Fontem paginae Cancer (morbus) inspicere

{{videdis|Cancer (discretiva)}}
[[Fasciculus:Carcinoma planoepitheliale keratodes laryngis.jpg|thumb|200px|Carcinoma planoepitheliale keratodes laryngis]]
'''Cancer''' (vide partem [[#De vocabulo|de vocabulo]]) est genus [[morbus|morborum]], quod in multiplicatione sine limite [[cellula]]rum oritur. Cancer sensu lato est omnis tumor malignus; sensu stricto, tumor malignus epithelialis ([[carcinoma]]), vel tumor malignus mesenchymaticus ([[sarcoma]]). Si rare carcinoma et sarcoma una consistant, [[carcinosarcoma]] dicitur.

Magna cancrorum pars [[Metastasis|metastases]] gignit, id est novum tumorem (qui [[Latine]] etiam filius dicitur) amotum a primo tumore etiam in alio [[corpus (physicum)|corporis]] membro. Proprium est uniuscuiusque tumoris peculiares metastases creare, exempli gratia: [[cancer prostatae]] saepe in [[Os (ossis - anatomia)|ossibus]], [[cancer colorectalis]] in [[iecur|iecore]], [[cancer stomachi]] in [[mulier]]ibus in [[Ovarium|ovariis]] metastases gignunt.

Plerique hominum non tumore primo moriuntur, sed metastasibus cancri, quae augent et organis ad vivendum necessariis nocent. Causae mortis directae saepe sunt [[thrombosis|thromboses]], [[tumor cachexia]] vel [[sepsis]].

Etiam animalia floraque a cancro infestari possunt, exempli gratia ossa [[dinosauria|dinosaurorum]] cancro affecta inventa sunt.

Disciplina medica cancri studio, [[diagnosis medica|diagnosi]], [[therapia]]e, praeventioni dicata [[oncologia]] appellatur.

== De vocabulo ==
Latinitate antiqua ''cancer'' plerumque cancrum [[Crustacea|crustaceum]] significans, deinde ad ulcus, [[gangraena]]m, vel tumorem malignantem translatum est, quia venae tumidi ulceris pedibus cancri erant similes.<ref>Paulus Aegineta, ''Epitomae Medicae'' 6.45.1.</ref> Exempli gratia, [[Aulus Cornelius Celsus]] cancrum inter "genera in quibus noxa corpori est": "cum quid intra se ipsum corruptum est, ut in cancro".<ref>Celsus, ''De medicina'' [http://latin.packhum.org/loc/836/2/421/244-250@1#421 5.26.1a.1].</ref> Vocabulum Graecum carcinoma (καρκίνωμα) eodem sensu adhibitum est. Nunc in lingua Latina medica ''cancer'' morbum divisionis cellularum immoderatae, vel tumores, morbi symptomas, significat.

''Cancer'' est nomen secundae declinationis (genetivus: ''cancri'').

== Aetiologia ==
[[Fasciculus:Thorax pa peripheres Bronchialcarcinom li OF markiert.jpg|thumb|right|Carcinoma pulmonis]]
Origo cancri non semper nota est, sed frequentia cancri cum aetate crescit; causae primae sunt etiam [[Fistula nicotiana|fistularum nicotianarum]] fumi suctus, modus vivendi resque nocentes, propensio ad morbum apud consanguineos nec non infectiones ([[Papillomaviridae]] (HPV), [[Hepatitis B]] et [[Hepatitis C|C]], [[Helicobacter pylori]], [[Epstein-Barr-Virus|EBV]], [[Herpesviridae]] (HHV-8), [[Human T-lymphotropic Virus 1]] (HTLV-1), nonnulli [[parasitismus|parasiti]]).

Multae species cancri sunt, e.g. [[melanoma malignum]], [[cancer prostatae]], et cetera. Nam hic morbus  multa membra [[corpus|corporis]] afficere potest; vide, e.g., tabulam de crebritate cancri in [[Germania]] anno [[2002]]:
{|
|----- bgcolor=#DDDDDD
|
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | vires
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminae
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Summa
|----- bgcolor=#DDDDDD
| Membrum affectum 
| diagnosticati
| mortui
| diagnosticati
| mortui
| diagnosticati
| mortui
|----- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
| '''Omnia'''
| style="text-align:right;" | '''218 250'''
| style="text-align:right;" | '''109 631'''
| style="text-align:right;" | '''206 000'''
| style="text-align:right;" | '''99 945'''
| style="text-align:right;" | '''424 250'''
| style="text-align:right;" | '''209 576'''
|----- bgcolor=#FFFFFF
| [[Pulmones]] 
| style="text-align:right;" | 32 550
| style="text-align:right;" | 28 742
| style="text-align:right;" | 12 450
| style="text-align:right;" | 10 390
| style="text-align:right;" | 45 000
| style="text-align:right;" | 39 132
|----- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
| [[Intestinum]] 
| style="text-align:right;" | 35 600
| style="text-align:right;" | 14 014
| style="text-align:right;" | 35 800
| style="text-align:right;" | 14  854
| style="text-align:right;" | 71 400
| style="text-align:right;" | 28 868
|----- bgcolor=#FFFFFF
| [[Cancer mammae]] 
| style="text-align:right;" | ?
| style="text-align:right;" | ?
| style="text-align:right;" | 55 150
| style="text-align:right;" | 17 780
| style="text-align:right;" | 55 150
| style="text-align:right;" | 17 780
|----- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
| [[Pancreas]] 
| style="text-align:right;" | 6050
| style="text-align:right;" | 6103
| style="text-align:right;" | 6600
| style="text-align:right;" | 6716
| style="text-align:right;" | 12 650
| style="text-align:right;" | 12 819
|----- bgcolor=#FFFFFF
| [[Stomachus]] 
| style="text-align:right;" | 11 200
| style="text-align:right;" | 6612
| style="text-align:right;" | 8250
| style="text-align:right;" | 5776
| style="text-align:right;" | 19 450
| style="text-align:right;" | 12 388
|----- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
| [[Prostata]] 
| style="text-align:right;" | 48 650
| style="text-align:right;" | 11 422
|
|
| style="text-align:right;" | 48 650
| style="text-align:right;" | 11 422
|----- bgcolor=#FFFFFF
| Sanguis: [[Leuchaemia]] 
| style="text-align:right;" | 5500
| style="text-align:right;" | 3508
| style="text-align:right;" | 4750
| style="text-align:right;" | 3369
| style="text-align:right;" | 10 250
| style="text-align:right;" | 6877
|----- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
| [[Renes]] 
| style="text-align:right;" | 10 300
| style="text-align:right;" | 3819
| style="text-align:right;" | 6400
| style="text-align:right;" | 2560
| style="text-align:right;" | 16 700
| style="text-align:right;" | 6379
|----- bgcolor=#FFFFFF
| [[Ovarium]] 
|
|
| style="text-align:right;" | 9950
| style="text-align:right;" | 5910
| style="text-align:right;" | 9950
| style="text-align:right;" | 5910
|----- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
| [[Vesica urinaria]] 
| style="text-align:right;" | 18 850
| style="text-align:right;" | 3432
| style="text-align:right;" | 7100
| style="text-align:right;" | 2019
| style="text-align:right;" | 25  950
| style="text-align:right;" | 5451
|----- bgcolor=#FFFFFF
| Nodi lymphacei : [[Non-Hodgkin-Lymphoma]] 
| style="text-align:right;" | 5850
| style="text-align:right;" | 2708
| style="text-align:right;" | 6250
| style="text-align:right;" | 2713
| style="text-align:right;" | 12 100
| style="text-align:right;" | 5421
|----- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
|[[Os (anatomia oris)|Os]] et [[Pharynx]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 7800
| style="text-align:right;" | 3713
| style="text-align:right;" | 2600
| style="text-align:right;" | 986
| style="text-align:right;" | 11 400
| style="text-align:right;" | 4699
|----- bgcolor=#FFFFFF
| [[Oesophagus]] 
| style="text-align:right;" | 3700
| style="text-align:right;" | 3476
| style="text-align:right;" | 1050
| style="text-align:right;" | 1047
| style="text-align:right;" | 4750
| style="text-align:right;" | 4523
|----- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
| [[Carcinoma corporis uteri|Uterus]] 
| 
| 
| style="text-align:right;" | 11 350
| style="text-align:right;" | 2678
| style="text-align:right;" | 11 350
| style="text-align:right;" | 2678
|----- bgcolor=#FFFFFF
| [[Cancer cutis|Cutis]]: [[melanoma malignum]]  
| style="text-align:right;" | 6000
| style="text-align:right;" | 1137
| style="text-align:right;" | 7700
| style="text-align:right;" | 1073
| style="text-align:right;" | 13 700
| style="text-align:right;" | 2210
|----- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
| [[Carcinoma cervicis uteri|Cervix uteri]] 
|
|
| style="text-align:right;" | 6500
| style="text-align:right;" | 1763
| style="text-align:right;" | 6500
| style="text-align:right;" | 1763
|----- bgcolor=#FFFFFF
| [[Larynx]] 
| style="text-align:right;" | 2800
| style="text-align:right;" | 1382
| style="text-align:right;" | 450
| style="text-align:right;" | 201
| style="text-align:right;" | 3250
| style="text-align:right;" | 1583
|----- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
| [[Glandula thyreoidea]] 
| style="text-align:right;" | 1300
| style="text-align:right;" | 250
| style="text-align:right;" | 2800
| style="text-align:right;" | 525
| style="text-align:right;" | 4100
| style="text-align:right;" | 775
|----- bgcolor=#FFFFFF
| Sanguis: [[Morbus Hodgkin]] 
| style="text-align:right;" | 900
| style="text-align:right;" | 162
| style="text-align:right;" | 850
| style="text-align:right;" | 169
| style="text-align:right;" | 1750
| style="text-align:right;" | 331
|----- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
| [[Cancer testicularis|Testes]] 
| style="text-align:right;" | 4350
| style="text-align:right;" | 193
| 
| 
| style="text-align:right;" | 4350
| style="text-align:right;" | 193
|}

== Cancri modi ==
[[Fasciculus:Basalioma.jpg|thumb|Epithelioma basocellulare est tumor semimalignus]]
Cancer malignus a cancro benigno differt. [[Cellula]]e tumoris maligni textum propinquum penetrant et destruunt metastasesque per [[vas sanguineum|vasa sanguinea]] vel [[systema lymphaticum|vasa lymphacea]] formant.

Sunt etiam tumores semimaligni, qui solum duo criteria complent. Exemplum tumoris semimaligni est tumor cutis [[epithelioma basocellulare]] appellatus, qui a luce solis efficitur et textum propinquum penetrat destruensque crescit, sed nullas [[metastasis|metastases]] format. Non curatus hic tumor faciem totam et faciei ossa quoque destruere potest.

Carcinoma secundum  [[TNM partitio|partitionem TNM]] discernuntur. T0–T4 significat magnitudinem primi tumoris, N0–N3 dicit, utrum [[nodi lymphacei|noduli lymphacei]] affecti sint, M0 aut M1, utrum metastases adsint an absint.

=== Signa cancrum generalia ===
{{Signa cancrum generalia - breve}}

== Therapia ==
Cancer, qui tempori cognoscitur vel in aetate extrema lente crescens incipit, non semper letalis est.

Praecipuae cancri formae curandae sunt [[chirurgia]], id est tumoris et nodorum lymphaceorum propinquorum amotione, et [[chemiotherapia]], id est per [[medicamentum|medicamenta]] et [[radiotherapia]]m, qua cellulae aegrae [[radiatio]]ne necantur. Therapia palliativa qualitatem vitae auget, si valitudo bona restitui non potest.

== Bibliographia ==
* [http://www.springer.com/biomed/cancer/book/978-3-540-36847-2 ''Encyclopedia of Cancer.''] 4 vol.
* [http://www.wcrf-uk.org/research_science/expert_report.lasso ''Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective.''] [[2007]]. World Cancer Research Fund. ISBN 978-0-9722522-2-5.
* Kleinsmith, J. L. [[2006]]. ''Principles of Cancer Biology.'' Pearson Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 0-8053-4003-3.
* Parkin, D., F. Bray, J. Ferlay, et P. Pisani. [[2005]]. [http://caonline.amcancersoc.org/cgi/content/full/55/2/74 "Global cancer statistics, 2002."] ''CA Cancer J Clin'' 55(2):74–108. doi=10.3322/canjclin.55.2.74. pmid=15761078.
* Pazdur, R., L. D. Wagman, K. A. Camphausen, et W. J. Hoskins, eds. [[2009]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090515031918/http://www.cancernetwork.com/cancer-management-11 ''Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach.''] Ed. 11a.
* Tannock, I. F., et al., eds. [[2005]]. ''The Basic Science of Oncology'' Ed. 4a. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-138774-9.
* Weinberg, Robert A. [[1996]]. [http://www.bme.utexas.edu/research/orly/teaching/BME303/Weinberg.pdf"How Cancer Arises; An explosion of research is uncovering the long-hidden molecular underpinnings of cancer—and suggesting new therapies."] ''[[Scientific American]],''September, 62–70.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Adenoma]]
* [[Fatigatio (symptoma)|Fatigatio]]
* [[Hexokinasis]]
* [[Oncologia]]
* [[Tumor]]
* [[Dies mundi contra cancrum]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Cancer (illness)|cancrum}}
* Vide etiam [[c:Category:Oncology|oncologiam]] in Communibus

== Notae ==
<references/>

{{Cautio}}
{{1000 paginae}}

[[Categoria:Cancer|!]]

{{Myrias|Biologia}}