00 Formulario Trasmissione Ver2.0
00 Formulario Trasmissione Ver2.0
00 Formulario Trasmissione Ver2.0
0
Nota per luso del formulario: il formulario va stampato obbligatoriamente fronte retro. possibile
scrivere ulteriori formule solo negli spazi riservati a tale scopo, contrassegnati da un riquadro con la
dicitura Spazio riservato a formule personali.
Notazioni
N
A Cnm
x Cn
xx = ni=1 |xi |2
12 = d(xx1 , x 2 ) = xx1 x 2
d12 = d(bb1 , b2 )
x 1 x 2 = nj=1 x1 j x2 j
s 1 ss2
|ss1 ss2
I n Rnn
matrice identit n n
Ex =
2
|x(t)| dt
2
|x1 (t) x2 (t)| dt
x1 (t)x2 (t)dt
(t)dt
x
(t)x
Ex1 Ex2
1
x1 (t)x2 (t) dt
Ex1 Ex2
x1 (t)x2 (t) =
x1 ( ) x2 (t )d
costante di Boltzmann
c = 3 108 m/s
T0 = 290 K
temperatura ambiente
Definizioni fondamentali
{mi }M
i=1
P(mi )
{si (t)}M
i=1
Ei
M = 2k
{ j (t)}Nj=1
base ortornormale
Tb
intervallo di bit
T = kTb
intervallo di simbolo
Rb =
1
Tb
Rs =
1
T
P(e) = 1 P(c)
Pb (e)
Es = M
i=1 P(mi ) Ei
Es
k
Eb =
P(e)
k
per
N0 = kT
s =
Es
N0
b =
Eb
N0
Ws =
N
2T
f =
Rb
W
p =
2
min
4Eb
SNR =
P(e)
k
PR
N0W
Codifica di sorgente
X X = {x1 , x2 , . . . , xK }
X = [X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn ] X = X1 X2 Xn
[I(x)]bit =
1
ln 2 [I(x)]nat
1.443 [I(x)]nat
xX
X) =
H(X
1
H(X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn )
n n
H(S ) = lim
b =
K
1
H(S )
Ts
k
entropia di X (bit)
x X
disuguaglianza di Kraft-McMillan per un codice binario univocamente decifrabile/a prefisso con lunghezze 1 , 2 , . . . , K delle parole
codice
k=1
H(X)
H(X)
efficienza di un codice (0 1)
1
n H(X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn ) n
< 1n H(X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn ) + 1n
r = s +n
fn (nn) =
1
( N0 )N
n 2
nN0
exp
1
( N0 )N
2
si
exp rrs
N0
r s
funzione di verosimiglianza
P(e) = P(m = m) = M
i=1 P(mi )P(e|mi )
criterio MAP
criterio ML
P(e) = M
i=1 P(mi )
P(c) = M
i=1 P(mi )
P(e) = Pb (e) = Q
P(e) = Pb (e) = Q
Ri
12
2N0
Eb (1 )
N0
1
M
M
i=1 j=i Q
P(e) Q
min
2N0
ij
2N0
(M 1)Q
min
2N0
6 log2 M
1
P(e) = 2 1 M Q
M 2 1 b
P(e) 2Q
2b sin
log2 M
2
P(e) = 1 [1 Q ( 2b )]
k
2 M-QAM quadrata con M = 2 livelli (k pari)
simmetrici equispaziati ed equiprobabili (ri3 log2 M
P(e) = 1 1 2 1 1M Q
P(e)
M1 b
b log2 M
P(e) (M 1)Q
per mapping
B = 1+
2T
con coefficiente di rolloff e intervallo di simbolo T
banda monolatera dei segnali M-ASK, M-PSK, M-QAM passabanda con
B = 1+T
impulsi Nyquist con coefficiente di rolloff e intervallo di simbolo T
B (M 1) f + T2
banda monolatera del segnali M-FSK con spaziatura in frequenza f e intervallo di simbolo T
1
B M+3
2T per f = 2T (ricezione coerente)
M+1
1
B T per f = T (ricezione incoerente)
Link budget
Beq =
Te =
F=
2
|H( f )| d f
1
2G
Pgen
kG Beq
cifra di rumore di un dispositivo (Pout
potenza di
rumore in uscita per rumore termico a temperatura
T0 = 290 K in ingresso, Pout potenza di rumore in
uscita ad un dispositivo non rumoroso con lo stesso
guadagno in potenza)
Pout
Pout
Te
F = 1+ T
0
Te = (F 1)T0
Te = (L 1)T f
F = 1+
(L 1)T f
T0
TeN
Te = Te1 + TGe21 + GT1e3
G2 + + G1 G2 GN1
F = F1 +
L =
F2 1
G1
F3 1
G1 G2
++
PT
PR
FN 1
G1 G2 GN1
P
PdBW = 10 log10 1W
P
PdBm = 10 log10 1mW
path loss in dB
PR = PT e d
LdB (d) = d
path loss in dB per un collegamento wired di lunghezza d, 0.43 attenuazione per unit di
lunghezza (dB/km)
PR =
PT GT GR
(4 d/ )2
AR = GR 4
c
fc
PR = KPT
d0
d
r(t) =
=
y(t) =
yk =
=
=
xk = k
a h(t T ) + n(t)
a x(t T ) + (t)
a xk + k
k=
k
f
T
=T
criterio di Nyquist
| f | < 1
T,
2T
X( f ) = T2 1 + cos( T | f | 1T , 1
2T | f |
0,
| f | > 1+
2T
cos( t/T )
1 4 2t 2 /T 2
6 log2 M
2(M1)
P(e) = M Q
M 2 1 b
1+
2T
x(t) = sinc(t/T )
X( f )
|GT ( f )| = |GR ( f )| =
x02
2
2
|GT ( f )| d f |GR ( f )| d f
zk =
cn ykn = cT yk
n=N
|C( f )|
c ZF = X 1 q
c MMSE = R 1
y k y k r y k ak
equalizzatore
FIR-MMSE;
R yk yk =
(2N+1)(2N+1)
R
; r y k ak = E[yyk ak ] R2N+1
c k+1 = c k y k k
E[yyk y Tk ]
10
Codifica di canale
Nota: contrariamente alla convenzione adoperata nel resto del formulario, in questa tabella i vettori vanno intesi
come vettori riga.
Rc =
k
n
dmin
dmin 1
t = dmin21
P(e) (2k 1)Q
2b Rc dmin
P(e) nj=t+1 nj p j (1 p)n j
Pb (e)
dmin
n P(e)
dmin n k + 1
n
ti=0 i 2nk
bound di Singleton
c = xG
P]
G = [II k |P
P Bk(nk) )
matrice generatrice in forma sistematica (P
PT |II nk ]
H = [P
H B(nk)n )
matrice di controllo di parit (H
s = y H T Bnk
sindrome associata a y Bn
c(p) = x(p)g(p)
bound di Hamming
11
12
f ( ) =
f ( ) =
2
exp 2 2 u( )
2
2
exp (2+s2 ) I0 2s u( )
x2 + y2 , K =
s2
2 2
fattore di Rice
I0 (x) = 21 02 exp(x cos )d funzione modificata
b = E[R2 ] NEb0
b
1+ b
P(e) = Pb (e) =
1
2
P(e) = Pb (e) =
1
2
P(e) = Pb (e) =
1
2+ b
1
b
P(e) = Pb (e) =
1
2(1+ b )
fd,max =
b
2+ b
1
4 b
1
2 b
1
2 b
x2 dx
N
n=1 n =
N(N+1)
2
2
N
n=1 n =
3
N
n=1 n =
N(N+1)(2N+1)
6
N(N+1) 2
2
integrale di ex
NN
NN
NN
4
N
n=1 n =
N(N+1)(2N+1)(3N 2 +3N1)
30
NN
N1 k
z =
k=0
1zN
1z
z C {0}, N N
13
14
(x )
1 e 2 2
2
Q(x) =
+ u2 /2
1
e
du
2 x
X N( . 2 ) P(X > x) = Q x
1
x 2
2
1 x12 ex /2 < Q(x) <
Q(x) 12 ex
Q(x)
2
1 ex /2
x 2
2 /2
2
1 ex /2
x 2
Q(x) = 12 erfc
x
2
approssimazione asintotica (x 1)
Q(x)
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
1010
x
1.2815
2.3263
3.0902
3.7190
4.2649
4.7535
5.1993
5.6120
5.9978
6.3613
x
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
1.60
1.70
1.80
1.90
2.00
2.10
2.20
2.30
2.40
2.50
2.60
2.70
2.80
2.90
3.00
3.10
3.20
3.30
3.40
0.00
5.0000e-001
4.6017e-001
4.2074e-001
3.8209e-001
3.4458e-001
3.0854e-001
2.7425e-001
2.4196e-001
2.1186e-001
1.8406e-001
1.5866e-001
1.3567e-001
1.1507e-001
9.6800e-002
8.0757e-002
6.6807e-002
5.4799e-002
4.4565e-002
3.5930e-002
2.8717e-002
2.2750e-002
1.7864e-002
1.3903e-002
1.0724e-002
8.1975e-003
6.2097e-003
4.6612e-003
3.4670e-003
2.5551e-003
1.8658e-003
1.3499e-003
9.6760e-004
6.8714e-004
4.8342e-004
3.3693e-004
0.01
4.9601e-001
4.5620e-001
4.1683e-001
3.7828e-001
3.4090e-001
3.0503e-001
2.7093e-001
2.3885e-001
2.0897e-001
1.8141e-001
1.5625e-001
1.3350e-001
1.1314e-001
9.5098e-002
7.9270e-002
6.5522e-002
5.3699e-002
4.3633e-002
3.5148e-002
2.8067e-002
2.2216e-002
1.7429e-002
1.3553e-002
1.0444e-002
7.9763e-003
6.0366e-003
4.5271e-003
3.3642e-003
2.4771e-003
1.8071e-003
1.3062e-003
9.3544e-004
6.6367e-004
4.6648e-004
3.2481e-004
0.02
4.9202e-001
4.5224e-001
4.1294e-001
3.7448e-001
3.3724e-001
3.0153e-001
2.6763e-001
2.3576e-001
2.0611e-001
1.7879e-001
1.5386e-001
1.3136e-001
1.1123e-001
9.3418e-002
7.7804e-002
6.4255e-002
5.2616e-002
4.2716e-002
3.4380e-002
2.7429e-002
2.1692e-002
1.7003e-002
1.3209e-002
1.0170e-002
7.7603e-003
5.8677e-003
4.3965e-003
3.2641e-003
2.4012e-003
1.7502e-003
1.2639e-003
9.0426e-004
6.4095e-004
4.5009e-004
3.1311e-004
0.04
4.8405e-001
4.4433e-001
4.0517e-001
3.6693e-001
3.2997e-001
2.9460e-001
2.6109e-001
2.2965e-001
2.0045e-001
1.7361e-001
1.4917e-001
1.2714e-001
1.0749e-001
9.0123e-002
7.4934e-002
6.1780e-002
5.0503e-002
4.0930e-002
3.2884e-002
2.6190e-002
2.0675e-002
1.6177e-002
1.2545e-002
9.6419e-003
7.3436e-003
5.5426e-003
4.1453e-003
3.0720e-003
2.2557e-003
1.6411e-003
1.1829e-003
8.4474e-004
5.9765e-004
4.1889e-004
2.9086e-004
0.05
4.8006e-001
4.4038e-001
4.0129e-001
3.6317e-001
3.2636e-001
2.9116e-001
2.5785e-001
2.2663e-001
1.9766e-001
1.7106e-001
1.4686e-001
1.2507e-001
1.0565e-001
8.8508e-002
7.3529e-002
6.0571e-002
4.9471e-002
4.0059e-002
3.2157e-002
2.5588e-002
2.0182e-002
1.5778e-002
1.2224e-002
9.3867e-003
7.1428e-003
5.3861e-003
4.0246e-003
2.9798e-003
2.1860e-003
1.5889e-003
1.1442e-003
8.1635e-004
5.7703e-004
4.0406e-004
2.8029e-004
0.06
4.7608e-001
4.3644e-001
3.9743e-001
3.5942e-001
3.2276e-001
2.8774e-001
2.5463e-001
2.2363e-001
1.9489e-001
1.6853e-001
1.4457e-001
1.2302e-001
1.0383e-001
8.6915e-002
7.2145e-002
5.9380e-002
4.8457e-002
3.9204e-002
3.1443e-002
2.4998e-002
1.9699e-002
1.5386e-002
1.1911e-002
9.1375e-003
6.9469e-003
5.2336e-003
3.9070e-003
2.8901e-003
2.1182e-003
1.5382e-003
1.1067e-003
7.8885e-004
5.5706e-004
3.8971e-004
2.7009e-004
0.03
4.8803e-001
4.4828e-001
4.0905e-001
3.7070e-001
3.3360e-001
2.9806e-001
2.6435e-001
2.3270e-001
2.0327e-001
1.7619e-001
1.5151e-001
1.2924e-001
1.0935e-001
9.1759e-002
7.6359e-002
6.3008e-002
5.1551e-002
4.1815e-002
3.3625e-002
2.6803e-002
2.1178e-002
1.6586e-002
1.2874e-002
9.9031e-003
7.5494e-003
5.7031e-003
4.2692e-003
3.1667e-003
2.3274e-003
1.6948e-003
1.2228e-003
8.7403e-004
6.1895e-004
4.3423e-004
3.0179e-004
0.07
4.7210e-001
4.3251e-001
3.9358e-001
3.5569e-001
3.1918e-001
2.8434e-001
2.5143e-001
2.2065e-001
1.9215e-001
1.6602e-001
1.4231e-001
1.2100e-001
1.0204e-001
8.5343e-002
7.0781e-002
5.8208e-002
4.7460e-002
3.8364e-002
3.0742e-002
2.4419e-002
1.9226e-002
1.5003e-002
1.1604e-002
8.8940e-003
6.7557e-003
5.0849e-003
3.7926e-003
2.8028e-003
2.0524e-003
1.4890e-003
1.0703e-003
7.6219e-004
5.3774e-004
3.7584e-004
2.6023e-004
0.08
4.6812e-001
4.2858e-001
3.8974e-001
3.5197e-001
3.1561e-001
2.8096e-001
2.4825e-001
2.1770e-001
1.8943e-001
1.6354e-001
1.4007e-001
1.1900e-001
1.0027e-001
8.3793e-002
6.9437e-002
5.7053e-002
4.6479e-002
3.7538e-002
3.0054e-002
2.3852e-002
1.8763e-002
1.4629e-002
1.1304e-002
8.6563e-003
6.5691e-003
4.9400e-003
3.6811e-003
2.7179e-003
1.9884e-003
1.4412e-003
1.0350e-003
7.3638e-004
5.1904e-004
3.6243e-004
2.5071e-004
0.09
4.6414e-001
4.2465e-001
3.8591e-001
3.4827e-001
3.1207e-001
2.7760e-001
2.4510e-001
2.1476e-001
1.8673e-001
1.6109e-001
1.3786e-001
1.1702e-001
9.8525e-002
8.2264e-002
6.8112e-002
5.5917e-002
4.5514e-002
3.6727e-002
2.9379e-002
2.3295e-002
1.8309e-002
1.4262e-002
1.1011e-002
8.4242e-003
6.3872e-003
4.7988e-003
3.5726e-003
2.6354e-003
1.9262e-003
1.3949e-003
1.0008e-003
7.1136e-004
5.0094e-004
3.4946e-004
2.4151e-004
x
3.50
3.60
3.70
3.80
3.90
4.00
4.10
4.20
4.30
4.40
4.50
4.60
4.70
4.80
4.90
5.00
5.10
5.20
5.30
5.40
5.50
5.60
5.70
5.80
5.90
6.00
6.10
6.20
6.30
6.40
6.50
6.60
6.70
6.80
6.90
0.00
2.3263e-004
1.5911e-004
1.0780e-004
7.2348e-005
4.8096e-005
3.1671e-005
2.0658e-005
1.3346e-005
8.5399e-006
5.4125e-006
3.3977e-006
2.1125e-006
1.3008e-006
7.9333e-007
4.7918e-007
2.8665e-007
1.6983e-007
9.9644e-008
5.7901e-008
3.3320e-008
1.8990e-008
1.0718e-008
5.9904e-009
3.3157e-009
1.8175e-009
9.8659e-010
5.3034e-010
2.8232e-010
1.4882e-010
7.7688e-011
4.0160e-011
2.0558e-011
1.0421e-011
5.2310e-012
2.6001e-012
0.01
2.2405e-004
1.5310e-004
1.0363e-004
6.9483e-005
4.6148e-005
3.0359e-005
1.9783e-005
1.2769e-005
8.1627e-006
5.1685e-006
3.2414e-006
2.0133e-006
1.2386e-006
7.5465e-007
4.5538e-007
2.7215e-007
1.6108e-007
9.4420e-008
5.4813e-008
3.1512e-008
1.7942e-008
1.0116e-008
5.6488e-009
3.1236e-009
1.7105e-009
9.2762e-010
4.9816e-010
2.6492e-010
1.3952e-010
7.2760e-011
3.7575e-011
1.9216e-011
9.7312e-012
4.8799e-012
2.4233e-012
0.02
2.1577e-004
1.4730e-004
9.9611e-005
6.6726e-005
4.4274e-005
2.9099e-005
1.8944e-005
1.2215e-005
7.8015e-006
4.9350e-006
3.0920e-006
1.9187e-006
1.1792e-006
7.1779e-007
4.3272e-007
2.5836e-007
1.5277e-007
8.9462e-008
5.1884e-008
2.9800e-008
1.6950e-008
9.5479e-009
5.3262e-009
2.9424e-009
1.6097e-009
8.7209e-010
4.6788e-010
2.4858e-010
1.3078e-010
6.8137e-011
3.5154e-011
1.7960e-011
9.0862e-012
4.5520e-012
2.2582e-012
0.03
2.0778e-004
1.4171e-004
9.5740e-005
6.4072e-005
4.2473e-005
2.7888e-005
1.8138e-005
1.1685e-005
7.4555e-006
4.7117e-006
2.9492e-006
1.8283e-006
1.1226e-006
6.8267e-007
4.1115e-007
2.4524e-007
1.4487e-007
8.4755e-008
4.9106e-008
2.8177e-008
1.6012e-008
9.0105e-009
5.0215e-009
2.7714e-009
1.5147e-009
8.1980e-010
4.3940e-010
2.3322e-010
1.2258e-010
6.3802e-011
3.2885e-011
1.6784e-011
8.4832e-012
4.2457e-012
2.1042e-012
0.04
2.0006e-004
1.3632e-004
9.2010e-005
6.1517e-005
4.0741e-005
2.6726e-005
1.7365e-005
1.1176e-005
7.1241e-006
4.4979e-006
2.8127e-006
1.7420e-006
1.0686e-006
6.4920e-007
3.9061e-007
2.3277e-007
1.3737e-007
8.0288e-008
4.6473e-008
2.6640e-008
1.5124e-008
8.5025e-009
4.7338e-009
2.6100e-009
1.4251e-009
7.7057e-010
4.1261e-010
2.1879e-010
1.1488e-010
5.9737e-011
3.0759e-011
1.5684e-011
7.9193e-012
3.9597e-012
1.9605e-012
0.05
1.9262e-004
1.3112e-004
8.8417e-005
5.9059e-005
3.9076e-005
2.5609e-005
1.6624e-005
1.0689e-005
6.8069e-006
4.2935e-006
2.6823e-006
1.6597e-006
1.0171e-006
6.1731e-007
3.7107e-007
2.2091e-007
1.3024e-007
7.6050e-008
4.3977e-008
2.5185e-008
1.4283e-008
8.0224e-009
4.4622e-009
2.4579e-009
1.3407e-009
7.2423e-010
3.8741e-010
2.0523e-010
1.0766e-010
5.5925e-011
2.8769e-011
1.4655e-011
7.3923e-012
3.6925e-012
1.8264e-012
0.06
1.8543e-004
1.2611e-004
8.4957e-005
5.6694e-005
3.7475e-005
2.4536e-005
1.5912e-005
1.0221e-005
6.5031e-006
4.0980e-006
2.5577e-006
1.5810e-006
9.6796e-007
5.8693e-007
3.5247e-007
2.0963e-007
1.2347e-007
7.2028e-008
4.1611e-008
2.3807e-008
1.3489e-008
7.5686e-009
4.2057e-009
2.3143e-009
1.2612e-009
6.8061e-010
3.6372e-010
1.9249e-010
1.0088e-010
5.2351e-011
2.6904e-011
1.3691e-011
6.8996e-012
3.4430e-012
1.7014e-012
0.07
1.7849e-004
1.2128e-004
8.1624e-005
5.4418e-005
3.5936e-005
2.3507e-005
1.5230e-005
9.7736e-006
6.2123e-006
3.9110e-006
2.4386e-006
1.5060e-006
9.2113e-007
5.5799e-007
3.3476e-007
1.9891e-007
1.1705e-007
6.8212e-008
3.9368e-008
2.2502e-008
1.2737e-008
7.1399e-009
3.9636e-009
2.1790e-009
1.1863e-009
6.3955e-010
3.4145e-010
1.8052e-010
9.4514e-011
4.9001e-011
2.5158e-011
1.2790e-011
6.4391e-012
3.2101e-012
1.5847e-012
0.08
1.7180e-004
1.1662e-004
7.8414e-005
5.2228e-005
3.4458e-005
2.2518e-005
1.4575e-005
9.3447e-006
5.9340e-006
3.7322e-006
2.3249e-006
1.4344e-006
8.7648e-007
5.3043e-007
3.1792e-007
1.8872e-007
1.1094e-007
6.4592e-008
3.7243e-008
2.1266e-008
1.2026e-008
6.7347e-009
3.7350e-009
2.0513e-009
1.1157e-009
6.0091e-010
3.2051e-010
1.6929e-010
8.8544e-011
4.5861e-011
2.3522e-011
1.1947e-011
6.0088e-012
2.9926e-012
1.4759e-012
0.09
1.6534e-004
1.1213e-004
7.5324e-005
5.0122e-005
3.3037e-005
2.1569e-005
1.3948e-005
8.9337e-006
5.6675e-006
3.5612e-006
2.2162e-006
1.3660e-006
8.3391e-007
5.0418e-007
3.0190e-007
1.7903e-007
1.0515e-007
6.1158e-008
3.5229e-008
2.0097e-008
1.1353e-008
6.3520e-009
3.5193e-009
1.9310e-009
1.0492e-009
5.6455e-010
3.0082e-010
1.5873e-010
8.2943e-011
4.2918e-011
2.1991e-011
1.1159e-011
5.6067e-012
2.7896e-012
1.3744e-012