Determination of sex by an examination of the skeleton remain is important in identification of a... more Determination of sex by an examination of the skeleton remain is important in identification of an individual when only skeleton remains are presented to an expert. The present study was designed to determine the sex of the sternum by using sternal index (manubrio-corpus index) as a parameter to examine the sexual dimorphism in a population specific autopsy sample using discriminant function analysis on 100 adult bones (50 male and 50 female). The results of this study shows that sex determination cannot be made conclusively from the sternal index (manubrio-corpus index).
The sternal surface of the 4th rib has been suggested as a useful predictor of age estimation. Mo... more The sternal surface of the 4th rib has been suggested as a useful predictor of age estimation. Morphologic methods are fast and easy to use for purpose of age determination. The sternal ends of the ribs are a reliable method of age estimation from younger to old age. Iscan et al developed a phase analysis method for the right 4th rib that was sex and race specific. The purpose of this study is to determine the accuracy of the standards of age estimation from the left 4th in comparison to right fourth rib using the phase analysis for the Indian population. The sample consisted of right and left 4th ribs from 63 female and 101 males. Comparison of phase variation between right and left fourth ribs indicates that the average of an individual's phase score in males is not significantly different in either the left or right rib.
International journal of medical toxicology and forensic medicine, 2014
Background : Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas produced as a by-product of incomp... more Background : Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas produced as a by-product of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. CO binds rapidly to Haemoglobin (Hb), leading to the formation of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), so the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood will be decreased and causing tissue hypoxia. Case Report: A 35-years-old male mechanic was found unconscious at automobile garage and he was dead after hospitalization on same day after one hour. On external examination, Rigor mortis had occurred all over the body. Cherry red postmortem lividity was present over back. Hypostasis, sub-scalpel tissue, muscles of chest and abdominal wall were cherry red in color suggestive of carbon monoxide toxicity. The chemical analysis report of blood and viscera confirmed toxicity due to carbon monoxide poisoning. Conclusion: Accidental carbon monoxide poisoning in vehicles can occur due to leaking exhausts and inadequate ventilation, but some cases in fatal concentration of CO was fo...
International Journal of Forensic Science & Pathology, 2015
The sternal end of the fourth rib was collected from 266 cases (200 males and 66 females) of know... more The sternal end of the fourth rib was collected from 266 cases (200 males and 66 females) of known age and sex, referred to
American Journal of Forensic Medicine & Pathology, 2010
The sternal ends of the ribs are a reliable method of age estimation from late adolescence to old... more The sternal ends of the ribs are a reliable method of age estimation from late adolescence to old age. Iscan et al developed a phase analysis method based on the morphologic changes at the sternal extremity of the fourth rib, is one of the best effective for age estimation at death. The present study is designed to evaluate the applicability of Component method developed by Iscan et al, to Indian females. The sample consisted of fourth ribs on right side from 63 females of known age and race. Statistical analysis indicated that these changes were age related and applicable to Indian females also.
International journal of medical toxicology and forensic medicine, 2014
Background : Acute poisonings with corrosive substances cause serious chemical injuries to upper ... more Background : Acute poisonings with corrosive substances cause serious chemical injuries to upper gastrointestinal tract, the most common site being the oesophagus and the stomach. The degree and extent of damage depends on several factors like the type of substance, the morphologic form of the agent, the quantity, and the intent. In the acute stage, perforation and necrosis may occur. Injury to UGI tract due to ingestion of acidic corrosive substances is common in India. Acute corrosive intoxications constitute a major problem in clinical toxicology since the most commonly affected population are the young with psychic disorders, suicidal intent and alcohol addiction. Case Report: We report a fatal case of accidental corrosive acid ingestion with a brief review of literature. Conclusion: Ingestion of a corrosive substance can produce severe injury to the gastrointestinal tract and can even result in death. Stringent legislation is necessary in developing countries to curtail unrest...
A field experiment was conducted during winter season of 2016-17 at ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed ... more A field experiment was conducted during winter season of 2016-17 at ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed and Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan to evaluate the effect of herbal extracts on growth, physiological parameters, yield and yield attributes of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with four treatments and five replications, viz. herbal extracts, RDF + one irrigation, RDF + KNO3 spray and Control. Results revealed that maximum plant height (231.2 cm), plant leaves (49.6), Leaf area index (5.9), chlorophyll content (50.8), primary (7.3) and secondary branches (20.6) had with T2 treatment receiving RDF + one irrigation. The yield and yield attributes; length of silique (5.1 cm), number of seeds/siliqua (17.0), and test weight (5.2 g) were highest under the treatment of RDF+one irrigation as compared to other treatments. This study indicated that application of recommended dose of fertilizers with one irrigation at 65 days after...
Background: Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is one of the most serious complications associated... more Background: Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is one of the most serious complications associated with chronic alcoholism. Sudden deaths are not uncommon in AWS. In severe stages of AWS, delirium tremens (DT) occurs, which is characterized with agitation, global confusion, disorientation, visual and auditory hallucinations in addition to autonomic hyperactivity. Case report: A 30-year old man, chronic and heavy alcohol drinker for 10 years, abstained from alcohol for 3 days. Consequently, he started having palpitations, sweating and tremors. A day later, he was found having hallucinations and delirium. The patient was immediately transferred to the hospital. On admission, he was stuporous and had difficulty in breathing. He developed generalized seizures later on. He was successfully intubated, but there was bleeding through it. The patient’s condition deteriorated very rapidly and he died within two hours. After death, his body was transferred to forensic department. In autopsy, ga...
Background: Boric acid (BA) is commonly used as pesticide, disinfectant and wood preservative. It... more Background: Boric acid (BA) is commonly used as pesticide, disinfectant and wood preservative. Its ingestion can cause serious organ damages resulting in death. Case report: A 19 year old man was found dead with two empty packs of BA tablets in vicinity of his body. On autopsy examination, brownish stains along with right angle of mouth and right nostril were found. Stomach was damaged with hemorrhagic gastritis. All internal organs including liver, kidney, spleen and brain were congested. The toxicological analysis of viscera confirmed boron ion toxicity. Discussion: Boric acid is a moderately toxic compound that is a mucosal corrosive agent affecting upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. It can also act as a generalized cellular poison, and thus all end organs including liver, kidneys, brain and gastrointestinal tract are prone to its toxicity. Massive BA poisoning mostly occurs in adults as a result of suicide attempt. Early aggressive hydration and hemodialysis can prev...
Ischemic Heart Disease [IHD] is a generic designation for a group of related syndromes resulting ... more Ischemic Heart Disease [IHD] is a generic designation for a group of related syndromes resulting from myocardial ischemia. Autopsy diagnosis of acute lesion in heart, such as early myocardial infarct, can have profound medico legal implications. The basic, irreversible lesion of the myocardium in acute “coronary heart disease” is an ischemic coagulation necrosis of muscle fibers with subsequent polymorphonuclear leukocytic infiltration, granulation tissue, and scar formation. Only severe ischemia lasting at least 20 to 40 minutes causes irreversible injury and myocyte death; the predominant pattern is coagulation necrosis. With longer periods of ischemia, microvasculature injury ensues. Studies using high resolution microscope and electron microscope should be undertaken for detection of ischemic changes which are missed on routine microscopy. Various staining techniques like TTC (Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride), NBT (Nitro-blue tetrazolium), Masson's trichrome, histochemical me...
Background: Copper sulfate ingestion is a relatively popular method for committing suicide in Ind... more Background: Copper sulfate ingestion is a relatively popular method for committing suicide in Indian subcontinent. It causes a high mortality rate, and so a growing concern has been raised to identify the severe alarming signs suggestive of poor prognosis and to improve treatment approaches. Case report: A 22-year-old unmarried man working as a painter was found unconscious at his friend residence. The patient developed hypotension, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis with hematemesis and melena, renal and hepatic failure, severe metabolic acidosis and intravascular hemolysis during admission at hospital. His signs were refractory to treatment with fluid replacement therapy, vasoactive drugs, antiemetic drugs, ranitidine, furosemide, methylene blue and 2,3 dimercaptopropane-1-sulphonate. He died six hours post-admission. In post-mortem examinations, there were multiple sub-pleural and sub-epicardial hemorrhages and the gastrointestinal mucosa was congested, hemorrhagic, and greenish blue in...
Background: Phenol and its derivatives like dinitrophenol and pentachlorophenol (carbolic acid) a... more Background: Phenol and its derivatives like dinitrophenol and pentachlorophenol (carbolic acid) are widely used as insecticides, but they are very toxic substances. Phenol is a general protoplasmic poison with corrosive local effects that denature proteins. Poisoning with phenol compounds may occur by ingestion, inhalation, and absorption through skin. In this report we presented the toxicity effects of Phenol and its derivatives like dinitrophenol and pentachlorophenol on humans. Case report: A 27-year-old married female was found unconscious at her residence in September 2013. She was expired after hospitalization in Lady Hardinge Medical College and its associated hospital on the same day after six hours. On examination, corrosion of skin, at angel of mouth and chin, and brown discoloration in mucosa of the esophagus were seen. Histological examination showed exfoliation of esophageal mucosa and coagulative necrosis of gastric mucosa. In toxicological analyses, carbolic acid was ...
Coronary artery disease (atherosclerotic heart disease) is due to accumulation of atheromatous pl... more Coronary artery disease (atherosclerotic heart disease) is due to accumulation of atheromatous plaques in the coronary vessel walls. The authors report a case of sudden death in 17 year old male due to coronary artery disease. The deceased had a fall from scooter due to disbalancing. The boy had regular complaint of acidity and heart burn. The autopsy revealed Left anterior descending artery was 50% blocked, left circumflex coronary artery was 80% blocked. It may also suggest requirement of careful examination of patients with heart burn and acidity. This report is being published for awareness that now CAD can occur in younger age group.
Oculocardiac reflex (OCR) sometimes occurs as a result of pressure on the eye or traction of the ... more Oculocardiac reflex (OCR) sometimes occurs as a result of pressure on the eye or traction of the intraorbital surrounding structures during ophthalmic surgery. This can result in bradycardiac arrhythmia and cardiac arrest. A 45-year-old female was undergoing an elective squint correction surgery of one eye under local anaesthesia in a private hospital in December 2013. The patient was preoperatively examined, investigated and admitted to the hospital one day prior to operation. There was no previous history of any chronic illnesses. The patient collapsed during surgery and declared dead. Doctors attempting strabismus surgery under local anaesthesia should be familiar with this phenomenon.
The sternal surface of the 4th rib has been suggested as a useful predictor of ag e estimation. M... more The sternal surface of the 4th rib has been suggested as a useful predictor of ag e estimation. Morphologic methods are fast and easy to use for purpose of age determination. The sternal ends of the ribs are a reliable method of age estimation from younger to old age. Iscan et al developed a phase analysis method for the right 4th rib that was sex and race specific. The purpose of this study is to determine the accuracy of the standards of age estimation from the left 4th in comparison to right fourth rib using the phase analysis for the Indian population. The sample consisted of right and left 4th ribs from 63 female and 101 males. Comparison of phase variation between right and left fourth ribs indicates that the average of an individual’s phase score in males is not significantly different in either the left or right rib.
Determination of sex by an examination of the skeleton remain is important in identification of a... more Determination of sex by an examination of the skeleton remain is important in identification of an individual when only skeleton remains are presented to an expert. The present study was designed to determine the sex of the sternum by using sternal index (manubrio-corpus index) as a parameter to examine the sexual dimorphism in a population specific autopsy sample using discriminant function analysis on 100 adult bones (50 male and 50 female). The results of this study shows that sex determination cannot be made conclusively from the sternal index (manubrio-corpus index).
The head, being the most vulnerable part of human body, is the most commonly injured body part in... more The head, being the most vulnerable part of human body, is the most commonly injured body part in accidents, especially those involving road traffic. In an unusual case, the deceased succumbed to internal injuries of the brain that resulted from the neck being constricted with the loose end of a dupatta. The woman was pillion riding a motorbike when the loose end of the dupatta got entangled in the rear wheel of the motorbike. As a result, her neck was constricted by the dupatta and wentunnoticed. This paper comments on the safety of wearing the traditional style dressing of Indian women while riding on two wheeled vehicles. Additionally, this paper suggests it be mandatory to wear helmets for all pillion riders in order to prevent such mishaps in future.
Determination of sex by an examination of the skeleton remain is important in identification of a... more Determination of sex by an examination of the skeleton remain is important in identification of an individual when only skeleton remains are presented to an expert. The present study was designed to determine the sex of the sternum by using sternal index (manubrio-corpus index) as a parameter to examine the sexual dimorphism in a population specific autopsy sample using discriminant function analysis on 100 adult bones (50 male and 50 female). The results of this study shows that sex determination cannot be made conclusively from the sternal index (manubrio-corpus index).
The sternal surface of the 4th rib has been suggested as a useful predictor of age estimation. Mo... more The sternal surface of the 4th rib has been suggested as a useful predictor of age estimation. Morphologic methods are fast and easy to use for purpose of age determination. The sternal ends of the ribs are a reliable method of age estimation from younger to old age. Iscan et al developed a phase analysis method for the right 4th rib that was sex and race specific. The purpose of this study is to determine the accuracy of the standards of age estimation from the left 4th in comparison to right fourth rib using the phase analysis for the Indian population. The sample consisted of right and left 4th ribs from 63 female and 101 males. Comparison of phase variation between right and left fourth ribs indicates that the average of an individual's phase score in males is not significantly different in either the left or right rib.
International journal of medical toxicology and forensic medicine, 2014
Background : Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas produced as a by-product of incomp... more Background : Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas produced as a by-product of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. CO binds rapidly to Haemoglobin (Hb), leading to the formation of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), so the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood will be decreased and causing tissue hypoxia. Case Report: A 35-years-old male mechanic was found unconscious at automobile garage and he was dead after hospitalization on same day after one hour. On external examination, Rigor mortis had occurred all over the body. Cherry red postmortem lividity was present over back. Hypostasis, sub-scalpel tissue, muscles of chest and abdominal wall were cherry red in color suggestive of carbon monoxide toxicity. The chemical analysis report of blood and viscera confirmed toxicity due to carbon monoxide poisoning. Conclusion: Accidental carbon monoxide poisoning in vehicles can occur due to leaking exhausts and inadequate ventilation, but some cases in fatal concentration of CO was fo...
International Journal of Forensic Science & Pathology, 2015
The sternal end of the fourth rib was collected from 266 cases (200 males and 66 females) of know... more The sternal end of the fourth rib was collected from 266 cases (200 males and 66 females) of known age and sex, referred to
American Journal of Forensic Medicine & Pathology, 2010
The sternal ends of the ribs are a reliable method of age estimation from late adolescence to old... more The sternal ends of the ribs are a reliable method of age estimation from late adolescence to old age. Iscan et al developed a phase analysis method based on the morphologic changes at the sternal extremity of the fourth rib, is one of the best effective for age estimation at death. The present study is designed to evaluate the applicability of Component method developed by Iscan et al, to Indian females. The sample consisted of fourth ribs on right side from 63 females of known age and race. Statistical analysis indicated that these changes were age related and applicable to Indian females also.
International journal of medical toxicology and forensic medicine, 2014
Background : Acute poisonings with corrosive substances cause serious chemical injuries to upper ... more Background : Acute poisonings with corrosive substances cause serious chemical injuries to upper gastrointestinal tract, the most common site being the oesophagus and the stomach. The degree and extent of damage depends on several factors like the type of substance, the morphologic form of the agent, the quantity, and the intent. In the acute stage, perforation and necrosis may occur. Injury to UGI tract due to ingestion of acidic corrosive substances is common in India. Acute corrosive intoxications constitute a major problem in clinical toxicology since the most commonly affected population are the young with psychic disorders, suicidal intent and alcohol addiction. Case Report: We report a fatal case of accidental corrosive acid ingestion with a brief review of literature. Conclusion: Ingestion of a corrosive substance can produce severe injury to the gastrointestinal tract and can even result in death. Stringent legislation is necessary in developing countries to curtail unrest...
A field experiment was conducted during winter season of 2016-17 at ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed ... more A field experiment was conducted during winter season of 2016-17 at ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed and Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan to evaluate the effect of herbal extracts on growth, physiological parameters, yield and yield attributes of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with four treatments and five replications, viz. herbal extracts, RDF + one irrigation, RDF + KNO3 spray and Control. Results revealed that maximum plant height (231.2 cm), plant leaves (49.6), Leaf area index (5.9), chlorophyll content (50.8), primary (7.3) and secondary branches (20.6) had with T2 treatment receiving RDF + one irrigation. The yield and yield attributes; length of silique (5.1 cm), number of seeds/siliqua (17.0), and test weight (5.2 g) were highest under the treatment of RDF+one irrigation as compared to other treatments. This study indicated that application of recommended dose of fertilizers with one irrigation at 65 days after...
Background: Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is one of the most serious complications associated... more Background: Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is one of the most serious complications associated with chronic alcoholism. Sudden deaths are not uncommon in AWS. In severe stages of AWS, delirium tremens (DT) occurs, which is characterized with agitation, global confusion, disorientation, visual and auditory hallucinations in addition to autonomic hyperactivity. Case report: A 30-year old man, chronic and heavy alcohol drinker for 10 years, abstained from alcohol for 3 days. Consequently, he started having palpitations, sweating and tremors. A day later, he was found having hallucinations and delirium. The patient was immediately transferred to the hospital. On admission, he was stuporous and had difficulty in breathing. He developed generalized seizures later on. He was successfully intubated, but there was bleeding through it. The patient’s condition deteriorated very rapidly and he died within two hours. After death, his body was transferred to forensic department. In autopsy, ga...
Background: Boric acid (BA) is commonly used as pesticide, disinfectant and wood preservative. It... more Background: Boric acid (BA) is commonly used as pesticide, disinfectant and wood preservative. Its ingestion can cause serious organ damages resulting in death. Case report: A 19 year old man was found dead with two empty packs of BA tablets in vicinity of his body. On autopsy examination, brownish stains along with right angle of mouth and right nostril were found. Stomach was damaged with hemorrhagic gastritis. All internal organs including liver, kidney, spleen and brain were congested. The toxicological analysis of viscera confirmed boron ion toxicity. Discussion: Boric acid is a moderately toxic compound that is a mucosal corrosive agent affecting upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. It can also act as a generalized cellular poison, and thus all end organs including liver, kidneys, brain and gastrointestinal tract are prone to its toxicity. Massive BA poisoning mostly occurs in adults as a result of suicide attempt. Early aggressive hydration and hemodialysis can prev...
Ischemic Heart Disease [IHD] is a generic designation for a group of related syndromes resulting ... more Ischemic Heart Disease [IHD] is a generic designation for a group of related syndromes resulting from myocardial ischemia. Autopsy diagnosis of acute lesion in heart, such as early myocardial infarct, can have profound medico legal implications. The basic, irreversible lesion of the myocardium in acute “coronary heart disease” is an ischemic coagulation necrosis of muscle fibers with subsequent polymorphonuclear leukocytic infiltration, granulation tissue, and scar formation. Only severe ischemia lasting at least 20 to 40 minutes causes irreversible injury and myocyte death; the predominant pattern is coagulation necrosis. With longer periods of ischemia, microvasculature injury ensues. Studies using high resolution microscope and electron microscope should be undertaken for detection of ischemic changes which are missed on routine microscopy. Various staining techniques like TTC (Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride), NBT (Nitro-blue tetrazolium), Masson's trichrome, histochemical me...
Background: Copper sulfate ingestion is a relatively popular method for committing suicide in Ind... more Background: Copper sulfate ingestion is a relatively popular method for committing suicide in Indian subcontinent. It causes a high mortality rate, and so a growing concern has been raised to identify the severe alarming signs suggestive of poor prognosis and to improve treatment approaches. Case report: A 22-year-old unmarried man working as a painter was found unconscious at his friend residence. The patient developed hypotension, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis with hematemesis and melena, renal and hepatic failure, severe metabolic acidosis and intravascular hemolysis during admission at hospital. His signs were refractory to treatment with fluid replacement therapy, vasoactive drugs, antiemetic drugs, ranitidine, furosemide, methylene blue and 2,3 dimercaptopropane-1-sulphonate. He died six hours post-admission. In post-mortem examinations, there were multiple sub-pleural and sub-epicardial hemorrhages and the gastrointestinal mucosa was congested, hemorrhagic, and greenish blue in...
Background: Phenol and its derivatives like dinitrophenol and pentachlorophenol (carbolic acid) a... more Background: Phenol and its derivatives like dinitrophenol and pentachlorophenol (carbolic acid) are widely used as insecticides, but they are very toxic substances. Phenol is a general protoplasmic poison with corrosive local effects that denature proteins. Poisoning with phenol compounds may occur by ingestion, inhalation, and absorption through skin. In this report we presented the toxicity effects of Phenol and its derivatives like dinitrophenol and pentachlorophenol on humans. Case report: A 27-year-old married female was found unconscious at her residence in September 2013. She was expired after hospitalization in Lady Hardinge Medical College and its associated hospital on the same day after six hours. On examination, corrosion of skin, at angel of mouth and chin, and brown discoloration in mucosa of the esophagus were seen. Histological examination showed exfoliation of esophageal mucosa and coagulative necrosis of gastric mucosa. In toxicological analyses, carbolic acid was ...
Coronary artery disease (atherosclerotic heart disease) is due to accumulation of atheromatous pl... more Coronary artery disease (atherosclerotic heart disease) is due to accumulation of atheromatous plaques in the coronary vessel walls. The authors report a case of sudden death in 17 year old male due to coronary artery disease. The deceased had a fall from scooter due to disbalancing. The boy had regular complaint of acidity and heart burn. The autopsy revealed Left anterior descending artery was 50% blocked, left circumflex coronary artery was 80% blocked. It may also suggest requirement of careful examination of patients with heart burn and acidity. This report is being published for awareness that now CAD can occur in younger age group.
Oculocardiac reflex (OCR) sometimes occurs as a result of pressure on the eye or traction of the ... more Oculocardiac reflex (OCR) sometimes occurs as a result of pressure on the eye or traction of the intraorbital surrounding structures during ophthalmic surgery. This can result in bradycardiac arrhythmia and cardiac arrest. A 45-year-old female was undergoing an elective squint correction surgery of one eye under local anaesthesia in a private hospital in December 2013. The patient was preoperatively examined, investigated and admitted to the hospital one day prior to operation. There was no previous history of any chronic illnesses. The patient collapsed during surgery and declared dead. Doctors attempting strabismus surgery under local anaesthesia should be familiar with this phenomenon.
The sternal surface of the 4th rib has been suggested as a useful predictor of ag e estimation. M... more The sternal surface of the 4th rib has been suggested as a useful predictor of ag e estimation. Morphologic methods are fast and easy to use for purpose of age determination. The sternal ends of the ribs are a reliable method of age estimation from younger to old age. Iscan et al developed a phase analysis method for the right 4th rib that was sex and race specific. The purpose of this study is to determine the accuracy of the standards of age estimation from the left 4th in comparison to right fourth rib using the phase analysis for the Indian population. The sample consisted of right and left 4th ribs from 63 female and 101 males. Comparison of phase variation between right and left fourth ribs indicates that the average of an individual’s phase score in males is not significantly different in either the left or right rib.
Determination of sex by an examination of the skeleton remain is important in identification of a... more Determination of sex by an examination of the skeleton remain is important in identification of an individual when only skeleton remains are presented to an expert. The present study was designed to determine the sex of the sternum by using sternal index (manubrio-corpus index) as a parameter to examine the sexual dimorphism in a population specific autopsy sample using discriminant function analysis on 100 adult bones (50 male and 50 female). The results of this study shows that sex determination cannot be made conclusively from the sternal index (manubrio-corpus index).
The head, being the most vulnerable part of human body, is the most commonly injured body part in... more The head, being the most vulnerable part of human body, is the most commonly injured body part in accidents, especially those involving road traffic. In an unusual case, the deceased succumbed to internal injuries of the brain that resulted from the neck being constricted with the loose end of a dupatta. The woman was pillion riding a motorbike when the loose end of the dupatta got entangled in the rear wheel of the motorbike. As a result, her neck was constricted by the dupatta and wentunnoticed. This paper comments on the safety of wearing the traditional style dressing of Indian women while riding on two wheeled vehicles. Additionally, this paper suggests it be mandatory to wear helmets for all pillion riders in order to prevent such mishaps in future.
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