde tọn yam (onye na-emepụta ihe kachasị n'ụwa); [23]
  • 3.3 nde tọn nke taro (onye na-emepụta ihe kachasị n'ụwa); [24]
  • 2.6 nde tọn nke cowpea (onye na-emepụta ihe kachasị n'ụwa); [25]
  • 6.8 nde tọn nke sorghum (onye na-emepụta ihe kachasị n'ụwa); [26][27]
  • 2 nde tọn nke okra (2nd kasị emepụta n'ụwa, nke abụọ naanị India); [28]
  • 2.8 nde tọn ahụekere (nke atọ kachasị emepụta n'ụwa, nke abụọ naanị na China na India);
  • 4 nde tọn Poteto na-atọ ụtọ (3rd kasị emepụta n'ụwa, nke abụọ naanị na China na Malawi);
  • 369 puku tọn ginger (nke atọ kachasị emepụta n'ụwa, na-efunahụ naanị India na China);
  • 2.2 nde tọn ọka (nke anọ kachasị emepụta n'ụwa, nke abụọ naanị India, Niger, na Sudan);
  • 7.8 nde tọn mmanụ nkwụ (4th kasị emepụta n'ụwa, nke abụọ naanị Indonesia, Malaysia, na Thailand);
  • 572 puku tọn nke Mkpụrụ sesame (4th kasị emepụta n'ụwa, na-efunahụ naanị Sudan, Myanmar, na India);
  • 332 puku tọn koko (4th kasị emepụta n'ụwa, nke abụọ naanị na Ivory Coast, Ghana, na Indonesia);
  • 3 nde tọn plantain (nke ise kachasị emepụta n'ụwa);
  • 833 puku tọn nke papaị (nke isii kachasị emepụta n'ụwa);
  • 1.6 nde tọn pineapple (nke asaa kachasị emepụta n'ụwa);
  • 3.9 nde tọn Tomato (nke iri na otu kachasị emepụta n'ụwa);
  • 6.8 nde tọn osikapa (otu n'ime ndị na-emepụta osikapa kachasị ukwuu n'Africa, [3] nke iri na anọ kachasị emepụta n'ụwa);
  • 10.1 nde tọn ọka (nke iri na anọ kachasị emepụta n'ụwa);
  • 7.5 nde tọn akwụkwọ nri;
  • 1.4 nde tọn okpete;
  • 1.3 nde tọn poteto;
  • 949 puku tọn mango (gụnyere mangosteen na guava);
  • 938 puku tọn yabasị;
  • 758 puku tọn soy;
  • 747 puku tọn ose na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ;
  • 585 puku tọn egusi;
  • 263 puku tọn nke ahụekere;
  • Otu puku n'iri ise tọn akị bekee na iri ise.

Na mgbakwunye na obere mmepụta nke ngwaahịa ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ, [29] Naịjirịa mepụtara ihe dị ka nde 2.2 nke tọn azụ na 2008. [3]

Ngwaahịa ugbo

Map nke ngwaahịa ugbo Naịjirịa

Ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-akụ na Naịjirịa gụnyere agwa, osikapa, sesame, cashew nut, akpụ, agwa koko, ntụ ọka, gum Arabic, ọrji, koko, ọka (ọka), melon, millet, mkpụrụ nkwụ, mmanụ nkwụ, ụnere, osikọta, rọba, sorghum, soybeans, unere, na ji.[30]

N'oge gara aga, a maara Naijiria maka mbupụ nke ntụ ọka na Mmanụ nkwụ. Otú ọ dị, ka afọ na-aga, ọnụego mbupụ nke ngwaahịa ndị a belatara. Afọ ole na ole gara aga, ụlọ ọrụ ndị Naijiria malitere mbupụ mkpụrụ ntụọka, mkpụrụ osisi cashew, mkpụrụ sesame, mkpụrụ moringa, ginger, koko, na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ.[31] 

Ngwaahịa ugbo nke mba ahụ na-adaba n'ìgwè abụọ: ihe ọkụkụ nri a na-emepụta maka oriri n'ụlọ na ihe ọkụkụ ego a na-ere maka uru ma na-ebupụ ya na mba ọzọ. Tupu Agha obodo Naijiria, mba ahụ nwere nri zuru oke, mana nke ahụ belatara mgbe afọ 1973 gasịrị. Achịcha e ji ọka wit America mee dochie anya ihe ọkụkụ dị ka Nri kachasị ọnụ ala.[32] N'agbata afọ 1980 na 2016, mmepụta Ji mụbara site na ihe dị ka nde tọn 5 ruo nde tọn 44.[33]

Tọn ndị e mepụtara na 1980 2000 2016
Mkpụrụ ọka 612,000[34] 4,107,000[34] 764,678[35]
Millet 2,824,000[36] 5,814,000[36] 1,468,668[35]
Mkpụrụ ọka Guinea 3,690,000[37] 7,711,000[37] 6,939,335[35]
Yam 5,250,000[33] 26,210,000[33] 44,109,615[35]
Cassava 11,500,000[38] 32,697,000[38] 57,134,478[35]
Osikapa, paddy 1,090,000[39] 3,298,000 6,070,813[35]
Mkpụrụ melon 94,000[40] 345,000[40] 569,398[35]
Cocoyam 208,000[41] 3,886,000[41] 3,175,842[35]
Mkpụrụ osisi Sesame 15,000 72,000 460,988[41]

Koko

Templeeti:Africa in topicAfrica na isiokwụ

Koko bụ nnukwu mgbanwe mba ọzọ na-abụghị mmanụ, mana mmeri nke ndị nwe obere na enweghị ọrụ ugbo n'ihi ime obodo na-egbochi mmepụta. Ihe ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ na-egbochi mmepụta koko gụnyere ego, enweghị onye na-ahazi ya, na obere nnweta nke ụdị ọhụrụ nke mkpụrụ osisi iji weghachite ma zụlite osisi ochie. Ọtụtụ ndị metụtara ya na-achọpụta ihe ndị a.[2]Ime ka ụlọ ọrụ Cocoa nke Naijiria dịghachi ndụ

Ihe ịma aka ndị a emeela ka mba ahụ si bụrụ nke abụọ kachasị emepụta akị bekee gaa n'ịbụ nke anọ, nke Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, na Indonesia gafere. N'afọ 1969, Naịjirịa mepụtara tọn akị bekee 145,000; Otú ọ dị, ọ nwere ike imepụta ihe karịrị 300,000 kwa afọ. Gọọvụmentị Naijiria nwere ike inye ndị ọrụ ugbo koko ihe mkpali ka ha mụbaa mmepụta ihe.[32]

Rọba

Rọba bụ nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu na-abụghị mmanụ mba ọzọ. [42][43] A na-akụ rọba na steeti dị iche iche na Naịjirịa, gụnyere Edo, Delta, Ondo, Ogun, Abia, Anambra, Akwa Ibom, Cross Rivers, Ebonyi, na steeti Bayelsa.[44][45]

Rọba sitere n'okike na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na akụ na ụba Naijiria, na-arụkwa ọrụ atọ dị mkpa: ọ na-enye ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-arụpụta ihe, na-emepụta ego mgbanwe mba ọzọ, ma guzobe Naijiria dị ka onye a ma ama na-mbupụ rọba n'ụwa niile, [46] ma na-enyekwa ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ime ime obodo ohere ọrụ. [47]

Mmanụ nkwụ bụ mmanụ a na-eri eri nke sitere na mkpụrụ osisi nkwụ mmanụ

Mmanụ nkwụ

Mmanụ nkwụ dị elu na carotenes, nke bụ ihe na-ebute vitamin A, tocopherols, na Antioxidants, a na-ejikarị mmanụ nkwụ esi nri na ighe ihe na Naịjirịa. Ọ emeela ka ndị mmadụ nwee mmasị iji mmanụ nkwụ dị ka isi iyi nke vitamin A n'Afrịka.[48]

Ọ bụ ezie na ubi nkwụ mmanụ na ala na-ewe ihe karịrị hekta 118,264, ha na-akpata naanị 5% nke mmepụta mmanụ nkwụ zuru ezu nke Naịjirịa. Ọ bụ ezie na a maara achịcha nkwụ nke ọma n'ubi ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ dị ka ihe oriri bara uru, a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe dị ka isi iyi nke eriri na ike na nri maka azụ, nnụnụ, na ezì ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya.

Ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ nkwụ bụ ngalaba ọzọ nke akụ na ụba Naijiria, na-enye nri na ike ndụ a na-emepụta maka nri, ihe ntecha, ọgwụ, plastik, na ụlọ ọrụ bio-energy. Na Naịjirịa, ụlọ ọrụ nwere ozi gbasara nkwụ mmanụ bụ Naịjirị maka Nnyocha Nkume Mmanụ. Iwu iwu nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ ime nnyocha banyere mmepụta na ngwaahịa nke nkwụ mmanụ na nkwụ ndị ọzọ metụtara akụ na ụba ma nyefee nchọpụta ya na ndị ọrụ ugbo.[49]

Dị ka nke 2023, Edo steeti jigidere ọkwa kachasị elu na mmepụta mmanụ nkwụ na Naijiria, ekele maka onyinye dị ukwuu sitere na Flourmills Naijiria, Dufil, na Saro Africa, bụ ndị chịkọtara ọnụ ọtụtụ puku hectare nke nkwụ mmanụ na steeti ahụ. [50]

Mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ

Mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ na naijiria na 1980, 2000, na 2016

Tonnes produced in[35] 1980 2000 2016
Oil palm fruit 5,750,000 8,220,000 7,817,207
Cocoa 153,000 338,000 236,521
Groundnut 471,000 2,901,000 3,028,571
Kola nut 135,000 82,000 143,829
Ginger 200 98,000 522,964

ịkụ azụ

Mmepụta azụ̀ karịsịa sitere na mmiri dị mkpa maka ọganihu ego nke ndị Naijiria na ntinye aka ya na mmepe ego obodo site na GDP (Gross domestic product). .[51]

Ihe ọkụkụ ọdịnala

A ka na-akụ mkpụrụ ọka ọdịnala dịka fonio (Digitaria exilis na Digitaria iburua) na Middle Belt Ebe etiti Naịjirịa.[52]

Ihe ọkụkụ ọdịnala ndị ọzọ na Naịjirịa bụ: [52]

  • Mkpụrụ osisi Bambara
  • Akị bekee nke Hausa
  • Nnụnụ a na-akpọ pumpkin
  • Akị na-acha odo odo
  • Melegueta ose
  • Akpụkpọ anụ
  • Amaranth na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ
  • Mkpụrụ osisi na-esi ísì ụtọ
  • Roselle
  • Okra

Ministri nke ọrụ ụgbo

Ubi osikapa na Naịjirịa

Ọfịs gọọvụmentị na-ahụ maka mmepe na mgbanwe ọrụ ugbo na Naịjirịa bụ ugbu a Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. N'ịbụ nke gọọvụmentị etiti Naịjirịa na-enye ego, Ministri ahụ na-elekọta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ọrụ iri ise na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ngalaba ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ gafee mba ahụ. Ministri ahụ nwere ngalaba abụọ dị mkpa, ya bụ Ngalaba Nkà na Ọrụ:

  • Ngalaba Nkà na ụzụ: Na-elekọta ọrụ ugbo (osisi na ihe ọkụkụ), ịkụ azụ, anụ ụlọ, ihe onwunwe ala, fatịlaịza, nchekwa nri na nchekwa, na mmepe ime obodo.
  • Ngalaba Ọrụ: Na-ahụ maka ego, ihe onwunwe mmadụ, ịzụta, PPAS (atụmatụ, iwu, nyocha na ọnụ ọgụgụ), na mmekorita.

Onye isi nke ozi ahụ bụ Audu Ogbeh, onye Onye isi ala Muhammad Buhari họpụtara na 12 Nọvemba 2015, na-anọchi Akinwumi Adesina, onye a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ onye isi Africa Development Bank.Buhari họpụtakwara Heineken Lokpobiri dị ka Minista ọhụrụ nke Ọrụ Ugbo na Shehu Ahmad dị ka odeakwụkwọ na-adịgide adịgide n'okpuru Ministrị Ọrụ Ugbo Na Mmepe Ime Obodo nke e guzobere ọhụrụ.[53]

Iwu

Nhazi osikapa na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa
ichicha osikapa a zọchachara ekewa na-ekewa ngwaahịa na osikapa paddy, nke otu nwanyị Naijiria dere
Ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ n'ihe igwe ihe. A na-ewepụ mkpo na brassiere nke osikapa a na-esi esi iji nye ọka ọcha na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa.

N'afọ 2011, gọọvụmenti Onye isi ala Jonathan malitere Agenda Agricultural Transformation, nke Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development lekọtara. Ebumnuche bụ isi nke usoro ihe omume ahụ bụ itinye ọrụ ugbo dị ka azụmahịa bara uru, ijikọta usoro uru ọrụ ugbo, ma guzobe ọrụ ugbo dịka isi ihe na-akpali uto akụ na ụba Naịjirịa. Iji mezuo atụmatụ a, gọọvụmentị mere ọtụtụ ihe:

  • Ihe ọhụrụ na-akpali ụtụ isi iji gbaa ume iji dochie anya mbubata n'ime obodoMgbanwe nke mbubata
  • Iwepụ ihe mgbochi na mpaghara itinye ego na oke ego na itinye ego site na ndị na-etinye ego na mba ọzọ
  • Nchịkwa mgbanwe ego - nnyefe ego n'efu, uru, na dividends
  • Nkwado iwu kwadoro megide mba / iwepụ ego
  • Zero percent (0%) ụtụ na igwe ọrụ ugbo na ngwá ọrụ mbubata
  • Ụtụ isi ezumike maka itinye ego n'ọrụ ugbo
  • Nkwụsị ọrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ metụtara ụlọ ọrụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, dabere na ojiji nke ihe ndị a na-emepụta n'ógbè ahụ, ntụziaka mbupụ

N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Central Bank of Nigeria malitere mmemme Anchors-Borrow [54] iji gbaa ume ịkọ ihe ọkụkụ ụfọdụ, ọkachasị osikapa.

Gọọvụmentị etiti nke Naịjirịa emechiela ókèala ala ya iji belata mbubata osikapa ma gbaa mmepụta mpaghara ume.[55][56]

N'afọ 2024, Gọọvụmentị Naijiria machibidoro ụtụ isi mbubata na ngwaahịa ugbo dị mkpa iji lụso ịrị elu nri ọgụ ma kwado mmepụta mpaghara. Iwu a na-ezube ibelata ọnụahịa nri na-ebubata ma na-agba ume itinye ego na ọrụ ugbo na ụlọ ọrụ nhazi nri.[57]

Tụkwasị na nke a, gọọvụmentị webatara mmemme nkwado ego na nhazi maka ndị ọrụ ugbo, gụnyere mgbazinye ego na-adịchaghị mma, enyemaka maka ntinye ọrụ ugbo na itinye ego na akụrụngwa ime obodo. [58]

Ihe Ebumnuche Mmepe Na-adịgide Adịgide

Ebumnuche mmepe na-adịgide adịgide na ngalaba ọrụ ugbo na Naijiria enweela mmetụta na ngalaba mbupụ na-ahụ maka oriri na mmepụta nke ngwaahịa ugbo naNaijiria. Ego ụlọ ọrụ na-ebupụ kwa ọnwa emeela ka ọ dị mma n'ime afọ anọ. N'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2016, ihe ndị a na-ebupụ n'ọrụ ugbo ruru ijeri N4.1, nke rịrị elu ruo ijeri N25 site na Jenụwarị 2017. Site n'ọnwa Eprel 2019 ruo n'ọnwokwa Machị 2020, ngụkọta nke ọrụ ugbo ruru ijeri N289 maka Naịjirịa.

@Ihe ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ebupụ n'ọnwa isii mbụ nke afọ 2020 bụ ijeri N204.45, nke na-egosi na mmepụta ihe na-abawanye na ngalaba ahụ iji mee ka mmụba mbupụ.[59]

Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe na-adịgide adịgide emeela ka e nwee ụkpụrụ ndị nwere mmetụta na ngalaba ọrụ ugbo. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha gụnyere "Agricultural Promotion Policy - 2016-2020" nke Naijiria, nke na-elekwasị anya n'ịhụ na nchekwa nri site na ibelata nri ndị na-ebubata. Ọ na-achịkwa mgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ na ihe mkpali maka mmepe teknụzụ na mpaghara. The Empowering Novel Agribusiness-Led Employment Program na-akpali ego maka mmepe nke ndị ntorobịa na-eduzi. Iwu ọzọ bụ Iwu Nkwado Ọrụ Ugbo site na 2016, nke na-enye ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọkachamara ndị ọzọ ihe mkpali n'ime usoro ọrụ ugbo. N'ikpeazụ, a malitere "Green Alternative: The Agriculture Promotion Policy" n'etiti afọ 2016. E kere ya iji bulie mmepụta soybean na cowpea, nke a họọrọ maka iwu ahụ n'ihi uru nri na-edozi ahụ na ikike mbupụ.[60]

Nlaghachi azụ na ngalaba ọrụ ugbo nke Naijiria

Kemgbe afọ 2015, mwakpo ndị na-azụ ehi na-agagharị agagharị na ugbo na Naịjirịa emeela ka mmepụta dị ala dị ka ọtụtụ obodo ndị ọrụ ugbo ahapụla ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ belata ọrụ ugbo ha n'ihi egwu nke mbibi ihe ọkụkụ ma ọ bụ esemokwu ọbara. Nke a emeela ka ọnụ ahịa nri rịa elu na ịrị elu nke enweghị ọrụ. [1]Ndị na-azụ atụrụ megide ndị ọrụ ugbo: Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-agbasawanye na Naịjirịa na-ebo ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ ebubo na ha kpachapụrụ anya na-eduga ehi ha ka ha rie ihe ọkụkụ ha, nke na-eme mgbe ụfọdụ ka ndị ọrụ ugpo wakpo ndị ọrụ ugoloọma. Ndị na-azụ atụrụ na-agbakọta ọnụ iji gbaa obodo ndị ọrụ ugbo niile ọkụ iji megwara.

Ọ bụ ezie na Naijiria na-eru nso na mmepụta osikapa [2], ndị ọkachamara na-adọ aka ná ntị na ọ bụrụ na esemokwu dị ogologo n'etiti ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị na ndị ọrụ ugbo anaghị edozi n'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ nwere ike imebi uru ndị e nwetara ruo ugbu a. Ọtụtụ nkwekọrịta udo nke a bịanyere aka n'etiti ha abụọ enwebeghị ike ibelata mbibi ihe ọkụkụ ma ọ bụ ime ihe ike na-esi na ya apụta. [3]

Hụkwa

Ntụ aka

Templeeti:Nigeria topics




Ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ anụ na mba Afrịka bụ ndị nwe anụ ụlọ.

ugbo anụ ụlọ bụ akụkụ nke usoro ọrụ ugbo ala Naijiria. Na 2017, Naijiria were ihe rụrụ

nde 80 na izụ

ọkụkụ, 76 nde

ewụ, 43.4 nde

atụrụ, nde18

.4 ehi, 7.5 nde

ezi, na 1.4 nde nke bụ nhata ya.

Ọrụ ụgbo anụ

ụlọ di ihe rụrụ 5% nke naijiria mkpokọta ihe eji eme ulo na 17% nke mkpọkọta ihe eji eme ọrụ ụgbo.

Na naijiria, ana ewekari ụbara n'ọchịchọ anụ na nke a na-ahụta dị ka mmụba akụ na ụba.

Izụ anụ ụlọ na naijiria agbanweela akụkọ n'ihi mmụba ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'ime obodo na ọrụ ugbo.

Ọhịa ịhịa aka n'ahụ n'ọdịnala agbanweela gaa n'ịta nri nkịtị na nke siri ike, na-eduga n'ịbawanye nrụgide na mpaghara gazetted. Ịta nri nke ọma na gburugburu ebe obibi na-esighi ike dị ka savannas na mpaghara ọhị,ebutela mfu ahịhịa, ala na ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ.

Ụdị ọrụ ugbo anụmanụ na naijiria bụ:

Njikọ mpụga

  1. ↑ 10 Roles of Agriculture in Nigeria Economic Development (en-US). InfoGuideNigeria.com (2020-12-06). Retrieved on 2022-12-17.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modelled ILO estimate) - Nigeria. Work Bank Data. World Bank (2020). Retrieved on 24 November 2020.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Nigeria at a glance. www.fao.org. Retrieved on 2020-11-24.
  4. ↑ Topic: Agriculture in Nigeria (en). Statista. Retrieved on 2022-12-17.
  5. ↑ Topic: Agriculture in Nigeria (en). Statista. Retrieved on 2021-08-12.
  6. ↑ Nigerian Gross Domestic Product Report Q3 2019, National Bureau of Statistics. https://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/pdfuploads/GDP_Report_Q3_2019.pdf
  7. ↑ Agriculture contributes 23% to GDP in 2022 – Minister (en-US). The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News (2022-09-15). Retrieved on 2022-12-16.
  8. ↑ Isaac (2022-09-16). Agriculture Contributed 23.3% To National GDP In Q2 – Abubakar (en-US). Science Nigeria. Retrieved on 2022-12-16.
  9. ↑ Agriculture contributes 23% to GDP in 2022 — Minister (en-US). NewsWireNGR (2022-09-15). Retrieved on 2022-12-16.
  10. ↑ Ukpe (2022-08-26). GDP: Nigeria's Agriculture sector grows by 1.20% in Q2 2022 (en-US). Nairametrics. Retrieved on 2022-12-16.
  11. ↑ Olomola Ade S. (2007) “Strategies for Managing the Opportunities and Challenges of the Current Agricultural Commodity Booms in SSA” in Seminar Papers on Managing Commodity Booms in Sub-Saharan (:Africa: A Publication of the AERC Senior Policy Seminar IX. African Economic Research Consortium (AERC), Nairobi, Kenya
  12. ↑ Kurukulasuriya (2013). "Climate Change and Agriculture: A Review of Impacts and Adaptations". Climate Change Series 91 Environment Department Papers, World Bank, Washington, D.C. 
  13. ↑ Olayide (December 2016). "Differential impacts of rainfall and irrigation on agricultural production in Nigeria: Any lessons for climate-smart agriculture?". Agricultural Water Management 178: 30–36. DOI:10.1016/j.agwat.2016.08.034. ISSN 0378-3774. 
  14. ↑ 6 Agriculture Problems in Nigeria—and Solutions. agricdemy.com. Retrieved on 2022-12-16.
  15. ↑ Economy. www.nigeriahc.org.uk. Retrieved on 2022-02-28.
  16. ↑ Obasanjo (1988). Africa Embattled. Ibadan: Fountain Publications, 79. ISBN 9782679364. 
  17. ↑ Pasquini (2005). "Soil fertility management strategies on the Jos Plateau: the need for integrating 'Empirical' and 'Scientific' knowledge in agricultural development". Geographical Journal 171 (2): 112–124. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4959.2005.00154.x. 
  18. ↑ Nigeria - Agriculture. countrystudies.us. Retrieved on 2024-03-07.
  19. ↑ Nigeria's Agricultural Import Bill Surges 30% to N920 billion in Q1 (en-US) (2024-06-27). Retrieved on 2024-07-08.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Livestock Production in Nigeria - A thriving Industry (en-US). One Health and Development Initiative (2020-10-07). Retrieved on 2024-07-16.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Demand for farm animal products in Nigeria: An opportunity for Sahel Countries? (fr-FR). inter-reseaux.org/. Retrieved on 2024-07-16.
  22. ↑ Nigeria (en). www.ilri.org (2023-08-07). Retrieved on 2024-07-16.
  23. ↑ omotolani (2022-03-28). Nigeria is the highest producer of yam, thanks to these states (en). Pulse Nigeria. Retrieved on 2022-12-16.
  24. ↑ Top Taro Producing Countries In The World (en-US). WorldAtlas (2017-11-28). Retrieved on 2022-12-16.
  25. ↑ You are being redirected.... www.iita.org. Retrieved on 2022-12-16.
  26. ↑ Sorghum Production by Country | World Agricultural Production 2022/2023 (en). www.worldagriculturalproduction.com. Retrieved on 2022-12-16.
  27. ↑ Sorghum Production by Country in 1000 MT - Country Rankings. www.indexmundi.com. Retrieved on 2022-12-16.
  28. ↑ World Okra Production by Country (en). AtlasBig (1970-01-01). Retrieved on 2022-12-16.
  29. ↑ Nigeria production in 2018, by FAO
  30. ↑ Adesoji (2019-08-17). Top 10 Agricultural Products Export from Nigeria (en-GB). Nairametrics. Retrieved on 2021-03-21.
  31. ↑ Adesoji (2019-09-25). Nigeria's top 10 agricultural exports hit N152 billion in half-year 2019 (en-GB). Nairametrics. Retrieved on 2021-03-21.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Nigeria agriculture
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Verter (2015-05-01). "An Analysis of Yam Production in Nigeria". Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 63 (2): 659–665. DOI:10.11118/actaun201563020659. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Nigeria Maize production, 1961-2017 - knoema.com (en-US). Knoema. Retrieved on 2018-07-19.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 35.6 35.7 35.8 FAOSTAT. www.fao.org. Retrieved on 2018-07-19.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Quandl (en). www.quandl.com. Retrieved on 2018-07-19.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 factfish Sorghum, production quantity for Nigeria (en). www.factfish.com. Retrieved on 2018-07-19.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Philip (2005-03-01). The Nigerian Cassava Industry Statistical Handbook. ISBN 978-978-131-268-7. 
  39. ↑ Nigeria Rice, paddy production, 1961-2017 - knoema.com (en-US). Knoema. Retrieved on 2018-07-19.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 factfish for Nigeria (en). www.factfish.com. Archived from the original on 2018-07-19. Retrieved on 2018-07-19.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 factfish Taro, production quantity for Nigeria (en). www.factfish.com. Retrieved on 2018-07-19.
  42. ↑ Adeite (2022-04-14). Agriculture in Nigeria: 7 Interesting Facts & Statistics (en-US). Babban Gona. Retrieved on 2022-12-16.
  43. ↑ The Performance of Rubber Exports in Nigeria.
  44. ↑ International Rubber Study Group - Nigeria. www.rubberstudy.org. Retrieved on 2022-02-28.
  45. ↑ Rubber in Nigeria (en). The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Retrieved on 2024-07-18.
  46. ↑ Rubber in Nigeria (en). The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Retrieved on 2024-07-02.
  47. ↑ Rubber Tree Cultivation in Nigeria; The Investment Opportunity. « Foraminifera Market Research. foramfera.com. Retrieved on 2024-07-02.
  48. ↑ Palm oil products. okomunigeria.com. Retrieved on 2024-07-13.
  49. ↑ Oil Palm. www.nifor.gov.ng. Retrieved on 12 May 2018.
  50. ↑ As manufacturers order N241bn worth of palm oil (en-US). Businessday NG (2023-07-07). Retrieved on 2024-07-02.
  51. ↑ Odioko (March 2022). The Economic Analysis of The Nigerian Fisheries Sector. DOI:10.35229/jaes.1008836. Retrieved on July 16, 2024.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Blench (2006). Archaeology, language, and the African past. Altamira Press. ISBN 9780759104655. 
  53. ↑ Food Import Bill. Archived from the original on 2015-12-19. Retrieved on 2015-11-11.
  54. ↑ CBN and the Anchor Borrowers' ProgrammeE (en-US). ThisDayLive (2020-03-01). Retrieved on 2020-05-29.
  55. ↑ "Nigeria's border crisis fuelled by rice", BBC News, 2019-10-31. Retrieved on 2020-11-26. (in en-GB)
  56. ↑ You are being redirected.... businessday.ng (24 September 2020). Retrieved on 2020-11-26.
  57. ↑ Tinubu Approves Temporary Import Duty Ban to Combat Food Inflation (en-US). Naijaecho.com.ng (2024-07-14). Retrieved on 2024-07-15.
  58. ↑ Tinubu employs N500 billion in remedies to combat hardship (en-US). Naijaecho.com.ng (2023-08-01). Retrieved on 2024-07-15.
  59. ↑ Ukpe (2020-10-01). Nigeria @ 60: Agriculture and the way forward (en-GB). Nairametrics. Retrieved on 2021-03-27.
  60. ↑ Gil (July 2019). "Sustainable development goal 2: Improved targets and indicators for agriculture and food security" (in en). Ambio 48 (7): 685–698. DOI:10.1007/s13280-018-1101-4. ISSN 0044-7447. PMID 30267284. 
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