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[[File:Blockchain.svg|alt=Esempio di struttura blockchain.|miniatura|Esempio di struttura blockchain.]]
'''Web3''' (secondo alcuni noto anche come '''Web 3.0'''<ref name=":8" /><ref name="crunch">{{Cite web|last=Alford|first=Harry|date=September 16, 2021|title=Crypto's networked collaboration will drive Web 3.0|url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2021/09/16/cryptos-networked-collaboration-will-drive-web-3-0/|url-status=live|access-date=November 9, 2021|website=[[TechCrunch]]|language=en-US|archive-date=November 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110034411/https://social.techcrunch.com/2021/09/16/cryptos-networked-collaboration-will-drive-web-3-0/}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Khoshafian|first=Setrag|date=March 12, 2021|title=Can the Real Web 3.0 Please Stand Up?|url=https://www.rtinsights.com/can-the-real-web-3-0-please-stand-up/|url-status=live|access-date=November 9, 2021|website=RTInsights|language=en-US|archive-date=March 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312133316/https://www.rtinsights.com/can-the-real-web-3-0-please-stand-up/}}</ref>) è un'idea per una nuova iterazione del [[World Wide Web]] che incorpora concetti come decentralizzazione, tecnologie [[blockchain]] ed economia basata su token.<ref>Fenwick,  Mark and Jurcys,  Paulius, The Contested Meaning of Web3 and Why it Matters for (IP) Lawyers (January 27, 2022).  Available at SSRN: <nowiki>https://ssrn.com/abstract=4017790</nowiki> or <nowiki>http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4017790</nowiki> </ref> Alcuni tecnologi e giornalisti lo contrappongono al Web 2.0, in cui dati e contenuti sono centralizzati in un piccolo gruppo di aziende a volte denominate "Big Tech".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Mak|first=Aaron|date=November 9, 2021|title=What Is Web3 and Why Are All the Crypto People Suddenly Talking About It?|url=https://slate.com/technology/2021/11/web3-explained-crypto-nfts-bored-apes.html|url-status=live|access-date=November 9, 2021|website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|language=en|archive-date=November 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109110921/https://slate.com/technology/2021/11/web3-explained-crypto-nfts-bored-apes.html}}</ref> Il termine "Web3" è stato coniato nel 2014 dal co-fondatore di [[Ethereum]] e fondatore di  [[Polkadot]] Gavin Wood, guadagnando popolarità nel 2021 tra gli appassionati di criptovalute, grandi aziende tecnologiche e società di capitali.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7" />

Secondo gli associati all'[[Open Rights Group]], il Web3 fornirà una maggiore sicurezza dei dati, scalabilità e privacy per gli utenti, combattendo l'influenza delle grandi aziende tecnologiche.<ref name="Harbinja">{{Cite web|last1=Harbinja|first1=Edina|last2=Karagiannopoulos|first2=Vasileios|date=March 11, 2019|title=Web 3.0: the decentralised web promises to make the internet free again|url=http://theconversation.com/web-3-0-the-decentralised-web-promises-to-make-the-internet-free-again-113139|url-status=live|access-date=November 9, 2021|website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]|language=en|archive-date=March 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190314032739/http://theconversation.com/web-3-0-the-decentralised-web-promises-to-make-the-internet-free-again-113139}}</ref> Sono state sollevate però anche preoccupazioni sulla componente decentralizzata del Web3, dovute ad esempio alla poca moderazione e alla possibile proliferazione di contenuti dannosi . <ref name="Harbinja" />Alcuni hanno espresso preoccupazione per la centralizzazione della ricchezza a un piccolo gruppo di investitori e individui, <ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/12/21/22848162/jack-dorsey-web3-criticism-a16z-ownership-venture-capital-twitter|title=Jack Dorsey says VCs really own Web3 (and Web3 boosters are pretty mad about it)|first=Jacob|last=Kastrenakes|date=December 21, 2021|website=The Verge|access-date=December 22, 2021|archive-date=December 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224164513/https://www.theverge.com/2021/12/21/22848162/jack-dorsey-web3-criticism-a16z-ownership-venture-capital-twitter|url-status=live}}</ref>  o per la perdita di privacy dovuta a una raccolta di dati più ampia. <ref name=":11">{{Cite news|title=People are talking about Web3. Is it the Internet of the future or just a buzzword?|language=en|work=NPR.org|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/11/21/1056988346/web3-internet-jargon-or-future-vision|access-date=2022-01-21|archive-date=November 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121110540/https://www.npr.org/2021/11/21/1056988346/web3-internet-jargon-or-future-vision|url-status=live}}</ref> Altri, ad esempio [[Elon Musk]] e [[Jack Dorsey]], sostengono che Web3 sia solo un termine di marketing. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Locke|first=Taylor|date=December 20, 2021|title=To Elon Musk, Web3 seems more like a 'marketing buzzword' than a reality|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/20/elon-musk-web3-seems-more-marketing-buzzword-than-reality-right-now.html|access-date=December 24, 2021|website=CNBC|language=en|archive-date=December 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224190646/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/20/elon-musk-web3-seems-more-marketing-buzzword-than-reality-right-now.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-12-21|title=Jack Dorsey Stirs Uproar by Dismissing Web3 as a Venture Capitalists' Plaything|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-12-21/jack-dorsey-stirs-uproar-by-dismissing-web3-as-a-vc-plaything|access-date=2022-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Macaulay|first=Thomas|date=2021-12-21|title=Elon Musk and Jack Dorsey are right to raise concerns about Web3|url=https://thenextweb.com/news/why-elon-musk-and-jack-dorsey-criticize-web3|access-date=2022-04-18|website=TNW {{!}} Hardfork|language=en|archive-date=April 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418132436/https://thenextweb.com/news/why-elon-musk-and-jack-dorsey-criticize-web3|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Storia ==
{{Main|Web 2.0|}}

[[Web 1.0]] e [[Web 2.0]] si riferiscono a epoche ben precise nella storia del [[World Wide Web]] mentre si evolveva attraverso varie tecnologie e formati. [[Web 1.0]] si riferisce approssimativamente al periodo dal 1991 al 2004, in cui la maggior parte dei siti era costituita da pagine statiche e la stragrande maggioranza degli utenti erano consumatori, non produttori di contenuti.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cormode|first1=Graham|last2=Krishnamurthy|first2=Balachander|date=June 2, 2008|title=Key differences between Web 1.0 and Web 2.0|url=https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2125/1972|url-status=live|journal=[[First Monday (journal)|First Monday]]|volume=13|issue=6|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025113431/http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2125/1972|archive-date=October 25, 2012|access-date=November 9, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Carter|first=Jamie|date=April 18, 2015|title=Back to basics: is Web 1.0 making a comeback?|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/internet/web/is-web-1-0-making-a-big-comeback-1291121|url-status=live|access-date=December 12, 2021|website=[[TechRadar]]|language=en|archive-date=December 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212185137/https://www.techradar.com/news/internet/web/is-web-1-0-making-a-big-comeback-1291121}}</ref> l [[Web 2.0]] si basa sull'idea di "il web come piattaforma"<ref name=":1">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Web 2.0|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Web-20|access-date=November 9, 2021|last=Hosch|first=William L.|date=September 7, 2017|archive-date=January 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120110407/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Web-20|url-status=live}}</ref> e si concentra sui contenuti creati dagli utenti caricati sul forum, social media e servizi di networking, blog e [[wiki]]. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Hosch|first=William L.|date=September 7, 2017|title=Web 2.0|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Web-20|url-status=live|access-date=December 12, 2021|website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|language=en|archive-date=January 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120110407/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Web-20}}</ref> Il [[Web 2.0]] è generalmente iniziato intorno al 2004 e continua fino ai giorni nostri. <ref name=":1" /><ref name="oreilly">{{cite web|last=O'Reilly|first=Tim|author-link=Tim O'Reilly|date=November 30, 2005|title=What Is Web 2.0|url=http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424204457/http://oreilly.com/web2/archive/what-is-web-20.html|archive-date=April 24, 2013|access-date=November 9, 2021|website=[[O'Reilly Media|O'Reilly]]|publisher=}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Etimologia ==

Web3 è distinto dal concetto espresso da [[Tim Berners-Lee]] del 1999 di un web semantico.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shannon|first=Victoria|date=May 23, 2006|title=A 'more revolutionary' Web|work=[[International Herald Tribune]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/23/technology/23iht-web.html|access-date=November 9, 2021|archive-date=November 26, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126061920/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/23/technology/23iht-web.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Nel 2006, Berners-Lee ha descritto il web semantico come un componente del Web 3.0, che è diverso dal significato di ''Web3'' nei contesti blockchain.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/23/technology/23iht-web.html|title=A 'more revolutionary' Web|date=23 May 2006|last=Shannon|first=Victoria|access-date=26 June 2006|work=[[International Herald Tribune]]|archive-date=November 26, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126061920/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/23/technology/23iht-web.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 

Il termine "Web3" è stato coniato dal fondatore di Polkadot e co-fondatore di Ethereum Gavin Wood nel 2014, riferendosi a un "ecosistema online decentralizzato basato sulla blockchain". <ref name=":8">{{Cite news|last=Edelman|first=Gilad|title=What Is Web3, Anyway?|language=en-US|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/story/web3-gavin-wood-interview/|access-date=December 3, 2021|issn=1059-1028|archive-date=February 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210233332/https://www.wired.com/story/web3-gavin-wood-interview/|url-status=live}}</ref> Nel 2021, l'idea di Web3 ha guadagnato popolarità e diffusione in rete<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nield|first=David|date=December 14, 2021|title=What Is Web3 and Why Should You Care?|url=https://gizmodo.com/what-is-web-3-and-why-should-you-care-1848204799|url-status=live|access-date=December 19, 2021|website=[[Gizmodo]]|language=en-us|archive-date=February 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209174815/https://gizmodo.com/what-is-web-3-and-why-should-you-care-1848204799}}</ref>grazie soprattutto agli appassionati di criptovalute e agli investimenti di personaggi noti nel mondo della tecnologia e grandi aziende.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Read|first=Max|date=October 24, 2021|title=Why Your Group Chat Could Be Worth Millions|url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/10/whats-a-dao-why-your-group-chat-could-be-worth-millions.html|url-status=live|access-date=November 9, 2021|website=[[Intelligencer (website)|Intelligencer]]|language=en-us|archive-date=October 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024132258/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/10/whats-a-dao-why-your-group-chat-could-be-worth-millions.html}}</ref> I dirigenti del fondi d'investimento [[Andreessen Horowitz]] si sono recati a [[Washington]] DC, nell'ottobre 2021, per portare la richiesta di regolamentazione del settore ai responsabili politici.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Feiner|first=Lauren|date=October 13, 2021|title=Prominent Silicon Valley VC firm Andreessen Horowitz embarks on major crypto policy push in Washington|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/13/vc-firm-andreessen-horowitz-to-make-crypto-policy-push-in-washington.html|url-status=live|access-date=November 9, 2021|website=[[CNBC]]|language=en|archive-date=October 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013101315/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/13/vc-firm-andreessen-horowitz-to-make-crypto-policy-push-in-washington.html}}</ref>

== Concetto ==
Le visioni specifiche per Web3 differiscono e il termine è stato descritto da ''Bloomberg'' come "nebuloso", ma ruotano attorno all'idea di decentralizzazione e spesso incorporano tecnologie [[blockchain]], come varie [[Criptovaluta|criptovalute]] e token non fungibili ([[Non-fungible token|NFT]]).<ref name=":0" />  ''Bloomberg'' ha descritto Web3 come un'idea che "costruirebbe attività finanziarie, sotto forma di token, nel funzionamento interno di quasi tutto ciò che fai online".<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Zarrin|first1=Javad|last2=Wen Phang|first2=Hao|last3=Babu Saheer|first3=Lakshmi|last4=Zarrin|first4=Bahram|date=May 15, 2021|title=Blockchain for decentralization of internet: prospects, trends, and challenges|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-021-03301-8|journal=[[Cluster Computing]]|language=en|volume=24|issue=4|pages=2841–2866|doi=10.1007/s10586-021-03301-8|issn=1573-7543|pmc=8122205|pmid=34025209|access-date=November 10, 2021|archive-date=September 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924191349/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10586-021-03301-8|url-status=live}}</ref> Il Policy brief pubblicato dal [[Bennett Institute]] for Public Policy presso l' [[Università di Cambridge]] ha definito Web3 come "la presunta generazione successiva dell'infrastruttura tecnica, legale e dei pagamenti del Web, inclusi [[blockchain]], contratti intelligenti e [[Criptovaluta|criptovalute]]".<ref name="Bloomberg 2021">{{cite web|title=What You Need to Know About Web3, Crypto's Attempt to Reinvent the Internet|last=Kharif|first=Olga|website=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]|date=December 10, 2021|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-12-10/web3-is-crypto-s-attempt-to-reinvent-the-internet-here-s-what-you-should-know|access-date=December 12, 2021|archive-date=February 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208152235/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-12-10/web3-is-crypto-s-attempt-to-reinvent-the-internet-here-s-what-you-should-know|url-status=live}}</ref>  Secondo Liu, Zhuotao, et al (2021), tre abilitatori fondamentali di Web3 sono stati identificati come una combinazione di: piattaforme decentralizzate o federate, interoperabilità protetta e calcolo verificabile attraverso tecnologie di registro distribuito. <ref name="The New York Times 2021">{{cite web|title=Welcome to 'Web3.' What's That?|website=The New York Times|date=December 5, 2021|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/05/business/dealbook/what-is-web3.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/05/business/dealbook/what-is-web3.html|archive-date=December 28, 2021|url-access=limited|access-date=December 16, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Alcune visioni si basano sul concetto di organizzazioni autonome decentralizzate (DAO). <ref name="Goodkind 2021">{{cite web|last=Goodkind|first=Nicole|title=What is Web3?|website=Fortune|date=December 6, 2021|url=https://fortune.com/2021/12/06/what-is-web3-investment/|access-date=December 16, 2021|archive-date=December 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216204548/https://fortune.com/2021/12/06/what-is-web3-investment/|url-status=live}}</ref> La [[finanza decentralizzata]] (DeFi) è un altro concetto chiave; in esso, gli utenti scambiano valuta senza il coinvolgimento di banche o del governo.<ref name=":0" />  L'identità autonoma consente agli utenti di identificarsi senza fare affidamento su un sistema di autenticazione come OAuth, in cui è necessario raggiungere una parte attendibile per valutare l'identità. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Hatmaker|first=Taylor|date=November 9, 2021|title=NFTs and crypto wallets could be in Discord's future|url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2021/11/09/discord-nfts-metamask-crypto/|url-status=live|access-date=November 9, 2021|website=[[TechCrunch]]|language=en-US|archive-date=November 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110021057/https://social.techcrunch.com/2021/11/09/discord-nfts-metamask-crypto/}}</ref> Gli studiosi di tecnologia hanno sostenuto che Web3 probabilmente funzionerebbe in tandem con i siti [[Web 2.0]] che probabilmente adotterebbero le tecnologie Web3 per mantenere i loro servizi pertinenti. <ref name="discord backlash1">{{Cite web|last=Hatmaker|first=Taylor|date=November 10, 2021|title=Discord pushes pause on exploring crypto and NFTs amidst user backlash|url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2021/11/10/discord-nfts-crypto-jason-citron/|url-status=live|access-date=November 12, 2021|website=[[TechCrunch]]|language=en-US|archive-date=November 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111211424/https://social.techcrunch.com/2021/11/10/discord-nfts-crypto-jason-citron/}}</ref>

==Bibliografia==
{{reflist}}

== Collegamenti Esterni ==
* [https://web3.foundation/ Official website] for Web3 Foundation

{{Categorie bozza|
[[Category:Blockchains]]
[[Category:Decentralization]]
[[Category:Internet ages]]
[[Category:Web3]]
}}