!

" # $
% !
" # $
& '
" "

( ! " # #
"
! " # #
" # #
) " $
! "

)
$
* #
! + # ,
! !
" - #
! !
"
!

. "
/
" $
0 "
! - " 1
 3 ! $

# "

4
( 5 !
$
6

) "

%
"

1.1 SERIES DE FOURIER

) 4

∞
2π ∞
2π
+ ,= + + + 7 ,
= =

% "
82
= +, + 72,
− 82

2 82 2π
= +, + 79,
− 82

2
 2 82 2π
= +, + 7',
− 82

) :
∞
2π
+ ,= + −φ + 7;,
=

= + 7< ,
+ 7< ,
= 2
+ 2

φ = − + 7< ,

% " :
! %
=
"π #φ )
: 7 #
"
/
"

+ , > + , %

9
1.2 FORMA EXPONENCIAL DE LA SERIE DE FOURIER

∞
$ 2π
+ ,= % 8
+ 27 ,
= −∞

%
82
− $ 2π 8
% = +, ?
+ 272,
− 82

% % % %& # #
% @ %'& + 7
;,
%? = ? + 279 ,
− $φ
% = + 279(,
2
$"π
% % %
% : 7 (
: 7 A $" %
7 - 7 7(
# 7
&
7 ( ( )&
"

1.3 EJEMPLOS DE SERIES DE FOURIER

) $ : 97
% *
"
+ + *δ δ
δ + +

∞
δ+ , = + 97 ,
−∞

% # (
δ *δ *

'
 ∞
+ ,=* δ+ − , ?, + 972,
, = −∞

# + ,) + ,)
τ

) + 72, + 79,

* 82 + 979,
= δ+ , =
?

? − 82
?
? ?

2* 82 2π 2
= δ+ , =
?

− ? 82 + 97',
? ? ?

+ 7',

2* 82 2π
= δ+ , =?
?

− ? 82 + 97;,
? ?

+ 7<,

2* + 97<,
? = = φ =?
? ?

+ 279,
*
%? = % =
?

;
 + 97&,

∞
* 2* ∞
2π
+ ,=* δ+ − , ?, = +
, = −∞ ? ? = ?
∞
+ 97B,
$ 2π
= 8 ?

? = −∞

# :
τ : 97 (
82 τ
= = %? = =
?

? ? +, + 97C,
− ? 82
? ?

2 ? 82 2π
= = 2% = +,
− ? 82
? ?

=
2 τ ( πτ 8 ? ) + 97 ?,
? πτ 8 ?

=? φ =? + 97 ,

τ 2 τ ∞
( πτ 8 ? ) 2π + 97 2 ,
+,= +
? ? = πτ 8 ? ?

τ ∞
( πτ 8 ? ) $ 2π
= 8 ?
+ 97 2(,
? = −∞ πτ 8 ?

: 97( τ #
τ τ *
τ→? : + 97 2,
+ 97B, "
τ→?

+ πτ 8 ? , + 97 9,
→
πτ 8 ?

<
1.4 LA FUNCIÓN MUESTRA

) -

- + ,≡ + '7 ,

D) π !π E%
- : '7 $ + +
" - +

% - ( % % :
: 97 ( @' τ8 ?@ F

%
"$ " " ± π
3 + "
± ./ π
= +
# " " "
-

&
 2+ − ,
- [± + + 8 2,π ] = + '72,
+ 2 + ,π

0 + 97 2,

πτ! + % + 97 2(,
# : '7 ( 1 τ! + 2 %
3 + ! +
+ ! + % " " - πτ
$ -

= πτ 8 ? = πτ ? = πτ + '79,

1.5 RESPUESTA DE UN SISTEMA LINEAL

% $ : 3
$ 3
"
$ 3 " 3

" G "
-

/
3 +
, 0
" 3 3 3 # +
#,

$ 2π $ω
+ ω , =% 8 ?
=% + ;7 ,

% ω " # $
: ;7 + ω
#

− $ θ +ω ,
3 +ω , = 3 +ω , + ;72,

− $ θ +ω , $ω
? + ω , = 3 +ω , + ω , = 3 +ω , %
$ [ω −θ +ω , ]
= 3 +ω ,%
B
 + ;79,

+ ;7 , " # /
" #
# #
$ω − $ω $ω − $ω $ω
+ ω , =% + %− =% +% H = 2 0 +% , + ;7',

) ω
ω + ,
ω 3ω % + ω

" # ω

$ω − $ω + ;7;,
+ ω , = 3 +ω ,% + 3 + −ω ,% H
/ ω $ + ;7;,
# # 3ω 3' &ω
− $θ + ω ,
3 +ω , = 3 +ω ,

3 +ω , = 3 + −ω , + ;7<,

θ +ω , = −θ +ω , + ;7&,

3 +ω , θ+ω , ω

:
+ 27 , $
∞
$ 2π + ;7B,
+,= 3 +ω ,% 8 ?

= −∞

+ 7;,

∞
2π
+ , = 3 + ?, ? + 3 +ω , − φ − θ +ω , + ;7C,
= ?

% : "
3ω
+ ;7B, + ;7
C, 3 $ 3
"

C
 3 $ /

" # + ;7B, "

1.6 POTENCIA NORMALIZADA

2
+, "

-
2 2
7 + ," 8 @4
2
I 3 4 $ " +, "
"
/ - 5
J -
2
" I
K - L
K L 1 $
5 - 3
KI L - 3
-

-
- -" - $ " #
-"8- "
M

-2
6≡ ? + <7 ,
-
- -"8- 6 $
-
3 -"8- 3 6 $ + " ., 3 6
# -"!- @ ?? -"!- @ 2 6 @ 2? . % " #
/ -
3 !
" - "
" $
- -" - "
- ! %" % -"
2 2
@ % 82 - @ % 82
2

%22 8 2 %2
6= ? = 2? + <72,
%2 82 %

?
 ! + K L "
> . ,
- (

- /
" : .<7
% ω
7 ) ! + , =% +ω + θ , "$
7 ) 8 = % 8 27 2

8 = % 2 8 27 % 8 !8

%?2 8 2 7?
6 = ? + <79,
% 2 8 27

) 7 7

7 7 6 + <72,
%
6 = 2? + <7',
%
/ 7 ≠ 7 + <7', /
-
% 2 82 %
6 = ? = 2? + <7;,
% 2 82 %

- 7 7
: <7 ( 7 7 6 6

1.7 POTENCIA NORMALIZADA EN UNA EXPANSIÓN DE

FOURIER

$ : + 7;,
#
 2π 'π
′+ , = −φ + 2 − φ2 + &7 ,

/ - -N N+ , " N+ , "

[ ′+ ,]2
2
-′ = + &72,
− 2

" N+ , $
$ $ -
+ &7 ,
/
" - $
- -N

2 2
-′ = + 2
+ &79,
2 2

/ - :

∞ 2
-= 2
? + + &7',
= 2

/ "
: -
- $
$
3 / $ $
: + 7 , -

∞ 2 ∞ 2
-= 2
? + + + &7;,
= 2 = 2

" -
$ $
+2π 8 , : -
2
$ 2 $ G
- " $ +2π 8 ,
/ : # + 27 ,
$ 2π 8
$ % " $

2
 - "
$

$ 2π − $ 2π
% 8
%− 8
= % %− = % % H + &7<,

% -

= +∞
-= % %H + &7&,
= −∞

#
8 @ + ,
7 (
"
"

% % H + %− %−H = 2% % H + &7B,

3 "
+ % %H,
O 1 "
O
% %H
O % % H +@ %− %−H ,
2% % H

: 7

+ - , ) : &7
#" - %
2
" % ( " #
- - "
$

9
 #
0
%
: &72 %
: &79

%
-
#

% - 2

1.8 DENSIDAD ESPECTRAL DE POTENCIA

: &7 -
- @ 7 ∞ "$ "
-
-+ , -+ ,
: B7 $ "
"- -
-
- -+ ,

-+ ,
-+ , = + B7 ,

% -+ ,8 9+ , + - ,=

-+ ,
9+ , ≡ + B72,

% 9+ , % "
2

'
 ≤ ≤ ,=
2
-+ 2 9+ , + B79,

% " 7 72

−
- +− 2 ≤ ≤− ,= 9+ , + B7',
− 2

% -+ ,
-

@ 7∞

% + B79, + B7',
2

-+ ≤ ≤ 2 ,

−
≤ ≤ ,= +
2
-+ 2 9+ , 9+ , + B7;,
− 2

/ " -+ , : B7
9+ , @ ?
9+ , - ! +,

∞
δ( − )
2
9+ , = % + B7<,
= −∞

# 9+ , "
- 9+ , "
+ B7<, - : &7

1.9 EFECTO DE LA FUNCIÓN DE TRANSFERENCIA SOBRE LA

DENSIDAD ESPECTRAL DE POTENCIA

(# ! +,
9+ , % !
+ B7<,

;
 ∞
δ( − )
2
9+ ,= % + C7 ,
= −∞

+ 272,

2 − $ 2π
% = +, 8
+ C72,
− 2

(# ! +, %
!

∞
9 + ,= δ( − )
2
% + C79,
= −∞

2
− $ 2π
% = +, 8
+ C7',
− 2

; 3+ ,
%

% =% 3+ = , + C7;,

=% 3+ =
2 2 2
% , + C7<,

+ C7<, + C79,
+ C7 , "

9 + , = 9 + , 3+ ,
2
+ C7&,

% + C7&,

% + C7&, "
! = ! !
+ 2 29, $

$ + C7&,
! +, 9+ ,
"$ % +,

<
 + , =τ +, + C7B,

τ % + C7B,
$2π τ @ $ωτ / 3+ , @ $ωτ 3 + , = ω 2τ 2
2
+,
+ C7&,

9 + , = ω 2τ 2 9 + , + C7C,

1.10 LA TRANSFORMADA DE FOURIER

) "

" @ 8 % -
$ - ! "

# : 97 ( @?
" # @ ? →∞
" #

) +, %+ , "$
3+ , % +, % + , @ % + , 3+ ,

P → ∞
% :
" " 3
" " % -

- %
% :

∞
$ 2π
+,= % + ?7 ,
= −∞

" +" / ?7 ,

∞
$ 2π
+ ,= %+ , + ?72,
−∞

&
% %
%+ , % %+ ,
+, % :

∞
− 2π
%+ , = +, + ?79,
−∞

2
− $ 2π
% = +, + ?7',
− 2

A "- + ;7B, # 3+ ,
! +, ! +,

∞
$ 2π
+ ,= 3 + ,% + , + ?7;,
−∞

+ ?7;, + ?72, "

: % + , ≡ F D + ,E %+ , +,

F [ + ,] = 3 + ,F [ + ,] + ?7<,

% + , = 3 + ,% + , + ?7&,

: ?7

1.11 EJEMPLOS DE TRANSFORMADAS DE FOURIER

" 3
# $

!"#$% +,@ ω %+ ,

A%) QRS % +,@ ω

: :
% : +,

+ $ω − $ω 2π
+ ,= 2 +2 ω = + 7 ,

% = %− = 2 + 72,

B
G % =? ≠± + 79,

% : %+ , + ?79,4

∞ ∞ − $ 2π + − ∞ − $ 2π + +
− $ 2π
%+ , = ω = ,
+ ,
+ 7' ,
−∞ 2 −∞ 2 −∞

= 2δ( − )+ 2 δ ( + ) + 7'(,

D* + 722,E

( + 7 , + 79, 4%
: ! + ! , -
! @ 8 @
:

!"#$% ) ! +,
% !
+ ,= + , 2π + 7;,

: +, 0+ ,
∞
− $ 2π
0+ , = +, + 7<,
−∞

: +,

A%) QRS /
$ 2π − $ 2π
+, 2π = 2 +, +2 +, + 7&,

: %+ ,
∞ − $ 2π + + ∞ − $ 2π + −
%+ , = +, ,
+ +, ,
+ 7B,
2 −∞ 2 −∞

+ 7B, + 7<,

%+ , = 2 0+ + ,+ 2 0+ − , + 7C,

% 0+ , +, %+ , +, "π
: 7 : 7 ( " 0+ ,
- )
-
0+ ,

C
 + ,% 0
+(, % + , "π

) $ +,
(

+ ,= 2π + 7 ?,

% %+ ,

%+ , = δ( + + )
'
+ δ( + − )+ δ ( − + )+ δ ( − − ) + 7 ,
' ' '
72 A "
+ −

% + ,= 2π
%

2?
 + ,=
'
[ $ 2π ( + )
+ − $ 2π ( + )
]+ ' [ $ 2π ( − )
+ − $ 2π ( − )
] + 7 2 ,

= [ 2π ( + ) + 2π ( − )] + 72(,
'

!"#$% ) @ &τ!" .τ!"

: %+ , $ :
"
% : →∞

A%) QRS 1
τ 2
− $ 2π π
%+ , = = τ + 7 9,
−τ 2 π
% :
+ 97 2(,
τ ( πτ )
% = + 7 ',
πτ
% : ! ≡∆
- ≡∆ "
: / ! @ ∆ + 7 ',

% = τ
(π ∆ τ)
∆ + 7 ;,
π ∆τ

→ ∞ ∆ → ? - ∆
- ∆ " % + 7 ;,

π
% = τ + 7 <,
∆ →? π

+ 7 9,

%
%+ , = + 7 &,
∆ →? ∆

( %+ ,

!"#$%
+ , : δ+ ,

2
 + ,( 3+ , δ+ ,
( + , ≡ :+ , "
3+ , :+ , @ F77 D3+ ,E

A%) QRS
+ , δ+ , @ ? @?
∞
δ+ , = + 7 B,
−∞
∞
− $ 2π
/ %+ , = δ+ , = + 7 C,
−∞

δ+ ,

+ ,) + ?7&,
+ , ≡ :+ , %+,

% + , = ×3+ , + 72?,

δ+ , F Dδ+ ,E@ / "

%+, :+ , $ " 3+ ,

∞
$ 2π
:+ , = 3+ , + 72 ,
−∞

/ + 72 ,
3 δ+ , 3+ , @ :+ ,
δ+ , / 3+ , @ + 72 ,

∞ ∞
$ 2π − $ 2π
δ+ ,= = + 722,
−∞ −∞

1.12 CONVOLUCIÓN

+, : %+, "+ , %"+ ,

5 +, % + , %"+ ,6

∞
+ ,= +τ , 2 + − τ , τ + 27 ,
−∞

"
∞
+ ,= 2 +τ , + − τ , τ
−∞

22
 + 272,

% + 27 , + 272,
" +, "$ "
+, "+ ,

/ -

+ , = F & [% + ,%2 + ,] + 279 ,

∞
$ω
= % + ,%2 + , ω + 279(,
2π −∞

/
∞
− $ωτ
%+ ,= +τ , τ + 27',
−∞

%+, + 27',
+ 279(,
∞ ∞
− $ωτ $ω
+ ,= +τ , τ %2 + , ω + 27;,
2π −∞ −∞

Q
∞ ∞
$ω + −τ ,
+ ,= +τ , 2π %2 + , ω τ + 27<,
−∞ −∞

0 $ + 27<, 2 + &τ,

∞
+ ,= +τ , 2 + − τ , τ + 27&,
−∞

# " 27
2 279 $ "
$

) "
+, %+ ,
3+ , %
% + ,3+ , 5 + ,6

+ 27&, +τ, +τ, "+ , "

3+ , / " D + 72 ,E " 3+ ,
:+ , / + 27&, "

∞
+,= +τ ,:+ − τ , τ + 27B,
−∞

29
 +, $ +,

1.13 EL TEOREMA DE PARSEVAL

* -
" 1 $
!
1

)
5 - /

+ ,
" Q

% - +,
[ + ,]
2
;=
2
+ 97 ,
− 2

( + &7&, ;

= +∞
;= -= % %H + 972,
= −∞

A "- # " 79 # ∆ ≡ ! @
∆ %
H
% %H =
% %
(∆ )2 + 979,
∆ ∆
+ 972,
∞
% %H + 97',
;= ∆
= −∞ ∆ ∆

∆ →+ - ∆ - % ∆
%+ , D" + 7 &,E % + 97',
"

[ + ,]
∞ ∞ ∞
;= = =
2 2
% + ,% H + , %+ , + 97;,
−∞ −∞ −∞

2'
 8 / "
+ &7&,
+ ,
+ ,
" % " -

"
" #
7∞ T∞

( + 97;, 9;+ ,
;
9; + , ≡ = %+ ,
2
+ 97<,

+ B7<,

/ " "
" $ +" / 97 ,

1.14 POTENCIA Y ENERGÍA TRANSFERIDAS A TRAVÉS DE UNA

RED

! +, 3+ ,
+, +,
∞
$ 2π
+ ,= % + '7 ,
= −∞

∞
$ 2π
+,= 3+ ,% + '72,
= −∞

% +,
∞
- =
2
% + '79,
= −∞

+,
∞
- =
2 2
3+ , % + '7',
= −∞

" + '7', 3+ ,
"
# 3+ ,@:+ , " $
3+ , @ + %
≤U U≤$

2;
 − $
$ 2π $ 2π
+ ,= :% + :% + '7;,
=− $ =

− $ $
- = + =2
2 2 2
:2 % :2 % :2 % + '7<,
=− $ = =

" " - $

− $ $
- = 9+ , + 9+ , =2 9+ , + '7&,
−$

! "$
3+ , @ " 3+ , @ ? %
+ '7&,
−
; = + =2
2 2
9; + , 9; + , 9; + , + '7B,
− 2

9;

1.15 LIMITACIÓN DEL ANCHO DE BANDA DE FORMAS DE ONDA

P
%
%
$
"-
"
1

− $ω
3+ , = : <
+ ;7 ,

: < )
#
" $

) !
0 1 ! :
( 0 ! "$ + , 3+ , @
≤ 0 ! !
0

2<
 # 0
/ # CCV # 0=
- "
!
! # > #
> "

:
"$ "

"
: ;7
- " #+
, - + ,
" # $ : ;7
+ ,
: ;7 ( #

# 7 : ;7

3+ , = + ;72,
+ $ 8 2

"@ 8+2π7 , % 3+ , # : ;7
@ " U3+ ,U " 2 = ? &?& 9 .
" @? % " 97 .
" /
%
+ , =% (− − 7
)= % ( − −2π 2
) + ;79,

%
(
(
) 3
+, ? %
? C% / " + ;79,
"

2 = ? 9; + ;7',

" # )
S + ;7',

2&
 + ,) 0 # +(, ) 0 + , U3+ ,U
+ , + , U3+ ,U +(,

+ ;7', " - 3
# 0 :
;7 2 #
+ - , 1
3+ , @ ? ≤ ≤ 0 3+ , @ ? > 0
2 @ ? '' / + ;7',

/ # 2 @

# 7
(#
τ "
- 2
2τ = 1. /

+ ;7', ? 9; τ.

2B
 : ;72

: ;7

3+ , = + ;7;,
− $

= + ;7<,
2π7
% 3+ , : ;7 =% 97 .
# /
%

− 7 −2π
+ , =% =% + ;7&,

+ ,) + ,
# 0 τ ≈ ? 9;τ
+ ,% 7 τ @ ? ?2

% "
" " #
- (
+ ;7&,
=− = −2π + ;7B,
7

# #
" # A "- + ;7B,
-
0

7 τ
: ;72( %
- ∆
? %

τ ≈ ? ?2 + ;7C,

2C
1.16 CORRELACIÓN ENTRE FORMAS DE ONDA

%
+, 2 +,
"
5 +, 2 +, 7 2+ ,

2
7 2 +τ , ≡ + , 2+ +τ , + <7 ,
→∞ − 2

+, 2 +,
-
2
7 2 +τ , = + , 2+ +τ, + <72,
− 2

+, 2 +, + #
, -
∞
7 2 +τ , = + , 2+ +τ, + <79,
−∞

% τ -
# : <7
" 1
+, 2 +,
% 2 + .τ, 2+ , -
τ 7 2+?, @ ? 7 2+τ, τ
τ=τ τ
K L K L # -
"
$ : "
: 7 "+τ, @ ? τ
:

(
- +, "+ ,
@?

3 "
$ 7 2+τ, 72 +τ, "
+/ <72,
2
7 2 +τ , ≡ + +τ, 2+ , = 7 2 + −τ ,
→∞ − 2

9?
 + <7',

1.17 POTENCIA Y CORRELACIÓN CRUZADA

(# +, 2 +,
" - +, -
- 2+ , -2 5 - + ,T 2+ ,6 (
5 - -2 + ,T 2+ .τ,6 1

-2=
→∞ −
2

2
[ + ,+ 2 + +τ , ]
2
+ &7 ,

=
→∞
{ −
2

2
2
() +
−
2
[ (
2 2
+ τ )]
2
+2
−
2

2
( ) 2( +τ ) } + &7 (,

= - + - 2 + 27 2 (τ ) + &7 ,
( + &7 , -
2 + T τ, - 2 +, /
+ &7 (, " #
- 2 " "

( + &7 , 4
7 2+τ, @ ? τ
-

" Q
3 -
" "
/
-

N N
+, 2 +,
% %2
+ , = + , +%
N
2+ , =
N
2 + , + %2
7 2 +τ , = % %2
$ 3 $
$ 3

9
1.18 AUTOCORRELACIÓN

%
+,= 2 + , 7 2 +τ , 7+τ,

2
7+τ , = + , + +τ , + B7 ,
→∞ − 2

) 3 7+τ, 4

7 (? ) = [ + ,]2
2
+ , =- + B72,
→∞ − 2

+ -

+(, 7 (? ) ≥ 7 (τ ) + B79,

" "
# - +, + T τ, τ@? "$
/ B7

+ , 7 (τ ) = 7 (− τ ) + B7',

τ / + B7',
# @ ? " " τ
+ B7 , " + 7τ, + , 7+τ, "
7+7τ, / " 7∞
∞ # 3 "
7+τ, @ 7+7τ,

% + B72, + B7',
7+τ, + B7 , $ 7+τ, 3
+ <72, + <79, 7
3 7+?, @ ;

1.19 AUTOCORRELACIÓN DE UNA FORMA DE ONDA PERIÓDICA

∞
$ 2π
+ ,= % 8
+ C7 ,
= −∞

92
 + <72,

∞ ∞
2 $ 2π $ 2π ( +τ )8
7 +τ , = % 8
% + C72,
− 2
= −∞ = −∞

+ C72,
# $ *

$ 2π τ 8 2 $ 2π ( + )
* = % % 8 + C79 ,
− 2

=% % $ 2π τ 8 [ π( + )]
π( + ) + C79(,

G " + C79(, * @?
& . @? / " * 3 + C79 ,

$ 2π τ 8
* = *− = % %− + C7',

:
∞ ∞
7 (τ ) = $ 2π τ 8 $ 2π τ 8
2
% %− = % + C7; ,
= −∞ = −∞

∞
τ
=% +2 2π
2 2
% + C7;(,
=

S + C7;(, 7+τ, @ 7+7τ, 3 $

7+τ, $

0 7+τ,
/ :
7+τ, 7+τ, + C7; ,
∞
F [7 τ )] =
∞ $ 2π τ 8 − $ 2π τ
τ
2
% + C7<,
−∞
= −∞

Q
∞
F [7 τ )] =
∞ − $ 2π ( − 8 )τ
τ
2
% + C7&,
−∞
= −∞

) + 722, + C7&,
∞
F [7 τ )] = δ
2
% − + C7B,
= −∞

99
 + C7B, + B7<,

9 + , = F [7+τ ,] + C7C,

7+τ , = F -1 [9 + ,] + C72?,

4> ?

1.20 AUTOCORRELACIÓN DE UNA FORMA DE ONDA NO

PERIÓDICA DE ENERGÍA FINITA

/
+ B7 ,
+ C7C,
7+τ,
:

) " + 27 , + 279,
+, 2 +, +,@
2 +,@ +,

: 7 [% + ,% + ,] =
∞
+τ , + − τ , τ + 2?7 ,
−∞

G %+& , %'+ , F D +& ,E + 2?7 , "

: 7 [% + ,% H + ,] = : 7 % + ,[ 2
]= ∞

−∞
+τ , +τ + , τ + 2?72,

% + 2?72,
F − [% + ,% H + ,] F − [% + ,% H + ,]
τ τ

: 7 [% + ,% H + ,] =
∞
+ , + +τ , + 2?79,
−∞

% + 2?79, 7+τ,

F [7+τ ,] = % + ,% H + , = % + ,
2
+ 2?7',

9'
 7+τ,
2
" %+ ,
:

1.21 AUTOCORRELACIÓN DE OTRAS FORMAS DE ONDAS

)
$ K L
" /

" %

"

/
- 1
2
%
$
"

: %

1.22 EXPANSIÓN EN FUNCIONES ORTOGONALES

# + , 2 + , + , "
≤ ≤ 2
#
=?
2
+ , $ + , + 227 ,

" 2 ) #
( 2 $
"
" & & + $
, %$

% $ = & &$ (& &$ )= %$ + 2272,

9;
 + 2272, & &$ " "
+& & $ , " %$ @ ? +
" & @ ? &$ @ ?, +& & $ ,
" & &$ +
, "

+ 227 , $

+ ,
+ , 2 " #
+ , + ,
+ ,

( )= + ,+ 2 2 + ,+ + + ,+ + 2279,

" + 2279, + ,
" 1

=
2 2
+ , + , + , + ,

+ + + +
2 2 2
2 2 + , + , + , + 227',

@ : =
""&1

=
2 2 2
+ , + , + , + 227;,

"
2
+ , + ,
= 2
+ 227<,
2
+ ,

K L
$ $ " " "
K - L

+ ,
+ 227<, + $ , "

2 2
+ , = + 227&,

9<
 =
2
+ , + , + 227B,

+ , + 227&,
5 - $
+ 227B, " "
2 2
+ , 3 + 227<, ) #
- # =

1.23 LA COMPLETITUD DE UN SISTEMA ORTOGONAL: LA SERIE

DE FOURIER

+ , $

+ ,= + ,+ 2 2 + ,+ 9 9 + ,+ + 297 ,

+ ,= + ,+ 9 9 + ,+ + 2972,

$ ) " -
"
" 9
/ /
+ 2972, $
/ 5 $ + 297 ,6
#
" -

3
# "

) # #
+ , -
"
" "
+/ 3 "
" " ,

9&
 " $ "
: +,
∞
2π ∞
2π
+ ,= + + 2979,
=? =?

1 ?@ ?@?
- 22 +, $

∞
2π ∞
2π
+ ,= + 2 + 2 + 297',
= =

= 2 2π ≠ ?= ? 2 2π

" "
" + 297',
+, $
"
: + 297',

= +, + 297; ,

2 2π
= +, ≠? + 297;(,

2 2π
= +, + 297; ,

1.24 EL PROCEDIMIENTO DE GRAM-SCHMITT

% #
" 3
0 3 #
"
3 #
3 > 7
# + ,

9B
) 4 +, 2 +, +,
A
+ , 2+ , A+, % +,
+, " $ 4

+ ,= + ,+ 2 2 + ,+ + A A +, + 2'7 ,

2 +,= 2 + ,+ 22 2 + ,+ + 2A A +, + 2'7 (,

A +,= A + ,+ A2 2 + ,+ + AA A +, + 2'7 ,

A
+ ,= $ $ +, = 2 A + 2'72,
$=

% +, "
$=,
+ , ,+ , = + 2'79,
$≠,
$
?
$ > 7 4

8 + 2'7 ,

+ ,= +, + 2'7' ,

G +, -

= [ 2
+, ] 2
+ 2'7'(,

+ , @ + ,8

8 " + 2'7 (,
2 22

2 + ,= 2 + ,+ 22 2 +, + 2'7;,

P + 2'7;, +,
" +, 2+ ,

2 = 2 +, +, + 2'7<,

2 " 22 0 + 2'7;,

2 + ,− 2 +,= 22 2 +, + 2'7& ,

"

9C
 [ 2+ , − 2 + ,]
2
= 2
22
2
2 +, = 2
22
+ 2'7&(,

22 = { [ 2+ , − 2 + ,]
2
} 2
+ 2'7B,

: 2 22 "-
+ 2'7;, 2+ , 4

2 + ,= [ 2+ , − 2 + ,]
22

+,
= 2 + ,− 2
+ 2'7C,
22

8 B 9 +, + 2'7 ,

9 + ,= 9 + ,+ 92 2 + ,+ 99 9 +, + 2'7 ?,

9' % "

9 = 9 +, +, + 2'7 ,

= + , 2+ ,
92 9 + 2'7 (,

99 = {[ 9 + ,− 9 + ,− 92 2 + ,]
2
} 2
+ 2'7 ,

+ ,− + ,− +,
9 + ,= 9 9 92 2 + 2'7 2,
99

8 1 A
A +, 2 +, S +, 1 $
" $ +, 2 ,
+ S +,
$ +,

A +,
+, +,
/ # 9+ , @ +,
T 2 2 +, 2 +, 2 +,
$ +, 2 +, +, 9 $
$ +, 2 +, + 2'7 ?, 99 +, @ ?
" 9 +, A
+, 0

'?
 0 +≤ A, $
A +,

( A +,
- +,
+, 2+ , +,
2+ , #
C #
3 "$ A A

!"#$% ( +, +, 2 : 2'7
" $ @? @ ) > 7
$

A%) QRS + 2'7'(,

2 2
= 2
+, = 22 =2
? ?
+ 2'7 9,
+, +,
+ ,= =
2

( + 2'7<,
2 2
2 = 2 +, +, = ' =2
? ? '
( + 2'7B,
2

[ 2+ , − + ,]
2

22 = 2
?

% D 2+ , 7 2 + ,E D 2+ , 7 2 + ,E2 # : 2'7 (=1

22 = ' =2
?

'
 ( ! $ > 7 + ,% !
+(, " 22 + ,: +, 2 +,

+ 2'7C, 2 +,

2 +,= 2 + ,−
2 +,
= [ 2 + , − + ,]
2 2 2

% +, 2 +, : 2'7 :

2 + ,=2 + ,+2 2 +, + 2'7 ',

) # "
+, 2+ , +" / 2'7 ,

'2
1.25 CORRESPONDENCIA ENTRE SEÑALES Y VECTORES

- ! "
" $
" ! $

: 2;7 " DEF

1 " $ , D E F
" "
"

⋅ = $⋅ $ = , ⋅, = + 2;7 ,

S + 2'79,

+ ,⋅ + , = + 2;72,

+ , " +(,
* 2

"

⋅ $ = $⋅, = , ⋅ = ? + 2;79,

'9
 + ,⋅ $ +, = ? + ≠ $, + 2;7',

) " $

= + ? $+ 5 , + 2;7;,

P +,

+ ,= + ,+ 2 2 + ,+ + A A +, + 2;7<,

" " # ?
+ 2;7;, $ /

$⋅ = $⋅ + ? $⋅ $+ 5 $ ⋅,
= ?+ ? +?

? = $⋅ + 2;7&,

" # 2 + 2;7<,
2 +, /
+ , 2+ , = + ,⋅ 2 +, + 2 2 + ,⋅ 2+ , +

+ A + ,⋅ 2 +,
= ?+ 2 + +? + 2;7B,

2 = + , 2+ ,

" $ 5 3 " "

={ ? 5 } + 2;7C ,

+,
A

+ ,={ 2 A } + 2;7C(,

" " + - ,
"
" #
A
K L K L S

''
 "

=[ ⋅ ] 2 =[ 2
+ 2
? + 2
5 ] 2
+ 2;7 ? ,

" K L +, +,

+, = [ 2
+, ] 2
+ 2;7 ?(,

S +, G ( + 2;7<,
+, 2+ , S +,
" +/ 2;7 ,
+, =
2
[ 2
+ 2
2 + + 2
A ] + 2;7 ? ,

4/ "
" $ , "
"
+ 2;7;, " ? 5
"
" H $H ,H
" /
"
"

A ! +,
A +, 2 +, S +, %
!
+ 2;7<, ! 2

S
K L K
L ′ + , ′2 + , ′A + ,
/ +,
! "

> 7 -
+ , D"
+ 2'7' ,E # /
+, %
# +,
K L # +, 2 +, / 2 +,
2 22 /
" +,
G

';
 +, - "

K L
2 S +,

% > 7
7 +,
3
7
+, +, 7

+ "-
" , #
% - 3
"

Ejemplo 1.25-1 # 2'7 - +, 2 +,

: 2'7 +, 2 +,
+ 2'7 2, + 2'7 9,

+ ,=2 +,
2 +,=2 + ,+2 2 +,

+, 2 +, : 2'7 +, 2 +,
$

{
+ ,= 2 ?} + 2;7 ,

2 + , = {2 2 } + 2;7 (,

′+ , ? ′+ ,
2
+, 2 +,

A%) QRS 1 ′+ ,
+, 2+ , α 2 +, +, P
3 A # ′+ ,
$ -

′+ , = A [ + , +α 2 + ,] + 2;7 2 ,

′2 + , = A 2 [ + , + β 2 + ,] + 2;7 2(,

'<
 α β ′+ , ? ′+ ,
2
G +, 2 +,
′+ , ? ′
2+ , $
+" / 2;79,
+ αβ = ? + 2;7 9,

% + 2;7 9, 3 - α β ( -
α β -
3 7
1 α β # A A2 -
′ + , ? 2′ + ,

# α@ β@7
+, 2 +, : 2;72 A @ A2 @ 8 2
′+ , ? ′
2+ , $ +, 2+ ,

$ "

+ ,= 2 ′+ , + 2 ′+ ,
2 + 2;7 ' ,

2 +,=2 2 ′+ , + 2;7 '(,

$
′ + , ? 2′ + ,

0 $

'&
 + ,= {2 2 } + 2;7 ; ,

2 +,= 2 2{ }
? + 2;7 ;(,

# : 2;72
+, 2 +,
+ 2;7 , - +, 2 +,
1 $ #
′ + , ? 2′ + , +, 2 +,
+ 2;7 ;,

1.26 DISTINGUIBILIDAD DE LAS SEÑALES

+ +, 2 + ,,
+, $ :
2<7 ) " +,
2+ , % + , 2+ ,
+ 2 , + 2 22, " #
+, +,
) "
.# " +, 2 +,
" "

( < # A
+, 2+ , A+ , - A " #
( #
! #

( " ! +, 2+ , $ "
+, 2+ ,

'B
 !
! ! !
3 P
! - 2
!

$ ! / " -
" # ! " +,
W W %
0 $ : 2<7 "- -
W W
+, +, " !
[( ]
2

) +( )
82
+ ,− +,= − −
2 2
2 2 2 22 + 2<7 ,

" # "
!
! !
B?X

Ejemplo 1.26-1 ! +, 2 +, 9 +, ' +,

4

+ , = 28 ω + (2 − )π + 2<72,
'

@ 2 9 ' ?≤ ≤ 2ω = π
#
( ( # !

A%) QRS +,

+ , = 28 (2 − )π ω − 28 (2 − )π ω
' '

A
2
+,= ω + 2<79,

2
2 +,= ω + 2<7',

+,

'C
 + ,= 8 (2 − )π + ,− 8 (2 − )π 2 +, + 2<7;,
' '

% @ 2 9 ' : 2<72 S
+, 2 +, = 28

* ! ! + 2<72,

" ! : 2<72
- ! + 2<72, ! +,
8 ! 8
" ! : 2<72
# " ! !

/ # !

= 2
)π
B
+ , = 28 ω + (2 − + 2<7<,
B ?≤ ≤

* ! ! + 2<7<,

;?
 ! 8 "
! 8 " π8' "
: 2<79 " +/ 2<7 , : 2<7
9 +, 2+ ,
+ 2<79, + 2<7', + 2<7<,
+ 2<7;, #

PROBLEMAS
* φ + 7<,
φ +, $
TY " OF " @ ) "
@?
* 3 #% φ + 279,
%
− ?≤ ≤
+ ,=
? en otra parte
@ +,
∞
+,= + − , + − ,
= −∞
% : +,
% 4
−
δ+ , =
→∞ 2
(
+ 97B, "

+,=*
∞
δ −,( ) = * + 2* ∞
2π
, = −∞ =

*@ @ ( #
9
+ ,= +2 2π
=
:
- + , ≡ + ,8 ( " - + ,
@ +2 T ,π82 @ 2
) " 2µ
" ?µ
- @? :
#
Q ? @? #
$ " "
( - "- - @ ?
: 5 #
6 5/ $ 6
+ ,) +, % +,
+,@ D + ,8 E τ 5 3+ω, 6
+(,) +, 0 τ≡
0 +, <<
8τ. ( # +, + , ≅ τD + ,8 E

;
 ) " # *
# 0 79 .
: " # "$
( ??? =
P " # 2? .
" # " " #
( I
) " # ?
5 6
( 5 + ,6
) +,
2
+ ,= − ≤ ≤
2 2
+ ± ,= + ,

:
∞ +
2 +− ,
+ ,= 2π
π =
-

% #
−$ + 8 2,
% = =± ±2

- - -

9+ , ! " #4
) *
( ) τ@*8
( # 9+ , " # *
@ 2 ?
' 9+ , " #
* % # 7 7
9 . J- % "$
9+ ,
( 9+,
' + ,) $ " " # "
# 3+ , =
2
O9 ; ≤ ≤ 9 ; J- 3+ , @ ? ( #

+(, 5 - 6 5
- 6
+ 27 , + 272, ≡ 8 0 - ∆ ∆ "
0 - ∆ ∆ →? "

;2
 " ? ∞ " ? ∞ (
∆ →? ∆ - + 27 ,
"
∞
+ ,=
$ 2π
%+ ,
−∞
%+ ,

2 − $ 2π ∞
− $ 2π
%+ , = +, = +,
=∆ →? − 2 −∞
→

: ω ω ( #
ω ω =
% +, : %+ , (
− $ω
+7 , %+ ,
+ ,% +, : %+ , ( "
+ 8 , +, +$2π ,%+ ,
+(,( +,
%+ ,
F +λ , λ =
−∞ $ 2π
( " " % + , @ FD + ,E %2+ ,
@ FD 2+ ,E ( %+ , @ FD + , 2+ ,E
∞
%+ , = % +λ ,%2 + − λ , λ
2π −∞

∞
%+ , = %2 +λ ,% + − λ , λ
2π −∞

+ ,) +, : OP
2
TP ( +, :
72 P T2 P + 4) / 27 ,
+(, ) +, : %+ , @ OP TP %+ , @
2
? J # +,
) :+ , %
$ @? @2 /

% +,
∞
;= 2
+,
−∞

(
∞ ∞
$ 2π
;= +, %+ ,
−∞ −∞
( (
∞ ∞
;= =
2
% + ,% H + , %+ ,
−∞ −∞
% + 97;, " 1 / "
%+ , @ 2π 8 2π ; +,

;9
) +, : 0+ ,
+/ 979,
-
( -
7

% ! +,@ ω T2 9ω T?; 'ω # 7

97 . @ 2
9+ ,
( 9+,
-
% + , @ & !τ + , "$ 7
τ

( (
+ ,) * 0 # 79 .
2
+(,) τ 0 # ( τ <<
82
*N @ τ > -
" # *N τ
) ? " τ 0
( #
- ω ω
/ 72 +τ, @ 7 2+7τ,
- 7 2+τ,

;'
 2
7 +τ , = + , + +τ ,
→∞ − 2

/ 7+?, ≥ 7+τ, - I
[ + ,− + + τ ,]
2 2
*=
→∞ − 2

5 * ≥ ?6 $ $ (
* = 2[7+?, − 7+τ ,] ≥ ?
( " ?

' + , " #
: ) / B72
+(, + , :
+/ C7 ,
' + ,= ω
7+τ,
( 9+ , @ FD7+τ,E 9+ ,
) @ 7τ82 @ τ82
7+τ,
( " 9;+ , @ FD7+τ,E
9;+ , 1 / "
Q +, 2+ , : 2'7
> 7 $

) > 7 : / 2'72 $

;;
) # ! +, @ 2 9 ',
π 2π
+ ,= ω +, ?≤ ≤, =?
ω
,
2
=?
) > 7 #
, + ,
* + 2;7 ? ,
+ ,( / ! $
+, +, 2 +, +
+ 2;7 ?(,, 2 +,
+ , T 2+ ,
+(, + , 2+ , ! : / 2;72 ( # ! + , T 2+ , (
2 2 2
+, 2+ , ( + ,+ 2 +, = +, + 2 +,

* + 2;7 9,
+ , : 2;72 + 2;7 9, * α + 2;7
9, # 2
′ ′2
+(, +, 2 +, : 2'7 $
′ ′2 # <?X
# # # 2
> 7 ! + 2<7<, *
!
( !
$ ! $ : 2<79
) # ! + , = 28 ω 2 + , = − 28 ω ) #
! (2 = 2 8( ω (2 = 2 8( (ω + π 2) # !
5 - 8(88 6
( !
+ ,= + , ?≤ ≤ = 2 + ,=− + , ?≤ ≤
( +, !
2; ; - +,
+ ,) > 7 : / 2<7' $
%
+, 2+, 9 +, ' +, ( #
#

;<
+(, 0 + , +, ' +, +,
9 2 +, ( #

+ ,( + , +(,

;&